!
"!
#!$%"$!&'()!*+,,+-! !
!
"#$%&'()!*)+,,&##-!./&+/%01%,!
2&#-!3%(&#,41%54%!6%,%+&47!
!
!
!
!
8%+&5150!+59!/7%!:&+15!;#&<,7#=!
>%4%-?%&!@A!BCDE!F!.+5!>1%0#A!*G!
>%4%-?%&!EA!BCDE!F!8#,!G50%)%,A!*G!
!
H(9I!;1))1,A!JK>KA!J KL 9K!
.../01234567/689!
!"#$$#%&'()*+,*$-.*/0
!
!
!
$!
#!$%"$!&'()!*+,,+-! !
L50+0150!./(9%5/,!'&#-!/7%!./+&/!
!
M7%!:&+15N,!./&(4/(&%,!OO!P1%$%9!'&#-!8%'/!
!
!
!
6KGK>K!8LG63Q3R!+59!MLG*SQ3R!
!
374!:+;-<!-<4=!+>!'>(4;-<5>(+>?!78.!<74!@;5+>!,45;>-!+-!<8!4A=,8;4!<74!<7;44!
95+>!68>64=<-!8:!6KGK>K!)%+&5150!+59!/%+47150/!!B567!,4<<4;!+>!<74!56;8>)9!
0/1/2/!-<5>(-!:8;!@8<7!5!=7)-+65,!:45<';4!8:!<74!@;5+>!5>(!5!68;;4-=8>(+>?!
.8;(!<75<!;4=;4-4><-!78.!<75<!@;5+>!:45<';4!+-!68>>46<4(!<8!,45;>+>?!5>(!
<4567+>?/!
!
!
6KGK>K!8LG63Q3R!+59!MLG*SQ3R!
6!T!G!T!>!
6%+47!T!G//1/(9%!T!>%U%)#=!
6%/14()+&!G4/1U+/150!.I,/%-!T!G-I09+)+!T!>#=+-15%!
!
!
6!V!6LG*S!,/(9%5/,!+//%5/1#5!W6LMQ*X8G6!G*MQPGMQ3R!.Y.MLJZ!
!!
G!V!*()/1U+/%!+!=#,1/1U%!GMMQMX>L!+59!&%9(4%!,/&%,,!WGJYR>G8GZ!
!!
>!V!>LPL8["!-%-#&I!W>["GJQ3LZ!
!
!
!
!
C!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
S#$!9#%,!/7%!?&+15!=+I!+//%5/1#5\! !
!
R%//150!+59!]%%=150!./(9%5/,N!G//%5/1#5!
The!Power!of!Predictions!!
!
Reach!students!by!making!sure!that!the!information!they!need!to!learn!
passes!through!the!brain’s!sensory!filter!–!the!Reticular!Activating!Syste m !
(RAS)!
!
M$#!:10!Q9%+,!#'!/7%!3%(&#,41%54%!#'!8%+&5150^!
!374!@;5+>!:'>6<+8>-!<8!=;898<4!-';E+E5,!8:!<74!5>+95,!5>(!<74!-=46+4--0!
!38!(8!-8F!<74!7'95>!@;5+>!75-!4E8,E4(!<8!-44G!=5<<4;>-!5>(!=,45-';4/!
!
M7%!6%/14()+&!G4/1U+/150!.I,/%-!W6G.HF!.7+67!+-!+>!<74!,8.4;!=5;<!8:!<74!
=8-<4;+8;!@;5+>F!:+,<4;-!5,,!+>689+>?!-<+9',+!5 > (!9 5 G 4- !<7 4!I( 46 +-+8> J !5- !<8 !
.75<!=48=,4!5<<4>(!<8!8;!+?>8;4/!K>:8;95<+8>!68>-<5><,)!6894-!+><8!<74!@;5+>!
:;89!<74!@8()L-!-4> -8; )!; 464 = <8; -/!!1 <!5 > )!? +E 4> !9 894><!.4!5;4!4A=4 ;+4> 6 +>? !
-+?7<-F!-8'>(-F!-94,,-F!<5-<4-!5>(!<56<+,4!+>='</!K<!+-!+9 = 8 --+@ , 4!:8; !' -!< 8!@ 4!
68>-6+8'-,)!5.5;4!8:!5,,!8:!<7+-!-4>-8;)!+>:8;95<+8>/!374;4:8;4!<74!@;5+>!75-!5!
:+,<4;!M<74!01NH!<75 <!-4 ,4 6<- !<7 4!-4 > -8; )!+> :8; 9 5 <+8 >!< 8!. 7 +67 !. 4!6 8> -6 +8' -, )!
5<<4>(/!!
!
How!does!the!RAS!select!which!information!passes!through!the!filter!to!
gain!access0to!the!conscious!brain?!W ha t!are !the !crite ria?0
!
374!01N!:+;-<!=;+8;+<+O4-!5#U%)!-<+9',+/!!K:!<74;4!+-!5!47+50%!15!/7%!
%5U1&#5-%5/F!<74!;4,5<4(!-4 >- 8 ;) !+> = ' <!.+,,!,+G4,)!=5--!<7 ;8 ' ? 7 !<7 4!0 1 N /!!P8 ; !
4A59=,4F!+:!5!:8A!,88G-!8 '< ! 8:!7+-!(4>!+>!<74!98;>+>?!5>(!-44-!5>!'>:59+,+5;!:8A!
.5,G!@)F!<75<!+>:8;95<+8>!.+,,!@4!5<<4>(4(!<8!5@8E4!8<74;!-4>-8;)!+>='<!M4/?/!
<74!<5-<4!8:!7+-!:88(F!<74!-8'>(!8:!@+;(-F!<74!-4> -5<+8>!8:!<74!@;44O4!8>!7+-!:';H/!!!!
!
D!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
!
!
L_%4(/1U%!2(54/1#5,!Y#(!S+U%!M7+/!J#,/!./(9%5/,!>#!3#/!
K>7+@+<8;)!68><;8,Q!@,86G!+><5G4!8:!(+-<;56<+>?!-4>-8;)!+>:8;95<+8>! !
&'(?94><R=; +8;+< +O+> ? !5 @ 8' <!.7+67!-4>-8;)!+>=' < !+-!+9 = 8 ;<5 > <!
1@+,+<)!<8!(4,5)!+994(+5<4!?;5<+:+65<+8>!
! ! !
How!can!educators!influence!what!the!RAS!selects?!
1*2'$340,&506()#*%#34708)'%'&30#&9*)/,3#*&0#&0,0&*2'$0*)0.()#*%#34:
;)*2*<#&=0",4!-8!<75<!<74!01N!-4,46<-!<74!4('65<8;L-!+>='<!8E4;!5,,!8<74;!
689=4<+>?!-<+9',+/!S:<4>!-<'(4><-!5;4!6;+<+6+O4(!:8;!>8<!=5)+>?!5<<4><+8>/!
T8.4E4;F!5!-<'(4><L-!01N!+-!68>-<5><,)!5<<4>(+>?!<8!+>:8;95<+8>!M4/?/!<74!
-8'>(!8:!<74+;!>4+?7@8;!.7+-=4;+>?F!<74!<4A<';4!8:!<74+;!<88U<+?7<!=5><-F!
<74!5674!8:!<74+;!?;8.,+>?!-<89567F!4<6/HF!.7+67!95)!>8<!@4!<74!
+>:8;95<+8>!<8!. 7 +67 !<7 4 !<4 56 7 4;!4 A = 46< -!< 74 9 !< 8!5 << 4> ( /!!
!
V!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
!
Strategies!that!provoke!curiosity!&!prediction!to!promote!attention!and!
sustain!focus:!!
.=%+<150!+>!5!(+::4;4><!E8+64!M6 5 ( 4> 64 F!E8, ' 9 4H !65 > !65 < 67 !-< '( 4 > <-!@ ) !
-';=;+-4/!
J#U150!+>!5!(+::4;4><!.5)!65>!@4!' > 4A = 4 6<4 ( /!!P8; !4A 5 9 = ,4 F!5 !<4 56 7 4;!6 5 > !
.5,[email protected];(-!@4:8;4!5!,46<';4/!!37+-!68',(!;4,5<4!<8!<8=+6-!-'67!5-Q!
:,5-7@56G-!+>!,+<4; 5 <' ;4 F!I@ 5 6G .5;(J!5>5,)-+-!8; !7 +>( - +?7 < !5 @8 ' <!4E 4> < -!
,45(+>?!'=!<8!(+-68E4;+4-F!7+-<8;+65,!4E4><-F!8;!>4?5<+E4!>'9 @4 ;-/! !
