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Rev. 07.01.2020
APA 7th Edition Reference Guide
Books
Author, A. (Date). Title of book: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
Allen, K. E., & Cowdery, G. E. (2015). The exceptional child: Inclusion in early childhood
education (8
th
ed.). Cengage Learning.
Mull, B. (2019). Dragonwatch: Master of the Phantom Isle. Shadow Mountain.
Chapters
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F.
Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter).
Publisher. DOI
Hubbard, B. (2017). Empire and insurrection. Bloody history of Paris: Radicals, riots and
revolutions. Amber Books Ltd.
Linahan, J. E. (2008). The sermon on the mount and the creation of peace. In M. K. Duffy & D.
S. Nash (Eds.), Justice and mercy will kiss: The vocation of peacemaking in a world of
many faiths (pp. 59-74). Marquette University Press.
Magazine Articles
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Capital letter also for subtitle. Name of Magazine,
volume (issue), pages of article.
Kluger, J. (2018, August 3). The power of sleep: Our uncensored, slumbering brains can dream
up limitless vistas. TIME, 48-51.
Parker, L. (2021, March 7). Oceans need protection now. A new blueprint may help countries
reach their goals. National Geographic.
2
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/oceans-need-protection-now-
new-blueprint-may-help-countries-reach-goals.
Newspaper Articles
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, volume, issue, pages. URL
if from an online newspaper
Lowry, B. (2021, February 8). Super Bowl 2021: TV coverage highlights and lowlights from a
big game in a strange year. CNN Entertainment.
https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/07/entertainment/super-bowl-2021-tv-coverage-
highlights/index.html
Journal Articles
Author, A., Author, A., & Author, A. (Date). Title of article: Capital letter also for subtitle. Name
of Journal, volume(issue), pages. DOI or URL
Goulette, E. (2016). Heritage, identity, and learning at stake: Marginalization in a diverse
Spanish class. International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education,
1(1),1-12. 10.4018/IJBIDE.2016010101
Barrett, M. (2018). How schools can promote the intercultural competence of young people.
European Psychologist, 23(1), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000308
Website Pages
Author, A. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
American Heart Association. (2016, September 30). About Arrhythmia.
https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia/about-arrhythmia
Fritsma, G. A. (n.d.). Abbreviations. The Fritsma factor: Your interactive hemostasis resource.
https://www.fritsmafactor.com/abbreviations
3
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
Locust swarm: UN warns of food crisis in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Somalia
(2020, February 14). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51501832
Michelle. (2020, September). How to study like Hermione Granger: 7 study tips from a
logistician (ISTJ) personality type. 16Personalities.
https://www.16personalities.com/articles/how-to-study-like-hermione-granger-7-study-
tips-from-a-logistician-istj-personality-type
YouTube Videos
Account Name. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL
Crash Course. (2018, October 2). Genetics – lost and found: Crash course history of science #25.
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmiwQ0Kosa8
Kina Grannis. (2011, November 2). In your arms – Kina Grannis (official music video) stop
motion animation [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOu0DuxFAT0
Podcasts
Host, H. (Host). (Year-Year). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Broadcaster. URL
Schneider, K. H. (Host). (2020). Little did I know [Audio podcast]. The Audio Drama Initiative.
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/little-did-i-know/id1503371755?i=1000468793275
Twitter Posts (Instagram and TikTok posts follow same format)
Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of tweet
counting URLs, hashtags, and emojis as one word each without italicizing emojis. [Note
Image attached, Video attached, or Thumbnail with link attached if applicable] [Tweet].
Twitter. URL of tweet
Twitter [@Twitter]. (2021, February 18). you’re going to Mars. who’s your +1? [Tweet].
Twitter. https://twitter.com/Twitter/status/1362423125586178056
4
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
Facebook Posts
Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). First 20 words of post counting URLs,
hashtags, and emojis as one word each without italicizing emojis. [Note Image attached,
Video attached, or Thumbnail with link attached if applicable] [Post Type]. Facebook.
URL
America’s Funniest Home Videos. (2021, February 6). An attempt was made! [Note Video
attached][Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/AFV/videos/2812825452379763/
Blog Post
Author, A. (Date). Post title. Container. URL.
Madonnapen. (2021, February 18). Throwback Thursday #1. MU Voices.
https://muvoices441293260.wordpress.com/2021/02/18/throwback-thursday-1/
Films
Director, D. (Director). (Year). Name of film [Film]. Production Company.
Huston, J. (Director). (1956). Moby Dick [Film]. Moulin Pictures.
Television Series
Executive Producer, P. (Executive Producer). (Year-Year). Title of series [TV series]. Production
Company.
