TERMINOLOGY OF GROUND-BASED MECHANIZED LOGGING IN

Forest Research Laboratory

Oregon State University

Terminology of ground-Based

echanized logging in The

acific norThwesT

Loren D. Kellogg

Pete Bettinger

Don Studier

College of

Forestry

Research Contribution 1

February 1993

Shear Felling Head

(SAE. 1991)

The Forest Research Laboratory of Oregon State University was established by

the Oregon Legislature to conduct research leading to expanded forest yields,

increased use of forest products, and accelerated economic development of

the State. Its scientists conduct this research in laboratories and forests admin-

istered by the University and cooperating agencies and industries throughout

Oregon. Research results are made available to potential users through the

University’s educational programs and through Laboratory publications such

as this, which are directed as appropriate to forest landowners and manag-

ers, manufacturers and users of forest products, leaders of government and

industry, the scientiﬁc community, and the general public.

The Authors

Loren Kellogg is associate professor and Pete Bettinger is faculty research assis-

tant in the Forest Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis,

Oregon. Don Studier is program manager in the USDA Forest Service, Paciﬁc

Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon.

Acknowledgments

This guide to terminology was developed in response to participants’ requests

at a workshop entitled Mechanized Harvesting: The Future is Here (December

17-19, 1991), held by the Department of Forest Engineering, Oregon State

University. The diagram of the cone felling head is adapted from a ﬁgure used

with permission from EXCO Industries, Ltd., 100 Mile House, B.C., Canada.

The diagram of bogie wheels is adapted from a ﬁgure used with permission

from the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Vancouver, B.C.,

Canada. Diagrams illustrating the auger felling head, chain-and-bar felling

head, continuous circular-saw (disk-saw) felling head, and shear felling head

are adapted from ﬁgures used with permission from SAE J1272

, 1985, pub-

lished by Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Adaptations are by G. Bracher.

L. Haygarth created most of the other illustrations in this report.

To Order Copies

Copies of this and other Forest Research Laboratory publications are available

from:

Forestry Publications Ofﬁce

Oregon State University

Forest Research Laboratory 227

Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7401

Please indicate author(s), title, and publication number if known.

Recycled

Paper

Terminology of ground-Based

mechanized logging in The

Pacific norThwesT

Loren D. Kellogg

Pete Bettinger

Don Studier

Table of Contents

Introduction ........................................................................1

Machinery and Operations ..................................................1

Logging Systems .................................................................7

Literature Cited .........................................................................8

Index (by Process) .............................................................10

Introduction

Auger Felling Head

(SAE. 1991)

Auger Felling Head

Bogie Wheels

Bogie Axles�

(Makkonen 1989)�

The history of mechanized logging in the Pacific Northwest is relatively

short, but the interest in mechanized logging operations is increasing due

to escalating labor rates and a shift from old-growth harvesting to second-

growth logging (Kellogg et al. 1992). In the Pacific Northwest, mechanized

harvesting of small trees on terrain with slopes of 30 percent or less is

typically performed by feller-bunchers, which fell and bunch trees, and

grapple skidders, which skid the bunches of whole trees to landings for

processing into logs or chips by mechanical processors. There are varia-

tions to the “whole-tree method” in terms of machines and methods of

operation. There are also other mechanized logging systems used in the

Pacific Northwest which differ distinctly from the “whole-tree method.” The

“cut-to-length method” and the “tree-length method” are examples.

The purpose of this publication is to compile a standardized set of

terminology for mechanized logging machinery and logging methods for

the Pacific Northwest. While other organizations have produced similar

works with either a wider or narrower focus (Dean and Evans 1978, Mif-

flin and Lysons 1979, Ford-Robertson 1983, Granvik et al. 1983, American

Society of Agricultural Engineers 1991, Society of Automotive Engineers,

Inc. 1991), this publication is limited to mechanized logging equipment

and logging methods. Terminology from Scandinavian and Canadian

organizations, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na-

tions, and various U.S. organizations was compiled and synthesized into

the terminology that follows. The publication is divided into sections on

machinery and operations and on logging systems.