.(,=%5,%'()!"+(,%^!1!-+?>+:+65><!=5'-4!@4:8;4!-5)+>?!-894<7+>?!
+9=8;<5><!@'+, (- !5 >< +6+= 5 <+8 > !5- !<74!-<'(4><-!. 8> (4;!.7 5<!)8' !.+,,!-5)!8;!
(8!>4A</!
G)/%&+/1#5,!15!/7%!4)+,,&##-A!-'67!5-!5!>4.!(+-=,5)!8>!5!@',,4<+>!@85;(F!
=;898<4!6';+8-+<)/!
!
How!can!the!principles!of!advertising!support!educators!in!capturing!
students’!curiosity?!!
!
1(E4;<+-4;-!78=4!<8!?5+>!<74!5<<4><+8>F!6';+8-+<)F!5>(!+><4;4-<!8:!<74+;!
5'(+4>64/!!P8;!4A59=,4F!<74!I689+>?!5<<;56<+8>-J!5<!5!98E+4!<745<;4!5;4!945><!
<8!,45E4!<74!E+4.4;!.5><+>?!98;4/!!374!<;5+,4;-!5;4!'-'5,,)!4(+<4(!+>!5!.5)!<75<!
+-!(;595<+6!5>( !5 << 4> <+8 > !?; 5 @@ +> ? /!!3 7 4!<; 5 +,4;!=;8E+(4-!-89 4!+>(+65<+8> !8:!
.75<!<74!:+,9!+-!5@8'<F!@'<!,45E4-!8'<!<74!95W8;+<)!8:!<74!(4<5+,-/!!37+-!
<467>+X'4!6;45<4-!-'-=4>-4/!!374!E+4.4;F!>8.!4><+64(F!.5><-!<8!-44!<74!:',,U
,4>?<7!98E+4!<8!-44!78.!4E4;)<7+>? !;4-8,E4 -/!!
!
B('65<8;-!65>!+9U%&/1,%!(=4#-150!)%,,#5,!+>!5!-+9+,5;!.5)/!!374!? 85 , !+-!<8 !
=;8E8G4!6';+8-+<)!8:!.75<L-!<8!6894/!!37+-!65>!@4!(8>4!'-+>?!5!E5;+4<)!8:!@8<7!
7+?7!5>(!,8.U<467!<467>+X'4-/!
!G51-#/#K4#-!#&!J+,7%&K4#-!!
>101/+)!M##),!'#&!./(9%5/,^!75-!(8O4>-!8:!(+?+<5,!<88,-!5>(!+95?4-!<75<!65>!@4!
'-4(!<8!=;8E8G4!6';+8-+<)!5@8'<!5!,4--8>!8;!'>+<Q!
7//=^``,/(9%5/9101/+)/##),K$#&9=&%,,K4#-`!
!
!
.(,/+15150!G//%5/1#5!+59!L50+0%-%5/!
0 00
8)'5#.3#*&701:<4;!6';+8-+<)!75-!@44>!=;8E8G4(F!-<'(4><-!.+,,!-'-<5+>!5<<4><+8>!+:!
!
Y!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
<74)!5;4!5-G4(!<8!=;4(+6<!.75<!<74!6';+8-+<)!-<+9',5<+>?!-+?7<F!-8'>(F!8@W46<F!
-<5<494><F!=+6<';4F!X'4-<+8>F!4<6/!75-!<8!(8!.+<7!<74!,4--8>/!!
!
>30#%0#/;*)3,&303?,30,$$0%3(5'&3%0/,<'0;)'5#.3#*&%/!38!95G4!<74+;!=;4(+6< +8 > -!
=8.4;:',!-<'(4><-!>44(-!<8!I@4<J!8>!<74+;!=;4(+6<+8>-/!!!
S=<+8>-!+>6,'(4Q!!
*;+<+>?!<74!=;4(+6<+8>!8>!5>!+>(+E+('5,!.7+<4!@8 5;(!8;!I9 5 ?+6!=5( J!8;!
'-+>?!5>!4,46<;8>+6!-<'(4><!;4-=8>-4!6,+6G4;/!!!
G==!'#&!,/(9%5/!&%,=#5,%,^!.../>45;=8(/689!75-!5>!5==!<75<!=;8E+(4-!5!
(+?+<5,!;4-=8>-4!-)-<49!:8;!-<'(4><-/!!K<!5,,8.-!-<'(4><-!<8!;4-=8>(!< 8!=8,,-!8;!
X'+OO4-F!.78,4!6,5--!=8,,!(5<5!(+-=,5)F!5>(!;4=8;<-!8>!-<'(4><!=4;:8;95>64/!
!
>#=+-15%O6%$+&9!.I,/%-^!Why!prediction!is!so!powerful!
!
>#=+-15%!+-!'-'5,,)!<78'? 7 <!8 :!5- !5 !> 4' ;8 <;5 > - 9 +<< 4;/!3%(&#/&+5,-1//%&,!
5;4!6749+65,-!+>!<74!@;5+>!<75<!<;5>-9+<!-+?>5,-!@4<.44>!>4';8>-!M>4;E4!64,,-H/!!
Z4';8<;5>-9+<<4;-!5,,8.!:8;!+>:8;95<+8>!<8!<;5E4,!:;89!>4';8>!<8!>4';8>!
<7;8'?78'<!<74!@;5+>/!!!
!
"#$%&!#'!>#=+-15%!
28=59+>4F!.74>!;4,45-4(!+>!598'><-!<75<!4A644(!.75<!+-!>44(4(!:8;!65;;)+>?!
-+?>5,-!56;8--!-)>5=-4-F!<;5E4,-!<7;8'?78'<!<74!@;5+>/!374!4A<;5!(8=59 +>4!
>8.!56<-!5-!5!>4';86749+65,!.+<7!98;4!.+(4-=;45(!+9=56</!K>6;45-4(!
(8=59+>4!+-!5--86+5<4(!.+<7!M+<!@8<7!+>6;45-4-!5>(!+-!+>6;45-4(!@)H!
=,45-';5@,4!4A=4;+4>64-!5>(!<74!5><+6+=5<+8>!8:!=,45-';5@,4!4A=4;+4>64-/!K<-!
;4,45-4!5,-8!+>6;45-4-!:86'-F!9498;)F!5>(!4A 46' <+E4!:'>6<+8> /!!
!
;7%5!9#=+-15%!)%U%),!0#!(=A!/7%!'#))#$150!?%7+U1#&,!+&%!-#&%!
=&#-15%5/^!
[! \,45-';4!
[! ];45<+E+<)!!
[! ^8<+E5<+8>!
[! ]';+8-+<)!
[! \4;-+-<4>64!5>(!=4;-4E4;5>64!
!
M7%!'#))#$150!+4/1U1/1%,!154&%+,%!9#=+-15%!)%U%),^!
[! \8-+<+E4!+><4;56<+8>-!.+<7!=44;-!
[! B>W8)+>?!9'-+6!
!
_!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
[! `4+>?!;45(!<8F!8;!<8,(!5!-<8;)!8;!5>46(8<4!
[! 16<+>?!G+>(,)!
[! BA=;4--+>?!?;5<+<'(4!
[! T'98;!
[! S=<+9+-9!
[! ]78+64!
[! ^8E494><!
[! Feeling!the!intrinsic!satisfaction!of!accurate!predictions!and!
challenges!achieved!!
!
!
How!can!key!points!be!emphasized!throughout!a!lesson?!!
!
374!5@8E4!-'??4-<+8>-!5;4!8:<4>!'-4(!5<!<74!8'<-4<!8:!5!,4--8>!<8!5,4;<!
-<'(4><-L!5<<4><+8>!<8!<74!:56<!<75<!-894<7+>?!>4.!5>(!+9 =8;<5 ><!+-!@4+>?!
+><;8('64(/!!37; 8' ? 78 ' <!5 !,4 -- 8> !7 8.4E4;!<74!<45674;!+- !' -' 5 ,,) != ;4 -4> < +>? !
+>:8;95<+8>!<75 <!;4 = ;4- 4> < -!E5 ; )+> ? !( 4? ;4 4-!8 :!+9 = 8; <5 > 64 /!!P8 ;!4A 5 9 = , 4F!+> !
(4-6;+@+>?!7'95>!5>5<89)!5!<45674;!9+?7<!.5><!-<'(4><-!<8!'>(4;-<5>(!<74!
=5;<-!8:!<74!(+?4-<+E4!-)-<49/!!N894!5>5<89+65,!-<;'6<';4-!5;4!98;4!+9=8;<5><!
