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Decisions of Authorship and Ownership
The decisions of authorship should be made as early as possible in the research or creative activity
process. It is preferable that the decisions of authorship and ownership and decisions regarding
dissemination are in written form and signed by all persons involved at the initiation of any project
or program. Collaborators should determine each members’ contribution (noted above), what level (first,
second, etc.) and the type (presentation, publication, copyright, patent, etc.) of authorship to be assigned.
For example, often students participate in data collection or gathering materials to be used in a grant or
manuscript. Though this may not constitute authorship on a publication, authorship on presentations at
times may be granted by faculty members. Likewise, assisting to develop a tool, method, computer
program or such product that is used and which may tangentially result in a copyright or patent may not
constitute authorship but may warrant ownership.
No authorship rights are guaranteed for RAs, GAs, or TAs regarding SON reports/initiatives or faculty
projects. Student research for an honors project, a master’s thesis/project, dissertation, or directed
research in which faculty are involved as a committee member or chair does not automatically award
authorship to faculty members. Specific details are provided by the graduate school and PhD program if
the manuscript dissertation option is used. Similarly, other students should use the author/ownership
agreement form in this handbook to establish agreements. If a student is using faculty data or data
collected as part of a faculty member’s study/grant, this agreement should be determined at the initiation
of the activity, in writing.
A second consideration is ownership. One issue is data collected either prior to or after the conduct of a
specific project. For example, if a faculty member has collected, or obtained, or has access to data that is
used for a secondary analysis, authorship should include the faculty member, but this may or not
constitute first authorship by the faculty member depending on the written agreement. If students collect
or obtain data that is later used for secondary analysis by other students, agency personnel, or faculty, the
student should be included as an author. Another issue is if the data, method, or tool is deemed to be
necessary for patent or copyright. Also, ownership should reflect the contribution and effort of those
involved. Legal statutes, university policies on copyright and ownership, state and federal work for
hire/work product, copyright and patent laws as well as ethical principles, may assist in those decisions. It
is incumbent upon all involved to assess this possibility at the initiation of a project and consult the
appropriate faculty member, associate dean/dean, technology transfer offices, legal counsel, and
university/agency Institutional Review Board, and UNCG policies.
A third consideration is when the principal author does not follow through on dissemination or ownership
efforts. In the event of the sudden incapacity or death, the principal author or investigator often remains
first author. If not first author, the contributor should be an author in the order determined by the team
with serious consideration of contribution. Similar consideration should be made for ownership decisions.
In the event that a student or faculty member does not publish work that is co-authored by a faculty
member, community or agency personnel, or another student, discussion should occur that allows the
other authors to pursue dissemination that acknowledges the student contribution but allows credit for
additional efforts to complete the dissemination effort. It is preferable that these discussions take place at
the initiation of the study and that the contingencies be agreed to in writing. This is the most consistent
and clear communication strategy.
The fourth issue is that all authors and owners assume accountability and responsibility for the integrity of
the study, including but not limited to ethical treatment of human subjects or animals and accurate