Machinery and Operations

Articulated Steering: With reference to a vehicle, hinged at the center

for turning, as with a wheeled skidder (Stokes et al. 1989).

Auger Felling Head: A non-shear felling head with which felling is achieved

by the action of a rotating horizontal cylindrical auger; this auger has

fluted cutters on the circumference that cut toward an anvil (Society

of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1992). The auger passes entirely through

the tree, at which time it retracts to a position within the felling head

(McMorland 1980).

Bogie Wheels: Tandem axles driven by a single differential, used to

provide lower ground pressure than single axles because more tire

surface is in contact with the ground, creating a better distribution of

the wheel load (Makkonen 1989). Half-tracks are sometimes stretched

around bogie wheels to provide better traction and weight distribu-

tion (J. Starnes, USDA Forest Service, Lakewood, Colorado, personal

communication, 1992).

Buck: Crosscutting a felled tree into log segments (Stokes et al. 1989, S.

Pilkerton, OSU Forest Engineering Department, Personal communica-

tion, 1992).

Chain-and-Bar Felling Head: A non-shear felling head with which felling

is achieved by a saw-bar-and-chain that travels from one side of the

head to the other. Once cutting is complete, the saw-bar-and-chain

retracts to a position within the base of the felling head (McMorland

1980).

Chain-Flail Delimber: A machine that delimbs trees through impact

and by scraping with a

rotating drum with rows

of short chains attached.

Usually mounted on the

front end of a rubber-

tired vehicle that is driven

over piles of trees on the

ground (Kellogg et al.

1992).

Chain-Flail Delimber/Debarker: A machine that delimbs and

debarks trees through impact and by scraping with two or three

rotating drums with rows of short chains attached (Kellogg et

al. 1992).

Chipper: A machine equipped with rotating disk-mounted or

drum-mounted knives that mechanically reduce logs or whole trees

to small pieces or chips

of more-or-less uniform

dimension (Kellogg et al.

1992), normally 3/16 to

1-1/8 inches (4.8 to 28.6

mm) long (Blackstock 1964).

Often there is a grapple for

self-loading material into

the chipper.

Choker (Line or Cable) Skidder: A four-wheel-drive rubber-tired

tractor with articulated steering and a range of horse-power classes

(Ford-Robertson 1983, Stenzel et al. 1985, pp. 339-351). Equipped

with single or double winches that contain wire rope and wire rope

chokers to assemble and hold the load (Society of Automotive Engi-

neers, Inc. 1991).

Chunker: A portable machine equipped with a spiral-head chipper (spiral-

cutter blade mounted on a rotating shaft) or an involuted single-disk

chipper (chipper blades mounted on the face of a thick steel disk)

(Arola et al. 1988). Designed to chunk trees or parts of trees (American

Society of Agricultural Engineers 1991) into wood fragments longer

and wider than conventional chips (USDA Forest Service 1991) and

generally 2 to 4-1/2 inches (50.8 to 114.3 mm) long in the

fiber direction (Arola et al. 1983).

Clam-Bunk Skidder: An articulated rubber-tired or tracked

vehicle for transporting whole trees by supporting the butt

end clear of the ground in a top-opening log bunk (inverted

grapple). Clam-bunk skidders are equipped with a grapple

loader for self-loading (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Chain & Bar Felling Head (SAE 1991)

Chain-and-Bar Felling

Head

Chain-Flail Delimber

Choker skidder

Choker Skidder

Chain-Flail Delimber/

Debarker

Clam-Bunk Skidder

Chipper

Cone Felling Head: A non-shear felling head with which felling is achieved

by the action of a slowly rotating cone. The felling head is placed on

a tree, the tree is firmly grabbed, and the cone is activated, cutting

its way through the tree because of the increasing taper of the cone.