:8;!'>(4;-<5>(+> ?!7 8. !< 74 !(+? 4- <+E4 !-) -<4 9 !. 8 ;G -!< 75 > !8<7 4; -/!!T 8. !6 5 >!< 74 !
<45674;!5,4;<!-<'(4><-!<8!<74!98-<!+9=8;<5><!+>:8;95<+8>a!
*#)#&^!374!<45674;!'-4-!5!-4<!8:!68,8;4(!95;G4;-!.74>!.;+<+>?!>8<4-!8>!
<74!@85;(/!!b;44>!68',(!;4=;4-4><!<75<!5!=+464!8:!+>:8;95<+8>!+-!
+9=8;<5><F!)4,,8 . !6 8' ,( !; 4= ;4 -4> < !4E 4> !9 8; 4!+9=8;<5>64F!5>(!;4 ( !68 ', ( !
;4=;4-4><!<74!98-<!+9=8;<5><!I<5G4!78 9 4!9 4--5? 4J/!!374!-<'( 4><-!. +,,!
5,-8!'-4!68,8;4(!=4>-!8;!=4>6+,-!<8!.;+<4!<74+;!>8<4-/!!37+-!-)-<49!5,-8!
74,=-!-<'(4><-!.74>!;4E+4.+>?!+>:8;95<+8>!,5<4;/!!
S+/^!!2';+>?!5>!8;5,!=;4-4><5<+8>F!.74>!>8<4-!5;4!>8<!@4+>?!'-4(F!5!
<45674;!68',(!.45;!5!75<!5>(!<';>!<74!@+,,!8:!<74!75<!+>!(+::4;4><!
(+;46<+8>-!<8!+>(+65<4!,4E4,-!8:!+9=8;<5>64/!
!
]%I!X59%&,/+59150,!'&#-!3%(&#,41%54%!
G?#(/!G//%5/1#5!
!
[!Z8E4,<)!M;,33')&!675>?4H!=;898<4-!5<<4><+8>/!
!
[!\;4(+6<+8>!M=8--+@+,+<)!8:!;4.5;(U;$',%()'H!-'-<5+>-!5<<4><+8>/!
!
!
c!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
[!BA=46<5<+8>!8:!;$',%()'!98<+E5<4-!5<<4><+8>F!4::8;<!5>(!9498;)/!28=59+>4!
;4,45-4!I:'4,-J!;$',%()'/!!
!
Things!to!consider!when!planning!a!lesson!geared!toward!reaching!and!
sustaining!student!attention!and!engagement:!
*+,,!)8';!+>:8;95<+8>!?4<!<7;8'?7!<74!-<'(4><-L!01N!:+,<4;-!M,8.!-<;4--!U!
7+?7!6';+8-+<)R+><4;4-<Ha!
K>!=,5>>+>?!)8';!+>-<;'6<+8>!68>-+(4;Q!284-!<74!01N!+>='<!-+?>5 ,!
(5>?4;a!
*75<!.+,,!5;8'-4!6';+8-+<)a!
T8.!.+,,!5,,!-<'(4><-!=;4(+6<!<74!,+>G-!@4<.44>!<74!65'-4!8:!<74+;!
6';+8-+<)!5>(!<74!<8=+6-!8:!<74!,4--8>a!T8.!.+,,!<74)!I@4<J!8>!<74+;!
=;4(+6<+8>-a!
!
M7%!Q-=+4/!#'!L-#/1#5,!#5!8%+&5150!+59!J%-#&I!
!
*#--#5!/%+47%&!4#54%&5,^!!!
@*/'0*90/40%3(5'&3%0A,.30*(3B0*)0AC*&'0*(3B0#&0.$,%%-0D?,30.,&0>05*E00
D?,30"'05*09*)0%3(5'&3%0"?*05*0&*30F='30#3F0,&509*)03?*%'0"?*0,$)',540F?,2'0#3FE0
!
37+-!-46<+8>!5>-.4;-!<74!5@8E4!X'4-<+8>-!.+<7!+>:8;95<+8>!5@8'<!5<<+<'(4F!<74!
59)?(5,5F!5>(!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4/!
!!
M7%!L-#/1#5+)!21)/%&!
G-I09+)+^!!374!59)?(5,5!+-!5!=5;<!8:!<74!,+9@+6!-)-<49!<75<!+-!:8'>(!+>!<74!
<49=8;5,!,8@4!8:!<74!@;5+>/!374!59)?(5,5!65>!@4!<78'?7<!8:!5-!5!I:8;G!+>!<74!
;85(J!8;!5!I-.+<67+>?!-<5<+8>J!8>!<74!.5)!<8!<74 !I<7+>G+>? !@;5+>J !M=;4:;8><5 ,!
68;<4AH/!!N<4=74>!d;5-74>!(4-6;+@4(!<7+-!5-!<74!I5::46<+E4!:+,<4;/J!
1:<4;!+>:8;95<+8>!=5--4-!<7;8'?7!<74!01NF!+<!4><4;-!<74!59)?(5,5/!!374!
59)?(5,5!<74>!(+;46<-!<74!+>:8;95<+8>!<8!8>4!8:!<.8!=,564-/!!!
374!+>:8;95<+8>!65>!@4!-4><!<8!4+<74;!<74!,8.4;!0B1]3KeB!@;5+>!8;!<8!
<74!0BPfB]3KeB!I<7+>G+>?!@;5+>J!M=;4:;8><5,!68;<4AH/!!!
K>!<74!;456<+E4!,8.4;!@;5+>F!+>:8;95<+8>!+-!;4-=8>(4(!<8!. +<7!5>!
5'<895<+6!:+?7<F!:,+?7<!8;!:;44O4!;4- =8 > -4/!!!
K>!<74!;4:,46<+E4!I<7+>G+>?!@;5+>J!M=;4:;8><5,!68;<4AH!68>-6+8'-!<78'? 7<F!
,8?+6F!5>(!W'(?94><!65>!@4!'-4(!<8!;4-=8>(!<8!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>/!!!!
!
0
!
g!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
!
!
What!determines!if!the!amygdala!directs!information!to!the!reflective!
“thinking!brain”!(prefronta l!cortex)!or !to!the!reactiv e!lower!br ain ?!
!
*74>!5!=4;-8>!+-!+>!5!-<5<4!8:!7+?7!8;!-'-<5+>4(!,/&%,,!8;!'%+&Q!
Z4.!+>:8;95<+8>!689+>?!<7;8'?7!<74!-4>-8;)!+><5G4!5;45-!8:!<74!@;5+>!
65>>8<!=5--!<7;8'?7!<74!59)?(5,5L-!:+,<4;!<8!?5+>!5664--!<8!<74!;4:,46<+E4!
=;4:;8><5,!68;<4A/!!
K>689+>?!+>:8;95<+8>!+-!68>('6<4(!<8!<74!)# $ %&A!&% +4/1U %!? &+15 /!!!!
374!,8.4;F!;456<+E4!@;5+>!75-!5!,+9+<4(!-4<!8:!@475E+8;!8'<='<-Q!:+?7<F!
:,+?7<F!8;!:;44O4!5>+9 5 ,- !h!I56<!8'<J!5> (!IO8>4!8'<J!+>!-<'(4><-/!G'0,",)'0
*90%3(5'&3%0"?*0,.30'&=,='5H0I(30,)'0I*)'50*)09',)9($0*909,#$#&=03*0,.?#'2'0
?#=?'%30=*,$%-00
N<;4--!65>!;4('64!<74!5@+,+<)!8:!<74!7+==8659='-!5>(!=;4:;8><5,!68;<4A!
<8!=;898<4!4::+6+4><!.8;G+>?!9498;)F!498<+8>5 ,!-4,:U68><;8,F!5>(!
5<<4><+8>!:86'-/!!!
!
.#(&4%,!#'!,47##)O&%)+/%9!,/&%,,^!
i><+,!<74!=;4:;8><5,!68;<4A!M\P]H!+-!98;4!95<';4F!-<'(4><-!5;4!98;4!
;456<+E4!<75>!<74)!5;4!;4:,46<+E4F!4-=46+5,,)!.74 >!<74) !=4;64 +E4!-<;4--/!!
N<;4--!6894-!+>!95>)!:8;9-!:8;!-<'(4><-Q!!!
o 374!@8;4(89!8:!5,;45()!75E+>?!95-<4;)!8:!<74!+>:8;95<+8>!@4+>?!
<5'?7<!!!
o Z8!=4;-8>5,!;4,4E5>64Q!>8<!@4+>?!-'::+6+4><,)!+><4;4-<4(!+>!5!<8=+6!
