Table ES2. XXXX
POWER TRANSPORT INDUSTRY BUILDINGS
ACCELERATE RENEWABLES CAPACITY ADDITIONS:
1,2,3
• Identify and map renewable energy resources and develop a
portfolio of financeable projects.
•
Construct no new coal power plants and plan and implement the
phase-out of coal capacities approaching end of its lifetime.
REDUCE THE ENERGY NEED FOR TRANSPORT:
3,5
• Deploy advanced digital communication technologies to
reduce the transport needs (eg. teleconferencing over
traveling) and to improve efficiency of transport by better
utlizing the assets (eg. re-routing due to traffic).
•
Promote mobility services: Promote vehicle sharing and
autonomous driving.
•
Accelerate modal shift from passenger cars to public transport
(electric railways or trams or electric buses).
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRIES:
3
• Promote actions towards circular economy (material recycling,
waste management, improvements in materials efficiency and
structural changes such as reusing and recycling).
•
Incentivise and adopt best available technologies (BAT) and
efficiency standards.
REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS:
3,4,14
• Establish and improve energy efficiency building codes and
standards (incl. appliances (eg. air conditioners), lighting (eg. LED
lights) and equipment (eg. efficient boilers)).
•
Adopt programmes for retrofitting/renovation including
financing schemes.
•
Align renewable heat and energy efficiency policies to leverage
synergies and to accelerate the pace of energy efficiency
improvements.
PLAN FOR THE POWER SECTOR TO ACCOMMODATE INCREASING
SHARES OF VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY:
4,5,6,7,8,9
• Prioritize to improve flexiblity of power system (with flexible
supply, storage, demand response, power-to-X, electric vehicles,
digital and information and communciation technologies
technologies, etc.,). Update grid codes.
•
Deploy microgrids to improve resilience of the grid and energy
access rate with renewable sources. Deploy super grids to
strengthen the interconnections among countries within a region.
•
Deploy cost-reflective tariff structures by properly readjusting the
balance between volumetric charges (USD/kWh), fixed charges (e.g.,
USD/meter-month) and, where applicable, demand charges (USD/kW).
ACCELERATE THE UPTAKE OF ELECTRIC MOBILITY:
4
• Establish minimum standards for vehicle emissions. Give the
priority for electric vehicles for city access.
•
Incentivise charging infrastructure rollout.
• Strengthen link between the power and transport sectors for
integrated planning and policy designs (vehicle-to-grid services).
•
Deploy low-emissions city trucks.
ENABLE CORPORATE SOURCING OF RENEWABLES:
12
• Support a credible and transparent system for certification
and tracking of renewable energy attributes.
•
Consider an energy market structure that allows for direct
trade between companies of all sizes and renewable energy
developers – such as through PPAs.
•
Work with utilities or electric suppliers to provide green
corporate procurement options.
•
Empower companies to engage in direct investment for
self-generation.
SUPPORT AND FOSTER THE DEPLOYMENT OF DISTRIBUTED
ENERGY RESOURCES:
3,4,5,6
• Remove regulatory barriers for prosumers that restrict them
from taking an active role in the energy system transformation.
Capitalise on smart-homes and digitalisation to allow demand
management.
•
Promote community ownership models and innovative financing
schemes.
•
Accelerate rollout of smart meters.
SUPPORT THE DEPLOYMENT OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY
RESOURCES:
4,5,6
• Incentivise energy consumers to become prosumers.
• Support regulatory and pricing policies including the right to
generate and sell electricity, tariff regulation and grid-arrival
policies.
•
Enable energy aggregators to foster the deployment of distributed
energy resources.
FOSTER BIOFUELS IN ROAD, AVIATION AND SHIPPING:
4,10,11
• Eliminate fossil fuel subsidies and implement carbon pricing
to increase the competitiveness of renewable fuels in the
shipping and aviation.
•
Adopt supporting policies to scale up sustainable production
of first- and second-generation biofuels. Introduce specific
mandates for advanced biofuels and put in place direct
financial incentives along with financial de-risking measures.
ACCELERATE THE DEPLOYMENT OF LOW-CARBON
TECHNOLOGIES IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS HEATING:
3,4,13
• Remove existing barriers and incentivise low-carbon heating
technologies deployment: Solar thermal heating/modern
bioenergy and heat pumps.
•
Support emerging technologies in biomass and hydrogen.
Use renewable-produced hydrogen to replace fossil fuel-based
feedstocks and process heat (e.g., iron and steel sub-sectors,
ammonia production).
•
Implement appropriate carbon pricing in line with the real
costs of the externalities and the elimination of existing
subsidies for carbon-intensive fuels (where those still exist).
SCALEUP RENEWABLE SHARE UPTAKE IN THE BUILDINGS
SECTOR:
3,4
• Promote low-carbon heating technologies: heat pumps, solar
heating, modern bioenergy for heating ). Apply these renewable
technologies for district heating.
