7.9 Essential vs. Nonessential Adjective Clauses
Examples Explanation
Berners-Lee, whose parents helped design the first
computer, loved mathematics.
Berners-Lee works at MIT, where he is a professor
ofengineering.
In these examples the adjective clause is
nonessential because, without it, we can still
identify the noun in the main clause. Try reading
the sentences without the adjective clause. The
sentences are complete. The adjective clause adds
extra information to the sentence.
Smartphones changed the way (that) people shop.
Jeff Bezos wanted a company name that began
withA.
People who want quick information can use the Web.
In these examples the adjective clause is essential
,
because, without it, we can’t identify the noun. If we
take the adjective clause out, the noun isn’t properly
identified and the idea isn’t complete.
(a) Berners-Lee, who invented the Web, is very
creative and intelligent.
b) The computer, which was invented in the 1940s,
has become part of our everyday lives.
(c) The computer that I bought two years ago is slow
compared to today’s computers.
In example (a), Berners-Lee is unique and does not
need to be identified. The clause is nonessential.
Example (b) refers to the whole class of computers as
an invention. The clause is nonessential.
Example (c) refers to only one computer, which
is identified by the adjective clause. The clause is
essential.
The computer (that) she just bought has a lot of
memory.
The Web, which Berners-Lee created, is a useful
tool.
In an essential adjective clause, the relative pronoun
that can be used or omitted.
In a nonessential adjective clause, the relative
pronoun that cannot be used. The relative pronoun
cannot be omitted.
Language Notes:
Here are some questions to help you decide if the adjective clause needs commas. If the
answer to any of these questions is yes, then the adjective clause is set off by commas.
• Can I put the adjective clause in parentheses?
Google (which is a popular search engine) was created in 1998.
• Can I write the adjective clause as a separate sentence?
Google is a popular search engine. It was created in 1998.
• If the adjective clause is deleted, does the sentence still make sense?
Google is a popular search engine.
• Is the noun a unique person, place, or thing?
Berners-Lee, who works at MIT, invented the Web.
• If the noun is plural, am I including all members of a group?
Personal computers, which became popular in the 1990s, have changed the way we get
information. (all personal computers)
Adjective Clauses, Descriptive Phrases 201