8;!5.5;4!8:!78.!<74!<8=+6!;4,5<4-!<8!5!-<'(4><L-!8.>!+><4;4-<-!8;!
=;+8;!G>8.,4(?4!!!
o P;'-<;5<+8>!8:!=;4E+8'-!:5+,';4-F!@4+>?!68>:'-4(F!5>(!:5,,+>?!
Informa(on)enters)the)
amygdala)
!"#$"%&'(")*+,-./-.0)
123-.4)5627829.+3:);92+7<=)
)
*conscious)thought,)decision)
making,)judgment*))
!">%&'("):9?72)123-.)
)
*automa(c)fight,)flight)or)
freeze)response*)
!
"%!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
@47+>(/!J?#%0#%0'K(,$$40%3)'%%9($09*)0%3(5'&3%0"?*0='309,#$#&=0=),5'%0
,&509*)0%3(5'&3%0"?*0)';',3'5$409,#$03*0,.?#'2'03?'0=*,$03?'40L,&50
3?'#)0;,)'&3%M0%'30%(.?0,%0NO0#&03?'0.$,%%0*)0,$$0PQB%R00
o P45;!8:!@4+>?!.;8>?!+:!5-G4(!<8!-=45G!+>!6,5--F!5>-.4;!X'4-<+8>-F!
8;!=;4-4><!<74+;!.8;G!8;5,,)!
!
"&#-#/150!M&+5,'%&!#'!Q5=(/!/7&#(07!/7%!L-#/1#5+)!21)/%&!
!
6%9(4150!./&%,,!
K:!-<;4--!+-!;4('64(F!5>(!5!=4;-8>!+-!+>!5!&%)+_%9!+59!+)%&/!,/+/%F!+>:8;95<+8>!
65>!=5--!<7;8'?7!<74!59)?(5,5!5>(!8>!<8!<74!&%')%4/1U%!a/715<150!?&+15b!
W=&%'&#5/+)!4#&/%_Z!:8;!,8>?U<4;9!9 498 ;)!5>( !4A46'<+E4!:'>6<+8>!=;8 64--+>?/!!
N<'(4><-!65>!@'+,(!-G+,,-!<75<!5,,8.!<74!=;4:;8><5,!68;<4A!<8!8E4;U;+(4!<74!
,8.4;!@;5+>L-!;456<+E4!+9=',-4-/!
!
[! \5;<+6+=5<+>?!+>!>4.!,45;>+>?!;4X'+;4-!-<'(4><-!<8!<5G4!;+-G-!<75<!5;4!
8:<4>!@4)8>(!<74+;!689:8;<!O8>4-/!N<4=-!-78',(!@4!<5G4>!<8!;4('64!
-<;4--!(';+>?!<74-4!<+94-/!
[! N<'(4><-!65>!,45;>!78.!<8!@46894!5.5;4!8:!<74+;!8.>!-<;4--!5>(!
-<;5<4?+4-!:8;!;4,5A+>?!5>(!;4:86'-+>?/!
!
M%+47!./(9%5/,!+?#(/!M7%1&!:&+15,!
f45;>+>?!78.!<74!@;5+>!=;864--4-!+>='<!74,=-!-<'(4><-!(4E4,8=!98;4!
;4:,46<+E4!\P]!68><;8,!8E4;!<74+;!;456<+E4!,8.4;!@;5+>-/!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6%)+/%9!G&/14)%,!+59!;%?,1/%,^!!
!
!!How!to!Teach!Students!about!the!Brain!,+>GQ!
7<<=QRR.../;5(<4567/689R=5?4"R=5?4cR=5?4DDR=5?4DD/7<9,!
!
!!What!You!Should!Know!about!Your!Brain!,+>GQ!
7<<=QRR.../;5(<4567/689R=5?4"R=5?4cR=5?4DVR=5?4DV/7<9,!!
!
!
"&#-#/%!R&#$/7!J159,%/,!
!
\48=,4!.+<7!5!fixed!mindset!@4,+4E4!<74)!5;4!@8;>!.+<7!5!64;<5+>!598'><!8:!
+><4,,+?4>64!5>( !-G +, ,F!5 > ( !<7 5 <!+-!5 , ,!< 74 )!.+,,!4E4;!75E4/!374) !@ 4,+4 E4 !<7 5 <!8 >6 4!
<74)!:5+,F!<74;4!+-!>8!=8+><!+>!<;)+>?!5?5+>F!@465'-4!<74)!75E4!;45674(!<74+;!
!
""!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
,+9+</!!
!
378-4!.+<7!5!growth!mindset!@4,+4E4!<75<!=48=,4!5;4!?+E4>!5!64;<5+>!598'><!
8:!+><4,,+?4>64!5>(!-G+,,F!W'-<!5-!<74)!75E4!5!64;<5+>!@8()!<)=4F!@'<!<75<!=48=,4!
75E4!<74!=8<4><+5,!<8!?;8.!<74+;!+><4,,+?4>64!5>(!-G+,,!.+<7!75;(!.8;GF!W'-<!,+G4!
5!9'-6,4/!M]5;8,!2.46GH!!
!
M7%!P19%#!R+-%!J#9%)!'#&!J159,%/A!L50+0%-%5/A!+59!
"%&,%U%&+54%!
!
M7%!:&+15!.%%<,!"+//%&5,!+59!")%+,(&%!
e+(48!5>(!689='<4;!?594-!5;4!689=4,,+>?!@465'-4!<74)!8::4;!+>(+E+('5,+O4(!
,.?#'2,I$'0.?,$$'&='%0,&509)'K('&309''5I,.<0*90#&.)'/'&3,$0;)*=)'%%!<75<!5;4!
=7)-+8,8?+65,,)!;4.5;(4(!.+<7!<74!+><;+>-+6!-5<+-:56<+8>!=;8('64(!@)!<74!@;5+>!
6749+65,!5*;,/#&'/!
!
1<!<74!8'<-4<F!5!=,5)4;!+-!=;4-4><4(!.+<7!5!?85,/!374!=,5)4;!@4?+>-!5<!,4E4,!8>4F!
5>(!<7;8'?7!<;+5,!5>(!4;;8;!MfeedbackH!@'+,(-!4>8'?7!-G+,,-!<8!',<+95<4,)!=5--!
,4E4,!8>4/!!!
!
374!>4A<!,4E4,!675,,4>?4-!<74!=,5)4;L-!>4.,)!(4E4,8=4(!-G+,,-F!@'<!',<+95<4,)F!
<7;8'?7!-'-<5+>4(!4::8;<F!=;56<+64F!5> ( !=4 ;- +-<4 > 64!< 74 !=, 5 )4; !-' 66 44 (-!5 > (!
68><+>'4-!<8!=;8?;4--!<7;8'?7!<74!,4E4,-/!
!
374!=,5)4;!;464+E4-!8>?8+>?!:44(@56G!5>(!<74!(8=59+>4!@88-<+>?!=,45-';4!8:!
incremental!goal!progres s!h!;4567+>?!<74!>4A<!,4E4,/!!N74!:44,-!<74!=;+(4!8:!
G>8.+>?!<75<!74;!4::8;< !65 ' -4 ( !74 ;!- ' 664 -- !M+> <; +> -+6!; 4+> :8; 64 9 4> < H/!!3 7 4!
=,5)4;!<74>!-44G-!<74!?;45<4;!675,,4>?4!8:!<74!>4A<!,4E4,!-8!-74!65>!68><+>'4!<8!
4A=4;+4>64!<74!=,45-';4!8:!(8=59+>4!;4.5;(/!
!
M7%!P19%#!R+-%!J#9%)!15!/7%!*)+,,&##-!
!
P19%#!R+-%!J#9%)!Q54)(9%,^!
b85,!@')U+>!
K>(+E+('5,+O4(!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4-!
P;4X'4><!:44(@56G!8;!5.5;4>4--!8:!+>6;494><5,!?85,!=;8?;4--!
!
!
"$!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
R#+)!:(IO15!c!"%&,#5+)!6%)%U+54%!
!
*+<7!?85,-!(4-+?>4(!<8!68>>46<!.+<7!-<'(4><-L!+><4;4-<-!5>(!5'<74><+6!
=4;:8;95>64!<5-G-!<75<!<74)!68>-+(4;!;4,4E5><F!-<'(4><-!.5><!<74!G>8.,4(?4!
<88,-!<74)!>44(!<8!-'6644(/!N<'(4><-!5;4!<74>!+>!<74!+(45,!-<5<4!:8;!98<+E5<4(F!
5<<4><+E4!,45;>+>?!@465'-4!<74)!.5>< !<8 !G >8 . !.75<!<74)!75E4!< 8!,4 5 ;> /!