•
Establish a long term strategy for heat decarbonisation.
• Incentivise renewable based cooling solutions.
•
Phase out traditional biomass as cooking fuel and replace with
clean and efficient cookstoves (biogas, modern solid biomass
and electricity).
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2016 REmap Case 2050
2016 REmap Case 2050
2016 REmap Case 2050
2016 REmap Case 2050
Electricity generation (TWh/yr)
POWER
TRANSPORT
INDUSTRY
BUILDINGS
Final energy consumption (EJ/yr)
Final energy consumption (EJ/yr) Final energy consumption (EJ/yr)
24%
Renewables
24%
Renewables
14%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
14%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
14%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
63%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
63%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
63%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
81%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
81%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
36%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
36%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
57%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
57%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
3%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
3%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
86%
Renewables
86%
Renewables
Generation:
• Wind, • Solar, • Biomass,
• Hydropower, • Others*.
Infrastructure and operation:
• Power grids extension,
• Reinforcement of existing lines,
• Enhanced equipment deployment,
• Electricity storage, • Smart meters.
RE-Electrification: • Battery electric
vehicles, • Hydrogen in fuel cells
for heavy freight modes.
Renewables (direct-uses)
• Biofuels for road, aviation and
marine transport.
Energy eciency:
• Improvements in vehicle fuel economy,
• Modal shift to public transport,
• Enhanced mobility services.
RE-Electrification: • Heat pumps,
• Rooftop Solar PV, • Blending hydrogen
in natural gas for heating,
• Electricity direct-use for space heat
and water heating, and cooking.
Renewables (direct-uses): • Solar thermal
for space and water heating, • Biomass
for heating, • Biogas for cooking.
Energy eciency: • Retrofits,
• Thermal envelope, • High eciency
appliances, • Smart homes.
RE-Electrification: • Heat pumps
• Hydrogen for industrial heat and process.
• Direct use of electricity for industrial
heating processes.
• Distributed Solar PV and small scale wind.
Renewables (direct-uses):
• Solar heating, • Biomass for process heat,
• Biomass feedstocks.
Energy eciency: • Improvements in
process, • Re-use and recycling,
• Improvements in materials eciency,
• Ecient motors.
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2016 REmap Case 2050
2016 REmap Case 2050
2016 REmap Case 2050
2016 REmap Case 2050
Electricity generation (TWh/yr)
POWER
TRANSPORT
Final energy consumption (EJ/yr)
Final energy consumption (EJ/yr) Final energy consumption (EJ/yr)
24%
Renewables
24%
Renewables
14%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
14%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
14%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
63%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
63%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
63%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
81%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
81%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
36%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
36%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
57%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
57%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
3%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
3%
Renewables
(incl. electricity)
86%
Renewables
86%
Renewables
Generation:
• Wind, • Solar, • Biomass,
• Hydropower, • Others*.
Infrastructure and operation:
• Power grids extension,
• Reinforcement of existing lines,
• Enhanced equipment deployment,
• Electricity storage, • Smart meters.
RE-Electrification: • Battery electric
vehicles, • Hydrogen in fuel cells
for heavy freight modes.
Renewables (direct-uses)
• Biofuels for road, aviation and
marine transport.
Energy eciency:
• Improvements in vehicle fuel economy,
• Modal shift to public transport,
• Enhanced mobility services.
RE-Electrification: • Heat pumps,
• Rooftop Solar PV, • Blending hydrogen
in natural gas for heating,
• Electricity direct-use for space heat
and water heating, and cooking.
Renewables (direct-uses): • Solar thermal
for space and water heating, • Biomass
for heating, • Biogas for cooking.
Energy eciency: • Retrofits,
• Thermal envelope, • High eciency
appliances, • Smart homes.
RE-Electrification: • Heat pumps
• Hydrogen for industrial heat and process.
• Direct use of electricity for industrial
heating processes.
• Distributed Solar PV and small scale wind.
Renewables (direct-uses):
• Solar heating, • Biomass for process heat,
• Biomass feedstocks.
Energy eciency: • Improvements in
process, • Re-use and recycling,
• Improvements in materials eciency,
• Ecient motors.
Sources: 1) (IRENA, n.d.); 2) (IRENA, n.d.); 3) IRENA (2018a); 4) IRENA, IEA and REN21 (2018); 5) IRENA (2019b); 6) (IRENA, forthcoming); 7) IRENA (2018g);
8) IRENA (2018b); 9) IRENA (2016b); 10) IRENA (2016a); 11) (IRENA, 2017b, 2015); 12) IRENA (2018e); 13)(IRENA, 2018i); 14) IEA (2018e).
ACTION NEEDED NOW
48
Figure 19. Implementation of sector-level actions from now is highly essential to effectively transform
the global energy system
Overview of key policy actions to be implemented in the power, transport, industry and buildings sector.