The cone is limited to one revolution but does not necessarily have to

perform a full revolution. After cutting, the cone retracts to a resting

position (Folkema 1984).

Continuous Circular-Saw (Disk-Saw) Fell-

ing Head: A non-shear felling head with

which felling is achieved by a horizontal

disk. The cutting teeth on some disks are

cone-shaped and easily replaced. The head

relies on the inertial energy and large mass

of the disk to propel the disk through the

tree, and the tree is grabbed by the head

after felling is completed (Greene and

McNeel 1989).

Crane Processor: See Grapple Proces-

sor.

Crosscut (Buck): To cut wood across the

grain (Stokes et al. 1989).

Debarker: A machine used to remove bark

from logs prior to processing them into

lumber or plywood (Dean and Evans 1978).

Debarkers are typically used at the mill site.

Delimber: A self-propelled or por-

table machine designed to remove limbs from trees (American Society

of Agricultural Engineers 1991). This function is commonly combined

with other in-woods functions such as topping, crosscutting (bucking),

and decking.

Double-Grip Harvester: A machine with which felling is performed by

a boom-mounted unit that works in combination with a processing

unit for delimbing and bucking.

Mounted on the base carrier

(Kellogg et al. 1992).

Feller-Buncher: A machine for

the mechanical felling of trees

with a shear or saw device.

Some feller-bunchers accumulate

several small trees before the

bunch is placed in a selected

Cone Felling Head�

(EXCO industries Ltd. 1992)�

Cone Felling Head

Ring Debarker

Rosserhead Debarker Flail Debarker

Double-Grip Harvester

Continuous Circular�

Saw Felling Head�

(SAE. 1991)�

Continuous Circular-

Saw Felling Head

position. Configurations include rubber-tired and tracked drive-to-tree

machines, tracked swing-boom machines, and tracked leveling swing-

boom machines for steep terrain (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Feller-Chipper: A machine designed to fell and chip whole trees (So-

ciety of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 1991). The felling and chipping

components are mounted on a mobile vehicle, where felled trees and

residues are fed into a chipping drum as the machine moves forward

and the chips are blown into a mobile chip forwarder (Vasievich and

Croll 1981).

Feller-Director: A machine for the mechanical felling of trees. Equipped

with a shear or saw and a hydraulic device for controlling the direction

of fall of the tree. Feller-directors usually handle one tree at a time,

and can fell larger trees than a feller-buncher of equivalent size (Kel-

logg et al. 1992). However, they do not have the capability to hold a

felled tree in a vertical position (J. Starnes, personal communication,

1992).

Feller-Forwarder: A machine for felling and for

transporting whole trees clear of the ground

in a load cradle on the rear chassis. Equipped

with a boom-mounted shear or saw felling de-

vice (Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations 1977, Kellogg et al. 1992).

Feller Head: A head that attaches to the

feller-buncher and consists either of a shear,

continuous circular saw, intermittent circular

saw, cone, auger, or chain and bar (see separate definition for each

feller head).

Feller-Skidder: A machine—essentially a Clam-Bunk Skidder—on which

the loading grapple has been replaced by a felling head (Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1977).

Fifth Wheel: A weight-bearing swivel mounted over the driving axles of

a truck tractor. Used to attach a trailer (Stokes et al. 1989).

Forwarder: A rubber-tired, articulated vehicle used for transport-

ing shortwood or cut-to-length logs clear of the ground. The

forwarder is equipped with a grapple loader for loading and

unloading (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Front-End Log Loader: A

wheeled or track machine

capable of using hydraulic

forks on the front end for

lifting a log or load of logs clear

of the ground. Used to load the

material on trucks at the landing

or to off-load logs at the mill site

(Kellogg et al. 1992).