!
L_+-=)%,!#'!"%&,#5+)!R#+)!6%)%U+54%!
]8>>46<!5!'>+<!.+<7!6';;4><!4E4><-!
045(!5,8'(!-894<7+>?!6';+8'-!<75<!;4,5<4-!<8!<74!<8=+6!5<!75>(!
\4;-8>5,+O4!+>:8;95<+8>!@)!68>>46<+>?!<74!<8=+6!<8!5!=4;-8>!8;!=,564!
;4,4E5><!<8!-<'(4><-!M4/?/!@88G!5'<78;!5>46( 8<4H/!`4 :8;4!5!,4--8> !8;!'>+<F!
<4,,!5!&,)),3#2'05@8'<0<74!,+:4!8:!<74!5'<78;F!-6+4><+-<F!7+-<8;+65,!:+?';4F!8;!
95<7495<+6+5>!.74>!74R-74!.5-!5@8'<!<74!5?4!8:!)8';!-<'(4><-!
2+-6'--!<74!IN8!.75<aJ!:56<8;/!!T8.!<74!<8=+6!68>>46<-!<8!<74!I;45,!.8;,(J!
8;!<8!<74+;!,+E4-/!!!
T8.!5;4!<74)!?8+>?!<8!'-4!<74!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>!5:<4;!)8'!<4567!+<!<8!<749!
M4/?/!=;8W46<F!=4;:8;95>64!<5-GF!<4567!+<!<8!)8'>?4;!-<'(4><-Ha!
!
Y#(&!.%)'OG,,%,,-%5/!2#&!:(IOQ5^!!S#$!$1))!Q!=&#-#/%!?(IO15\!
T8.!.+,,!K!?5<74;!5>(!'-4!G>8.,4(?4!5@8'<!9)!-<'(4><-!<8!+>-=+;4!<74+;!
+><4;4-<-!+>!>4. !,45 ; >+> ? a!
T8.!.+,,!K!;4,5<4!<74!E5,'4!8:!<74!,45;>+>?!@4)8>(!<74!6,5--;889a!!
28!K!4>?5?4!-<'(4><-!+>!'-+>?!.75<!<74)!,45;>!@4)8>(!<74!6,5--;889a!
28!K!'-4!<74!=8.4;!8:!X'4-<+8>-!5>(!IK!.8>(4;jJ!-<5<494><-!<8!4>?5?4!
-<'(4><-L!5<<4><+8>!5>(!<7+>G+>?a!
28!K!=';-'4!,45;>+>?!9)-4,:!-8!<75<!K!98(4,!<74!4>(,4--!>5<';4!8:!
95-<4;+>?!>4.!68>64=<-!5>(!5@+,+<+4-a!
!
G471%U+?)%!*7+))%5 0%!
Lower!the!Barrier,!Not!the!Bar!
!
What!we!do!for!students!who!do!not!"get!it"!and!for!those!who!already!
"have!it"?!
!
1>!+471%U+?)%!47+))%50%!+-!8>4!+>!.7+67!5!-<'(4><!7 5 -!< 74 !65 = 5 6+< )!M8 ;!- G +,,- !
<8!(4E4,8=!<74!65=56+<)H!<8!944<!5>!59@+<+8'-!?85,/!!1-!b8,(+,86G-!.8',(!-5)F!
<74!675,,4>?4!+-!I>8<!<88!75;(F!>8<!<88!45-)F!@'<!W'-<!;+?7<kJ!!1>!567+4E5@,4!
!
"C!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
675,,4>?4!4A+-<-!.+<7+>!e)?8<-G)L-!IO8>4!8:!=;8A+95,!(4E4,8=94><J/!!
!
K:!5!675,,4>?4!+-!<88!45-)!5!-<'(4><!.+,,!@46894!@8;4( F!.7+67!,45(-!<8!-<;4--F!
5>(!',<+95<4,)!(+-4>?5?494><!:;89!,45;>+>?/!!K:!5!675,,4>?4!+-!<88!(+::+6',<!5!
-<'(4><!.+,,!4A=4;+4>64!:;'-<;5<+8>!5>(!78=4,4-->4--F!.7+67F ! +:!- ' -<5 +> 4( !8 ;!
:;4X'4><F!5,-8!,45(-!<8!4A64--+E4!-<;4--/!!!T8.4E4;F!.74>!:56+>?!5>!567+4E5@,4!
675,,4>?4!<75<!+-!W'-<!.+<7+>!<74+;!;4567F!-<'(4><-!5E8+(!<74!(4<;+94><5,!-<5<4-!
8:!-<;4--F!5>(!<74!59)?(5,5!+-!5@,4!<8!=5--!+>:8;95<+8>!<8!5>(!:;89!<74!
=;4:;8><5,!68;<4A/!!!
!
G471%U+?)%!47+))%50%,!=&%U%5/!,/&%,,!?I!+U#19150!?#&%9#-!+59!
'&(,/&+/1#5^!!S>4!.5)!8:!74,=+>?!-<'(4><-!<8!(4E4,8=!5!?;8.<7!9+>(-4<!+-!<8!
=;8E+(4!<749!.+<7!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4-!5>(!5,4;<!<749!<8!<74+;!=;8?;4--/!!
!
G471%U+?)%!47+))%50%!)#$%&,!,/&%,,!?I!&%9(4150!?#&%9#-!+59!'&(,/&+/1#5!
+59!-#/1U+/150!=%&,%U%&+54%!+59!%''#&/K!
!
N<'(4><-!5;4!98-<!98<+E5<4(!@)!<74!'S;'.3,3#*&!8:!5!(8=59+>4!;4.5;(!.74>!
<74)!,45;>!5<!<74+;!+>(+E+('5,+O4(!,4E4,-!8:!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4/!\;8E+(+>?!
-<'(4><-!.+<7!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4-!;4('64-!<74!;456<+E4!-<5<4-!;4-',<+>?!:;89!
<74!-<;4--!8:!@8;4(89!8;!:;'-<;5<+8>!5>(!=;898<4-!<74!+><;+>-+6!98<+E5 <+8 >!8 :!
<74!E+(48!?594!/*5'$/!
!
K>!<74!+(45,!E+(48!?594!/*5'$!5,,!-<'(4><-!.8',(!@4!,45;>+>?!+>!<74+;!=4;-8>5,!
O8>4!8:!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!5<!5,,!<+94-/!P;4X'4><!5>(!8>?8+>?!5--4--9 4><-!
.8',(!?'+(4!<74!-4<<+>?!5>(!;4-4<<+>?!8:!+>-<;'6<+8>!5>(!-G+,,!=;56<+64!
<7;8'?78'<!,45;>+>?!.+<7!<74!+>(+E+('5,!-'==8;<!>44(4( !<8!-'-<5+>!<74!
-<'(4><L-!4::8;<-!<8!8E4;6894!-4<@56G-!5>(!8@-<56,4-/!!!
!
1,<78'?7!<7+-!+>(+E+('5,+O5<+8>!+-!>8<!=8--+@,4!:8;!5,,!-<'(4><-F!8=<+8>-!.+,,!
+>6;45-4!5-!<467>8,8?)!=;8E+(4-!;4-8';64-!:8;!8>,+>4!,45;>+>?!I?594-JF!
,46<';4-!M:,+==4(!6,5--;889HF!5>(!4>;+6794 ><!8== 8;<'> +<+4-!:8;!-<'(4><-!
5,;45()!5<!95-<4;)/!*7+,4!-894!-<'(4><-!@'+,(!@5-+6!95<7!:56<-!.+<7+>!<74+;!
=4;-8>5,!O8>4!8:!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!.+<7!.4,,U(4-+?>4(F!+><4;56<+E4!8>,+>4!
,45;>+>?!=;8?;59-F!<74+;!<45674;!65>!?'+(4!8<74;-!8>!+>X'+;)!=;8W46<-!5>(!
68,,5@8;5<+8>-/!!
!
!
!
"D!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
What!can!teachers!do!to!enable!students!to!work!within!their!achievable!
challenge!level?!!!
!!!!!!
Lower!the!barriers,!not!the!barQ!!
]899'>+65<4!7+?7!4A=46<5<+8>-!:8;!5,,!-<'(4><-!5>(!=;8E+(4!(+::4;4><+5<+8>!
5>(!-'==8;<!-8!-<'(4><-!65>!567+4E4!<74+;!?85,-/!1<!<74!-<5;<!8:!5!'>+<!6,45;,)!
(4:+>4!<74!,45;>+>?!?85,-F!-'664--!6;+<4;+5F!5>(!<)=4-!8:!5--4--94><-/!35G4!<+94!