Duffer, M., Duffer, R., Levy, S., Cohen, D. (Executive Producers). (2016-present) Stranger
things [TV series]. 21 Laps Entertainment; Monkey Massacre; Netflix.
TV Episode
Writer, W. (Writer), & Director, D. (Director). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (Season
number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In E. Executive Producer, E. Executive
5
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
Producer, & E. Executive Producer (Executive Producers), Title of Series. Production
Company.
Greenblatt, C. H., Springer, A., Williams, M. (Writers) & Jennings, N., Weiss, N., Springer, A.,
Smart, A (Directors). (2001, September 7). Band geeks (Season 2, Episode 15) [TV series
episode]. In S. Hillenburg (Executive Producer), SpongeBob SquarePants. Nickelodeon
Animation Studios; United Plankton Pictures.
Artwork from a Museum
Artist, A. (Date). Work title [Medium]. Museum, City, State, Country. URL (if applicable).
Fuseli, H. (1781). The nightmare [Oil on canvas]. Detroit Institute of Arts Museum, Detroit, MI,
United States. https://www.dia.org/art/collection/object/nightmare-45573
Clip Art, Stock Images, or Photographs
Author, A. (Year). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source*.
*Source is usually the website name and URL.
Aguilera-Hellweg, M. (2020). Extreme measures and short supplies [Photograph]. National
Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/2020-the-year-in-
pictures-feature
Figure or Table
Cite figures and tables according to the source type (book, journal, website formatting) they were
obtained from (See source type formatting examples above).
State of Michigan. (2021). Coronavirus - Michigan data. Michigan.gov.
https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163_98173---,00.html
6
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
Conference Proceedings Published in a Journal
Author, A. (Date). Title of article: Capital letter also for subtitle. Name of Journal,
volume(issue), pages. DOI or URL
Renowati, R., Enlita, E. & Wahyuni, F. (2018). The effect of Aloe vera gel on widal titer of rats
ingested Salmonella typhi bacteria. Proceedings of the 1st EAI International Conference
on Medical and Health Research, 8. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-11-2018.2283658
Conference Presentation
Presenter, P. (Year, Month Dates). Title of presentation [Conference Description]. Name of
Convention, City, State, Country. URL
Al-Samkari, H. (2019, May 10). An antifibrinolytic treatment pathway for hemoptysis in adults
with Cystic Fibrosis. New Orleans, LA, USA.
PowerPoint or Lecture Slides from a Class Website (e.g. Blackboard or Canvas)
Author, A., & Author, A. (Year). Title of PowerPoint or lecture slides [PowerPoint Slides].
Blackboard@Madonna University. https://www.blackboardconnect.com/
Boynton, I. (2021). Week 2 what is music for [PowerPoint Slides]. Blackboard@Madonna
University. https://www.blackboardconnect.com/
Alvarez, B. (2021). Assistive technology in early childhood [PowerPoint Slides].
Blackboard@Madonna University. https://www.blackboardconnect.com/
7
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
References
Fritsma, G. A. (n.d.). Abbreviations. The Fritsma factor: Your interactive hemostasis resource.
https://www.fritsmafactor.com/abbreviations
Greenblatt, C. H., Springer, A., Williams, M. (Writers) & Jennings, N., Weiss, N., Springer, A.,
Smart, A (Directors). (2001, September 7). Band geeks (Season 2, Episode 15) [TV series
episode]. In Hillenburg, S. (Executive Producer), SpongeBob SquarePants. Nickelodeon
Animation Studios; United Plankton Pictures.
Huston, J. (Director). (1956). Moby Dick [Film]. Moulin Pictures.
Schneider, K. H. (Host). (2020). Little did I know [Audio podcast]. The Audio Drama Initiative.
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/little-did-i-know/id1503371755?i=1000468793275
8
Adapted from: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples and
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
Things to Remember
1. Bold and center “References” at the top of the page.
2. Alphabetize your reference list by last name or by the organization/title when an author is
not available.
3. Only the first word (including the first word after a colon) and proper nouns are
capitalized in a title. Ex: Bloody history of Paris: Radicals, riots and revolutions.
4. Listings should have a hanging indent. You can do this setting by going to “Line Spacing
Options” in a Word doc or “Indentation Options” in a Google doc. Under “special” there
is an option to choose “hanging”.
5. For 2-20 authors, list all of them. Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last and second to
last listing.
6. For more than 20 authors, list the first 19 authors then use an ellipses before listing the
final author.
7. (n.d.) can be used when no date is given.
8. When including a doi in the reference listing, use https://doi.org/xxxx
1. The doi number goes in place of the xxxx