Grapple Processor: A machine that

delimbs, tops, and bucks whole

trees at the landing or in the woods. This machine supports the tree

in a boom-mounted processor, which pulls the tree through stationary

Feller-Buncher

Feller-Forwarder

Forwarder

Front-End Log Loader

Feller-Director

delimbing knives by a roller or chain-feed mechanism. Grapple

processors are typically equipped with length- and diameter-

measuring devices (Kellogg et al. 1992) and are sometimes

referred to as crane processors.

Grapple Skidder: A four-

wheel-drive rubber-tired trac-

tor with articulated steering

for transporting a load by

lifting the log ends clear of

the ground in a grapple (Kel-

logg et al. 1992).

Grinder: A portable machine designed

to grind wood into fine particles

(American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1991).

Half-Track: A vehicle moved by a pair of short, endless articulated belts,

called tracks, driven by tractor tires. Steering is by a pair of ordinary

wheels in front. The whole vehicle is termed a half-track (Stokes et

al. 1989).

Harvester: A machine that fells, delimbs, tops, and crosscuts (bucks) the

tree at the stump area. Configurations include single-grip and double-

grip machines. Multi-function harvesters are equipped with a boom-

mounted felling device, and sometimes have the ability to transport

the material to the landing (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Harvester-Forwarder: A self-propelled machine designed to fell, delimb,

crosscut, and carry tree parts to a landing (Society of Automotive En-

gineers, Inc. 1991).

Hogger: Portable machine designed to produce coarse chips, typically for

use as fuel (American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1991) and for the

manufacture of wood pulp and chipboard (Ford-Robertson 1983).

Hydraulic Grapple Loader: A loading device capable of lifting a log or

tree clear of the ground. Consists of a boom and a hydraulic grapple

mounted on a mobile carrier (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Intermittent Circular-Saw (Disk-Saw) Felling Head: A non-shear

felling head with which felling is achieved by a horizontal disk. The

head relies on high torque to sever the tree, and the disk is activated

only when the felling machine is at the tree to be cut (Greene and

McNeel 1989).

Landing: Any place where timber is assembled for further transport, com-

monly associated with a change of transport method (Ford-Robertson

1983) from primary to secondary. Landings are either centralized or

continuous locations along the road, referred to as roadside landings

(J. Starnes, personal communication, 1992).

Loader-Mounted Self-Aligning Delimber: A machine with a pivotally

mounted, self-aligning delimbing head that lines up with the tree stem

as it is pulled through the head by a hydraulic log loader (Starnes

1991).

Log Bunk: A cross beam on a log trailer or truck on which the logs rest

(Stokes et al. 1989).

Grapple Skidder

Grapple Processor

Primary Transportation: Movement of a felled tree, or tree parts, from

the stump to a landing (Stokes et al. 1989).

Processor: A self-propelled or portable machine used at the landing or in

the stump area; it performs one or more processing functions, such as

delimbing, topping, and crosscutting, but does not fell trees (Granvik

et al. 1983). See Grapple Processor or Stroke-Boom Delimber

for specific types of processors.

Secondary Transportation: Movement of wood from the landing to

another point (centralized woodyard, mill, etc.) by truck, rail, or water

(Stokes et al. 1989).

Shear Felling Head: A felling head that forces one or more shear blades

through the tree by hydraulic pressure (Starnes 1991).

Shredder: A drum-type chipper for processing limbs, bark, small trees,

and other woody biomass into hogged fuel (Lambert and Howard 1990,

pp. 35-37). The machine may also be equipped with

free-swinging flails that shred slash into very fine

material (McKenzie and Makel 1991).

Single-Grip Harvester: A machine that both fells

and processes (delimbs and crosscuts) with a single

boom-mounted unit (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Slasher (Bucker): A machine used at the landing

or mill yard to buck trees or tree parts (singly or in

multiples) to predetermined lengths (Granvile et al.

1983).

Splitter: A portable machine designed to divide

trees or parts

of trees longitudinally (American

Society of Agricultural Engineers

1991).