<8!=;8E+(4!4A59=,4-!8:!78.!-<'(4><-L!+><4;4-<-!.+,,!@4!+>68;=8;5<4(!+><8!<74+;!
,45;>+>?!5>(!78.!<74+;!-<;4>?<7-!.+,,!@4!+>6,'(4(!+>!<74!5--4- -9 4 >< -/!!!
[!!!!i-4!=;4U5--4--94><-!
[!!!!16<+E5<4!=;+8;!G>8.,4(?4!
[! S::4;!:,4A+@,4!?;8'=-!!
[! i-4!-65::8,(+>?!5>(!4>;+6794><!
!
.4+''#)9150`L5&147-%5/!
d4)!E865@',5;)!,+-<-!.+<7!=+6<';4-!5>(!(4:+>+<+8>-F!E865@',5;)!
=5><89+94!
^5>+=',5<+E4-!:8;!5((;4--+>?!9+-'>(4;-<5>(+>?-!+>!95<7!
045(+>?!689=;474>-+8>!-<;5<4?+4-!<8!74,=!5,,!,4E4,-!8:!;45(4;-!;45(!
5==;8=;+5<4,)!675,,4>?+>?!<4A<-!ME5;+4<)!8:!,4E4,-!8:!;45(+>?!5>(!
5,<4;>5<+E4-!-'67!5-!E+(48!5>(!5'(+8!-8';64-!8:!:8'>(5<+8>5,!
+>:8;95<+8>H/!!37 4-4 !5 ;4!4 A = ,5 +> 4( !+> !9 8; 4!( 4< 5 +,!@ 4, 8.!-'67!5-!,45;>+> ? !
-4,:UX'4-<+8>+>?!-<;5<4?+4-!-'67!5-!<';>+>?!-'@745(+>?-!8:!<4A<-!+><8!
X'4-<+8>-!<8!5>-.4;!5-!<74!675=<4;!+-!;45(F!W+?-5.F!P3,$<0I,.<03*03'S3RH!
<7;44!68,8;!7+?7,+?7<+>?!!!
b+E4!-<'(4><-!<74!8==8;<'>+<)!<8!(+-6'--!+(45-!@4:8;4!8::4;+>?!;4-=8>-4-!
<8!X'4-<+8>-!M=5+;-!8;!-95,,!?;8'=-H/!37+-!+-!4-=46+5,,)!'-4:',!:8;!
-<'(4><-!(4E4,8=+>?!95-<4;)!8:!B>?,+-7!5-!5!>4.!,5>?' 5?4!8;!+>!:8;4+?>!
,5>?'5?4!6,5--4-!@4:8;4!<74)!;4-=8>( !8;5,,)!+> !< 74 !:8; 4+? > !,5 > ? '5 ? 4 /!!
!
Q54&%+,%!&%+9150!4#-=&%7%5,1#5!#'!47+))%50150!/%_/,!$1/7!/7%!'#))#$150!
,/&+/%01%,^!
DZ!aM+)<150!:+4<!/#!/7%!M%_/b!+-!5>!+><4;56<+E4!;45(+> ?!- <; 5 <4? ) !<7 5 <!7 4, = -!
-<'(4><-!@46894!=4;-8>5,,)!4>?5?4(!.+<7!. 75<!<74) !;45( /!!N< ' (4 > <- !@4 ? +> !@ )!
.;+<+>?!X'4-<+8>-!5>(!=;89=<-!8>!=8-<U+<!>8<4-!8;!8<74;!-95,,!=5=4 ;-!< 7 5 <!
<74)!65>!+>-4;<!+><8!<74+;!<4A</!!N894!X'4-<+8>-!5;4!=;4(+6<+8>!X'4-<+8>-!<74!
-<'(4><!.+,,!5>-.4;!@4:8;4!;45(+>?!.7+,4!8<74;-!.+,,!@4!;4-=8>(4(!<8!.7+,4!
<74!-<'(4><!+-!;45(+>?/!
!
"V!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
:%'#&%!&%+9150!<74!-<'(4><-!.;+<4-!5>(!5>-.4;-!=;4(+6<+8>!X'4-<+8>-Q!!
o K!<7+>G!)8'L,,!@4!<4,,+>?!94j!
o K!5,;45()!G>8.!<7+>?-!5@8'<!lSi !-8!K!=;4(+6</////!!
>(&150!&%+9150!-<'(4><-!65>!689=,4<4!<74!:8,,8.+>?!X'4-<+8>-!8;!
=;89=<-Q!
o l8'!5;4!-+9+,5;!<8!.75<!K!75E4!,45;>4(!@4:8;4F!@465'-4!)8'!;49+>(!
94!8:///!
o K!.8',(!75E4!=;4:4;;4(!5!=+6<';4!8:///M8;!-G4<67R(8.> ,85(!<74 +;!
8.>H!!
o K!(+(>L<!G>8.!<75<!5>(!K!:+>(!+<!+><4;4-<+>?!@465'-4!j!
o K!(+-5?;44!@465'-4j!
o 37+-!+-!>8<!.75<!K!4A=46<4(!.7+67!.5-j!
o 37+-!?+E4-!94!5>!+(45!:8;!j!
o K!.5><!<8!G>8.!98;4!5@8'<!<7+-!<75>!)8 '!75E4 !<8!8::4;/!KL,,!:+>(!8'<!
@)j!
o K!75E4!5!(+::4;4><!.5)!8:!+><4;=;4<+>?!3?#%!+>:8;9 5 <+8> F!.7+67!+-j!
o K!.8>L<!,4<!)8'!?4<!5.5)!.+<7!<7+-!-<5<494> <F!-8!KL,,!6746G!)8';!
-8';64!@)!jj!
o 37+-!68',(!@4!5!6,'4!<8!74,=!94!5>-.4;!<74!I`+?!m'4-<+8>J!
@465'-4j!
o K!<7+>G!<7+-!.+,,!@4!8>!<74!<4-<!@465'-4j!
!
BZ!aS107)107/150!$1/7!M7&%%!*#)#&,b!!
!
@Z!Q-=&#U%!&%+9150!4# -=&%7%5,1#5!$1/7!/7%!a/715<O+)#(9b!,/&+/%0I!!
1<!7894!-<'(4><-!-78',(!-5)!8'<!,8'(!.75<!<74)!5;4!<7+>G+>?!.7+,4!;45(+>?F!
-8,E+>?!5!=;8@,49F!8;!5>-.4;+>?!X'4-<+8>-/!!l8'!65>!98(4,!<7+-!.7+,4!;45(+>?!5!
<4A<!+>!<74!6,5--;889/!!\5'-4!<8!+,,'-<;5<4!<8!)8';!-<'(4><-!.75<!)8'!5;4!<7+>G+>?!5-!
)8'!5;4!;45(+>?!<74!<4A</!!
!
[5)15%!8%+&5150!R+-%,!'#&!.4+''#)9150!+59!L5&147-%5/^!374-4!65>!@4!'-4(!
:8;!-G+,,!=;56<+64!5>(!:44(@56G!5<!<74!-<'(4><n-!+>(+E+( ' 5 ,!,4E4 ,!8:!;45(+>4--!!
L9(/#=1+!)15<,!<8!9)!@,8?-!5@8'<0T&:U#&'0U',)&#&=0V,/'%!:8;!:8'>(5<+8>5,!G>8.,4(?4!
5>(!=;56<+64Q!7<<=QRR.../4('<8=+5/8;?R<467>8,8?)U+><4?;5<+8>U;4-45;67U4E+(4>64U
@5-4(U=;8?;59-!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![5)15%!8%+&5150!R+-%!6%,#(&4%,^!
R&+=71/%!1,!+!'&%%!,%&U14%!)1,/150!95>)!5==-F!?594-F!.4@-+<4-F!5>(!(+?+<5,!6';;+6',5/!
7<<=QRR.../?;5=7+<4/8;?/!!
L9.(&0%!"&#9(4/!6%U1%$,!7<<=-QRR.../4(-';?4/689R=!!
!
"Y!
#!$%"D!&'()!*+,,+-! !
*)+,,&##-;159#$!6,5--;889.+>(8./689!!!
L95+<Q!=44;U;4E+4.4(!<88,-!8:!4('65<+8>!<467>8,8?)!7<<=QRR.. . /4(>5G/8;?R!
:(90%/!S%&#!W7<<=QRR.../?;5=7+<4/8;?R.4@-+<4R@'(?4<U74;8H!+-!5>!8>,+>4!?594!:8;!
