northern segregation throughout his text.
Dowd Hall, Jacquelyn. “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past.”
The Journal of American History, 91 (4), 2005.
Although the American Civil Rights Era is usually associated with the 1950s and 60s,
Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, a historian at UNC Chapel Hill, analyzes an extended narrative of
movement’s pursuit of justice. As per Hall’s relationship to my project, this article
exhibits the importance of civil rights history in its entirety since causes for the
movement can be tied back to the negative effects of New Deal programs on African
American families. By addressing the family structure, Hall introduces gender dynamics
to her argument suggesting that women’s activism played a key role in the freedom
movement. The article does not mention half-days, but it does state that African
American women played an early and critical role that “foreshadowed” black feminism
and the later expansion of the civil rights movement as it took full form, an area of civil
rights I address in my project. Moreover, Hall’s cited literature offers further resources
that give a more in-depth analysis of women’s role in the Civil Rights Movement.
Feldstein, Ruth. “I Wanted the Whole World to See: Race, Gender, and Constructions of
Motherhood in the Death of Emmett Till.” in Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in
Postwar America, 1945-1960. Edited by Joanne Meyerowitz. Temple University Press,
1994.
Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era
established that the United States’ “containment” foreign policies affected domestic life
during the Cold War as well. Though May primarily focuses on white, middle class
domesticity, Joanne Meyerowitz in Not June Cleaver aims to show that not all women
fell under this classification. That, in fact, women experienced issues related to their
class, race, and sexual orientation, which did not align with those of the middle-class,
white, heterosexual female. In my independent study, I draw from Ruth Feldstein’s
chapter, “I Wanted the Whole World to See” and her analysis of Emmett Till’s mother,
Mamie Till Bradley, and the complex figure she became after she chose to open her son’s
casket at his funeral so that “the whole world” could see his beaten and disfigured body.
Because the chapter delves into an emotional analysis of Mamie’s role as a mother, I will
pull parts of her analysis to aid my argument on the important position mothers held in
Cleveland’s school desegregation movement.