Stroke-Boom Delimber: A machine

that delimbs, tops, and bucks

whole trees at the landing or in

the woods. Stroke-boom delimbers

process a tree by holding it in stationary arms while

pushing a knife-edged sliding grapple along the stem.

Configurations include one-piece and telescopic

booms. All are equipped with length-measuring

devices, and some also have diameter-measuring

devices (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Stroke-Deck Delimber: A machine that delimbs,

tops, and bucks trees at the landing or roadside.

Stroke-deck delimbers support the tree on a deck

while a delimbing grapple is pulled along the stem.

These machines are equipped with length- and di-

ameter-measuring devices (Kellogg et al. 1992).

Truck Train: A truck with two or more log trail-

ers. A configuration used in Cut-to-Length logging

is called a B-train. The B-train is a combination of

two trailers, with the fifth wheel of the first trailer

Single-Grip Harvester

Slasher

Stroke-Deck Delimber

Stroke-Boom Delimber

Shear Felling Head

(SAE. 1991)

Shear Felling Head

mounted behind the rear axles to reduce

off-tracking (in which the rear wheels do

not follow the tracks made by the front

wheels when rounding a curve). The first

trailer normally holds one or two log bunks,

while the second trailer normally holds

one bunk (J. Starnes, personal

communication, 1992).

Wire Rope Crane-Type Loader:

A loading device mounted on a

mobile carrier. Commonly called

a heelboom loader. It is similar

to the grapple loader, except

that the grapple mechanism is

cable-controlled (Kellogg et al.

1992).

Logging Systems

The mechanized equipment previously defined can be combined in

various logging systems. These logging systems encompass a combination

of equipment and people. Their names describe a specific condition and

length of the logged timber transported to the landing or the mill site. The

major logging systems covered are

whole-tree, tree-length, and cut-to-

length. Other terms for systems are

described as subcategories within

one of the three major systems.

Figure 1 illustrates the various

processes of these systems at the

stump, for primary transportation,

and in landing operations.

Whole-Tree: Harvesting systems

that deliver trees to the landing

with limbs and tops attached

to the stem.

• Total-Tree: All tree parts

including the roots are

transported to the landing

(American Society of Agri-

cultural Engineers 1991).

• Tree-Section: The whole

tree is cut into sections, and

the unlimbed raw material

At the�

Stump�

Primary�

Transportation�

Landing�

Operations�

Fell trees�

Skid or yard�

whole trees�

Process into logs�

or chips at the�

landing�

Fell, delimb, and�

top trees�

Skid or yard�

tree lengths�

Crosscut trees at�

the landing, or�

haul tree lengths�

Fell, delimb, and�

crosscut trees�

Skid, forward or�

yard log lengths�

to the landing�

Whole-Tree�

Method�

Tree-Length�

Method�

Cut-to-Length�

Method�

Figure 1. Processes of mechanized logging systems at the stump, for

primary transportation, and in landing operations.

Truck Train

Truck train

Wire Rope Crane-Type Loader

is hauled to the pulp mill by truck instead of being chipped at the

landing site (Hakkila 1989).

Tree-Length: Harvesting systems that deliver delimbed and topped tree

stems to the landing (Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations 1977).

Cut-to-Length: Harvesting systems in which trees are delimbed and

bucked into sorted piles at the stump prior to subsequent transport

to the landing by skidding or forwarding (Hakkila 1989).

• Leave-Top-Attached: The tree top is left attached to the top

log and transported to the roadside rather than being left at the

stump.

• Log-Length: The log lengths are variable and generally greater

than 20 feet (6.1 m).

• Shortwood: Logs are forwarded to landings and off-loaded

to the ground or directly onto trailers. Depending on specific

forwarder capabilities, maximum log lengths are usually limited

to 5-20 feet (1.5-6.1 m). The term shortwood method is com-

monly used for pulpwood operations in which piece sizes are 8

feet (2.4 m) or less.

Literature Cited

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS. 1991. Terminology

for forest operations and equipment. Proposed ASAE Standards, Fifth

Draft. ASAE, St. Joseph, Missouri. 11 p. (Unpublished.)