@'+,(+>?!:8'>(5<+8>5,!G>8.,4(?4!5@8'<!<74!i>+<4(!N<5<4-!5>(!:+>5>6+5,!=8,+6)!:8;!
-<'(4><-!+>!?;5(4-!gU"$/!!374!.4@-+<4!8::4;-!8E4;!<7+;<)!8'<-+(4!;4-8' ;64-!5@8'<!@'(?4<F!
=8,+6)F!5>(!?8E4;>94><!+>:8;95<+8>/!!374!,45;>+>?!=,5)!8::4;-!5'<74><+6!=4;:8;95>64!
<5-G-!5@8'<!@'(?4<5;)!4A=5>-+8>F!<5A4-!5>(!6'<-/!!N<'(4><-!?4<!:44(@56G!5@8'<!<74!
;4-',<-!8:!<74+;!56<+8>-/!
!
Newsela.com: Archive of more than 500 articles each at five reading levels, organized by
category and reading standard. Students take quizzes and view progress
!
6%,#(&4%,!'#&!8%+&5150!>1''%&%54%,^!
Q5,/&(4/1#5+)!U19%#,!'#&!%9(4+/#&,`=+&%5/,^!7<<=QRR.../'6<E/<ER745,<7R i>+E4;-+<)!
8:!]5,+:8;>+5n-!T45,<7!]75>>4,!:45<';4-!E+(48-!5@8' <!4/?/!5'<+-9F!@;5+>!+>W';)F!9+>(U@8()!
68>>46<+8>F!>'<;+<+8>F!67+,(!(4E4,8=94><F!-,44=!(+-8;(4;-F!-<;4--F!<44>!745,<7F!5>(!@;5+>!
(4E4,8=94><!!
8%+&5150!91,+?1)1/I!&%,#(&4%!&%4#&9150,Q!NB0i!MN=46+5,!B('65<+8>!04-8';64!i>+<H!
.4@-+<4/!N6;8,,!5,,!<74!.5)!(8.>!<8!<74!@8<<89!8:!<74!=5?4!<8!:+>(!<74!;468;(+>?-/!
7<<=QRR.4@/-4;'/-5/4('/5'R*8;G-78=-/7<9!
!
2&%d(%5/!2#&-+/1U%!G,,%,,-%5/A![50#150!2%%9?+4<A!e!
G$+&%5%,,!#'!Incremental!Pro gr ess!
!
N<'(4><-!.+,,!4A=4;+4>64!<74!intrinsic!pleasure!of!incremental!progress!+:!
<74)!4A=4;+4>64!8>?8+>?!:8;95<+E4!5--4--94><-!.+<7!:44(@56GF!;4<4567+>?F!
8==8;<'>+<+4-!:8;!-4,:U68;;46<+8>-F!5>(!94<568?>+<+8>/!!*+<7!<7+-!4A=8-';4!
-<'(4><-!65>!@'+,(!'>(4;-<5>(+>?!5>(!=;8?;4--!5<!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!,4E4,-!
8:!-'664--/!!K>!?4>4;5,!.4!4A=4;+4>64!5>!+><;+>-+6!;4.5;(!.74>!.4!;45,+O4!<75<!
.4!5;4!95G+>?!=;8?;4--!('4!<8!8';!=;56<+64!5>(!4::8;</!BE4>!>8<+6+>?!-95,,!
675>?4-!65>!@4!74,=:',/!!P8;!4A59=,4F!75E+>?!-<'(4><-!G44=!5!?;5=7!8:!78.!
<74+;!;45(+>?!:,'4>6)!+9=;8E4-!(4=4>(+>?!8>!78.!9 '67!<74)!=;5 6<+64!65>!@4!
E4;)!98<+E5<+>?/!
!
374!U19%#!0+-%!-#9%)!?+E4-!-<'(4><-!<74!8==8;<'>+<)!<8!;468?>+O4!@8<7!<74!
15/&15,14!=)%+,(&%!8:!+>6;494><5,!=;8?;4--!MIK!?8<!+<J!4A=4;+4>64H!5>(!<74!
65'-4R4::46<!<75<!='<<+>?!+>!%''#&/!<8.5;(-!=;56<+64!5>(!;4E+4.!@;+>?-!<749!
=;8?;4--+E4,)!6,8-4;!<8!<74+;!?85,-/!
!
!
!
!
!
"_!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
L''#&/V"&#0&%,,!/#!R#+)!R&+=7,!!
!
T4,=!)8';!-<'(4><-!'-4!?;5=7-!<8!-44!<74!68>>46<+8>!@4<.44>!<74+;!.8;GF!
=;56<+64F!4::8;<F!5>(!<74+;!=;8?;4--/!!b85,-!65>!;5>?4!:;89!<+94!-=4><!=;4=5;+>?!
:8;!<4-<-F!>'9@4; !8:!5 > -. 4 ;-!6 8; ;46 <!8 >!- = 4,, +> ?!< 4- <-F!< 8!= ;8 ? ;4- -+> ? !' =!; ' @; +6!
,4E4,-!8:!=;8:+6+4>6)!+>!5>)!-'@W46</!T4,=!-<'(4><-!@'+,(!<74 +;!8.> ! ?85,U
(+;46<4(!@475E+8;!=5<<4;>-!@)!-4,46<+>?!<74!=;8?;4--!=8+><-!<74)!.5><!<8!
567+4E4!8>!;8'<4!<8!<74!:+>5,!?85,/!!i-4!-95,,!=8-<U+<-!8;!.;+<4!+>!=4> 6 +,!.74>!
<74)!@4,+4E4!<74)!65>!;4567!4567!?85,!-'@(+E+-+8>/!!1-!<74)!=;8?;4--!<74)!
4A59+>4!<74!566';56)!8:!<74+;!=;8W46<+8>-!5>(!;4E+-4!-'@-4X'4><!?85,!
567+4E494><!(5<4-!5>(!-<;5<4?+4-!5668;(+>?,)/!!N59=,4!?;5=7-Q!
.../8>,+>4675;<<88,/689!
!
G5+)I/14!6(?&14,!'#&!Q54&%-%5/+)!"&#0&%,,!G$+&%5%,,!
!
G5+)I/14!&(?&14,!5;4!68>-+-<4><!.+<7!<74!59)?(5,5!=8-+<+E4!@4>4:+<-!8:!<74!
E+(48!?594!98(4,!8:!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!5>(!+>6;494><5,!=;8?;4--/!!0'@;+6-!
5,,8.!5,,!-<'(4><-!<8Q!!
i>(4;-<5>(!.75<!+-!4A=46<4(!5>(!78.!<74)!65>!567+4E4!-<4=-!8:!
+>6;494><5,!=; 8? ;4 --!5 , 8> ? !<7 4!.5)!<8.5;(!8E4;5,,!?85,!
BA=4;+4>64!<74!678+64!M5!(8=59+>4!@88-<4;H!8:!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!h!
.74;4!<74)!.+,,!:86'-!4::8;<!
24E4,8=!94<568?>+<+E4!5.5;4>4--!-8!<74)!65>!-4,:U98<+E5<4!M(8=59+>4!
:;89!+><;+>-+6!?;5 <+:+65 < +8> H!
W0BPB0BZ]BQ!Z5>6)!\+6G4<<!5>(!`4;>+4!28(?4/!FW(I)#.%09*)0D'I0U'%%*&%-F!S6<8@4;!$%%"H!!
!
6(?&14!R%5%&+/#&!;%?,1/%,!
7<<=QRR.../<45674;E+-+8>/:4>/689R<4567+>?U94<78(-U5>(U
95>5?494><R;'@;+6-RDV$D/7<9,o+AOO"($Ap4&6G!
7<<=QRR.../<4567U>8,8?)/689R.4@q<88,-R;'@;+6-R!
7<<=QRR;'@+-<5;/D<45674;-/8;?R+>(4A/=7=!
7<<=QRR9)<D,/689R+>(4A/=7=aEr=,s=5?4q56rE+4.s<)=4r<88,-s<88,r;'@;+695G4;!
1'(+8!:44(@56G!65>!5,-8!@4!,4:<!+>!(86'94><-!<75<!5;4!<';>4(!+>!<7;8'?7!/(&51/15K4#-!
!
Y#(&!*7+))%50%,!+59![==#&/(51/1%,!
./+&/!$1/7![5%!./(9%5/!
!
N<5;<!.+<7!)8';!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!h!)8'!>44(!<74!E5,+(5<+8>!8:!-'664--!<8!
G44=!)8';!(8=59+>4U4::8;<!'=!
!
!
!