AROLA, R.A., B.J. STOKES, and R.C. RADCLIFFE. 1988. U.S. chunkwood

machines. In Proceedings of IEA/BE Conference, Task III/Activity 6 and

7, Uppsala, Sweden. The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,

Department of Operational Efficiency, Garpenberg, Sweden.

AROLA, R.A., S.A. WINSAUER, R.C. RADCLIFFE, and M.R. SMITH. 1983.

Chunkwood production: a new concept. Forest Products Journal

33(7/8):43-51.

BLACKSTOCK, J.R. 1964. Standards of pulp chip measurement in British

Columbia. Shultz Timber Bulletin, September.

DEAN, W., and D.S. EVANS, editors. 1978. Terms of the Trade. Random

Lengths Publications, Inc., Eugene, Oregon. 130 p.

EXCO INDUSTRIES, LTD. 1992. The EXCO-Lokomo cone saw felling head.

Box 790, 100 Mile House, B.C., Canada. 2 p.

FOLKEMA, M.P. 1984. Circular saw and cone saw felling heads: an up-

date. Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Vancouver, B.C.

Technical Report TR-56. 75 p.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.

1977. Planning Forest Roads and Harvesting Systems.Rome, Italy. FAO

Forestry Paper 2. 148 p.

FORD-ROBERTSON, F.C., editor. 1983. Terminology of Forest Science

Technology, Practice and Products. Society of American Foresters,

Washington, D.C. 370 p.

GRANVIK, B.-A., E. MIKKONEN, P. KURVINEN, S. RYYNANEN, and A. RUM-

MUKAINEN. 1983. Definitions of some forest technology terms. Society

of Forestry in Finland, Terminology Group, Helsinki. 14 p.

GREENE, W.D., and MCNEEL, J.F. 1989. Sawhead performance in southern

conditions. Paper presented at the 1989 International Winter Meeting

of the ASAE, New Orleans, Louisiana. ASAE Paper 89-7583. 28 p.

HAKKILA, P. 1989. Logging in Finland. The Finnish Forest Research In-

stitute—The Society of Forestry in Finland, Helsinki. Acta Forestalia

Fennica 207. 39 p.

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dium of Mechanized Harvesting Research. Forest Research Laboratory,

Oregon State University, Corvallis. 401 p.

LAMBERT, M.B., and J.O. HOWARD. 1990. Cost and productivity of new

technology for harvesting and in-woods processing small-diameter

trees. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland,

Oregon. Research Paper PNW-RP-430. 37 p.

MaKKONEN, I. 1989. Choosing a wheeled shortwood forwarder. Forest

Engineering Research Institute of Canada, Vancouver, B.C. Technical

Note TN-136. 12 p.

McKENZIE, D.W., and B. MAKEL. 1991. Update—field equipment for precom-

mercial thinning and slash treatment. USDA Forest Service, Technology

and Development Center, San Dimas, California. 69 p.

McMORLAND, B. 1980. Non-shearing felling heads. Forest Engineering

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48 p.

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On-Highway Vehicles and Off-Highway Machinery. 400 Commonwealth

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the USDA Forest Service workshop on “Managing the Small Timber

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Pulpwood Production. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

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4 p.

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Index (by Process)

Felling

Double-Grip Harvester .................................................................. 3

Feller-Buncher .............................................................................. 3

Feller-Chipper .............................................................................. 4

Feller-Director .............................................................................. 4

Feller-Forwarder ........................................................................... 4

Feller Head ................................................................................... 4

Auger Felling Head ................................................................. 1

Chain-and-Bar Felling Head ..................................................... 2

Cone Felling Head .................................................................. 3

Continuous Circular-Saw (Disk-Saw) Felling Head ..................... 3

Intermittent Circular-Saw (Disk-Saw) Felling Head .................... 5

Shear Felling Head .................................................................. 6

Feller-Skidder ............................................................................... 4

Harvester ..................................................................................... 5

Harvester-Forwarder ..................................................................... 5

Machine Components

Articulated Steering ................................................................ 1

Bogie Wheels .......................................................................... 1

Half-Track ............................................................................... 5

Single-Grip Harvester .............................................................. 6

Primary Transportation

Choker (Line or Cable) Skidder ..................................................... 2

Clam-bunk Skidder ....................................................................... 2

Feller-Forwarder ........................................................................... 4

Feller-Skidder ................................................................................ 4

Forwarder ..................................................................................... 4

Grapple Skidder ............................................................................ 5

Harvester-Forwarder ...................................................................... 5

Machine Components

Articulated Steering ................................................................. 1

Bogie Wheels ........................................................................... 1

Half-Track ................................................................................ 5

Log Bunk ................................................................................. 5

Processing

Chain-Flail Delimber ...................................................................... 2

Chain-Flail Delimber/Debarker ........................................................ 2

Chipper ........................................................................................ 2

Chunker ........................................................................................ 2

Crane Processor ............................................................................. 3

Debarker ....................................................................................... 3

Delimber ....................................................................................... 3

Double-Grip Harvester ................................................................... 3

Feller-Chipper ............................................................................... 4

Grapple Processor .......................................................................... 4

Grinder ......................................................................................... 5

Harvester ...................................................................................... 5

Harvester-Forwarder ...................................................................... 5

Hogger ......................................................................................... 5

Loader-Mounted Self-Aligning Delimber ......................................... 5

Machine Components

Articulated Steering ................................................................. 1

Bogie Wheels ........................................................................... 1

Half-Track ................................................................................ 5

Processor ...................................................................................... 6

Shredder ....................................................................................... 6

Single-Grip Harvester ..................................................................... 6

Slasher (Bucker) ............................................................................ 6

Splitter.......................................................................................... 6

Stroke-Boom Delimber ................................................................... 6

Stroke-Deck Delimber .................................................................... 6

Feller-Chipper .............................................................................. 4

Feller-Forwarder ........................................................................... 4

Forwarder .................................................................................... 4

Front-End Log Loader ................................................................... 4

Harvester-Forwarder ..................................................................... 5

Hydraulic Grapple Loader ............................................................. 5

Loader-Mounted Self-Aligning Delimber ........................................ 5

Wire-Rope Crane-Type Loader ....................................................... 7

Secondary Transportation

Fifth Wheel .................................................................................. 4

Truck Train ................................................................................... 6

Logging System

Whole-Tree ................................................................................... 7

Total-Tree ............................................................................... 7

Tree-Section ............................................................................ 7

Tree-Length .................................................................................. 8

Cut-to-Length .............................................................................. 8

Leave-Top-Attached ................................................................. 8

Log-Length ............................................................................. 8

Shortwood .............................................................................. 8

Miscellaneous

Buck ............................................................................................ 1

Crosscut (Buck) ............................................................................ 3

Landing ....................................................................................... 5

Kellogg, L.D., P. Bettinger, and D. Studier. 1993. TERMINOLOGY OF GROUND-BASED

MECHANIZED LOGGING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Forest Research Laboratory,

Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Contribution 1. 12 p.

Terminology is deﬁned for mechanized harvesting equipment and logging systems

applicable to the Paciﬁc Northwest.

Kellogg, L.D., P. Bettinger, and D. Studier. 1993. TERMINOLOGY OF GROUND-BASED

MECHANIZED LOGGING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST. Forest Research Laboratory,

Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Contribution 1. 12 p.

Terminology is deﬁned for mechanized harvesting equipment and logging systems

applicable to the Paciﬁc Northwest.

As an afﬁrmative action institution that complies with Section 504 of the

Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Oregon State University supports equal educa-

tional and employment opportunity without regard to age, sex, race, creed,

national origin, handicap, marital status, or religion.

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