"c!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
N4,46<!8>4!-<'(4><!.74;4!)8';!4::8;<-!<8!I+>(+E+('5,+O4J!.+,,!75E4!4E+(4><!
+9=56<!
`4!5,4;<!:8;!+9=;8E494><-Q!59@+4><!6,5--;889!>8+-4F!<5;(+>4--F!98;4!
=5;<+6+=5><-!+>!(+-6'--+8>-F!98;4!?88(!X'4-<+8>-F!,4--!(+-;'=<+E4!6,5--;889!
@475E+8;!
!
L-#/1#5!.(--+&I!
[!B98<+8>-!+>:,'4>64!.74; 4!> 4.!+>:8;95<+8>!+-!=;8 64 --4 ( !+> !<7 4!@ ;5 +> /!P 8;!
,45;>+>?!<8!@46894!949 8;)!+<!9' -<!@4!(+;46 <4(!<7;8 '?7 !<74!49 8<+8> 5,!:+,<4;!
M59)?(5,5H!5,8>?!<74!;8'<4!<8!<74!;4:,46<+E4 F!7+?74;!@;5 +>! h!<74!=;4:;8><5,!
68;<4A/!
!
[!T+?7!-<;4--!;4('64-!+>:8;95<+8>!:,8.!<7;8'?7!<74!59)?(5,5!M498<+8>5,!
:+,<4;H!<8!5>(!:;89!< 74!6 8? > +<+E 4R ;4 :,46 <+E 4!@ ;5 +> !M\ ;4 :;8 >< 5 ,!]8 ;< 4A !h!\P]H/!
!
[!2';+>?!7+?7!-<;4--F!<74!-';E+E5,!+>-<+>6<!<5G4-!;456<+E4!68><;8,!5>(!;4-=8>-4-!
5;4!(+;46<4(!@)!<74!+>E8,'><5;)!I,8.4;J!@;5+>!.+<7!8'<='<!,+9+<4(!<8!
:+?7<R:,+?7<R:;44O4 !;4- = 8> -4 -!M5 6 <!8' < RO 8> 4!8 ' <H/!
[!374!95995,+5>!@;5+>!+-!.+;4(!<8!.+<778,(!4::8;<!.74>!4A=4;+4>64!=;4(+6<-!5!
,8.!=;8@5@+,+<)!8:!-'664--/!!
!
[!374!7'95>!@;5+>!65>!@4!I;4.+;4(J!<8!;4E4;-4!4::8;<!.+<778,(+>?!.74>!
+>-<;'6<+8>!:8,,8.-!<74!E+(48!?594!model^!@')U+>F!567+4E5@ ,4!6 7 5, ,4 > ?4 F!5 >( !
:;4X'4><!:44(@56 G!8 :!#&.) '/ ' & 3,$0?85,!=;8?;4--/!!
!
[!374!=8.4;!@47+>(!<74!E+(48!?594!I98(4,L-J!+9 =56 <!8>!98<+E5<+8>!5>(!
=4;-4E4;5>64!+-!<74!+><;+>-+6!;4+>:8;6494><!8:!<74!5*;,/#&'U;4.5;(!;4-=8>-4!
<8!566';5<4!=;4(+6<+8>-!5>(!:44(@56G!8:!675,,4>?4-!567+4E4(/!!!
!
[!b85,-!<75<!5;4!6,45;F!=4;-8>5,,)!;4,4E5><F!5>(!@4,+4E4(!<8!@4!567+4E5@,4!
675,,4>?4-!5;4!>44(4(!<8!=;898<4!@;5+>!I@')U+>J!5>(!4::8;< !. 7 4 >! =;4E+8'-!
4::8;<-!75E4!>8<!)+4,(4(!?85,!-'664--/!
!
M#!=&#-#/%!+!=#,1/1U%!+//1/(9%!,#!/7+/!15'#&-+/1#5!0%/,!/#!/7%!=&%'&#5/+)!
4#&/%_!W"2*Z^!
i-4!6';+8-+<)!=;898<+>?!X'4-<+8>-R(498>-<;5<+8>-!5>(!95G4!,45;>+>?!
=4;-8>5,+O4(!:8;!I@')U+>J!
T5E4!-<'(4><-!.8;G!+>!<74+;!O8>4!8:!I567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4J!
!
!
!
"g!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
34567!-<'(4><-!78.!<8!;468?>+O4!<74+;!=;8?;4--!<8.5;(-!5!?85,!
!
f(%,/1#5,!/#!*#5,19%&!15!")+55150!X51/,!+59!Q5,/&(4/1#5!15!/7%!P19%#!R+-%!
J#9%)!
T8.!.+,,!-<'(4><-!@')!+>!:;89!+><4;4-<!5>(!;4,4E5>64a!
*75<!788G-!.+,,!68>>46<!<749!:;89!<74!@4?+>>+>?!5>(!.75<!.+,,!-'-<5+>!
<74+;!+><4;4-<!+>!,45;>+>? !5 > ( !' >( 4 ;- <5 > (+> ? !M =; 4( +6< +8> - F!5' ( +4> 6 4!
;4,4E5>64H!
T8.!.+,,!K!-'-<5+>!5.5;4>4--!8:!@+?!+(45-!;4E+-+<!<749!<7;8'?78'<!
M745(,+>4-F!9+>(!95=-H!!
T8.!.+,,!K!'-4!:8;95<+E4!5--4--94><-!<8!?5+>!:44(@56G!5@8'<!-<'(4><-!
(4E4,8=+>?!'>(4;-<5>(+>?F!498<+8>5,!689:8 ;< F!5> ( !9)!-'664--a!
T8.!.+,,!K!=;8E+(4!+>6;494><5,!=;8?;4--!:44(@56G!:8;!-<'(4><-a!
!
;L:8Q3].!
;%?,1/%!,7#$150!-()/1=)%!%_+-=)%,!#'!4(&&14()(-!4#5/%5/,!+9+=/%9!/#!/7%!U19%#!
0+-%!-#9%)Q!7<<=QRR+4;?/>4<R,4--8>=,5>-R'>+<q=,5>-/=7=!
!
.+-=)%!6G>!)%,,#5,`(51/,!+/!G.*>!%90%!;%?,1/%!
7<<=QRR4(?4/5-6(/8;?R-4;E+64R-45;67BE4;)<7+>?/G+6G16<+8>aG4).8;(-r,4--8>t=,5>-s+>6,'
(4`,8?r8>s5-r"$_VcYs-8;<3)=4r;4,4E5>64!
!
J%-#&IA!3+&&+/1U%,A!+59!3%(&#=)+,/141/I!!
!
"&#-#/150!"+//%&5150!'#&!J%-#&I!L54#9150!
374!=;864--!<75<!(+;46<-!68>>46<+8>!8:!>4.!<8!4A+-<+>?!9498;)!+-!<74!@;5+>L-!
=5<<4;>!-44G+>?F!4A<4>(+>?F!5>(!-<8;+>?!-)-<49/!!
38!-';E+E4!-'664--:',,)!5>+95,-!>44(!<8!'>(4;-<5>(!<74+;!4>E+;8>94><-!
5>(!95G4!945>+>?!8:!.75<!<74)!-44F!745;F!-94,,F!<8'67F!5>(!<5-<4!5,,!5;8'>(!
<749/!!
374!@;5+>!+-!(4-+?>4(!<8!=4;64+E4!5>(!?4>4;5<4!=5<<4;>-!5>(!'-4-!<74-4!
=5<<4;>-!<8!=;4(+6<!<74!68;;46<!;4-=8>-4!<8!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>/!!
37;8'?7!<74!@;5+>L-!=;864--!8:!=5<<4;>+>?F!.4!5;4!5@,4!<8!95G4!=;4(+6<+8>-F!
5><+6+=5<4!.75<!9+?7<!75==4>!>4A<F!5>(!;4-=8>(!5==;8=;+5<4,)/!!
!
2#&!3%$!Q5=(/!/#!a./14<b!1/!-(,/!815<!/#!+!.1-1)+&!a"+//%&5b!
!
*74>!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>!4><4;-!<74!?#;;*.,/;(%F!+:!<74!@;5+>!;468?>+O4-!
!
!
!
$%!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
5>)<7+>?!I:59+,+5;J!8;!;4,5<4(!<8!9498;+4-!5,;45()!-<8;4(!+>!<74!68;<4AF!
<74-4!4A+-<+>?!9498;)!-<8;5?4!>4<.8;G-!5;4!56<+E5<4(/!!
374-4!;4,5<4(!9498;+4-!5;4!-<8;4(!+>!(+::4;4><!=5;<-!8:!<74!68;<4A!
(4=4>(+>?!8>!.7+67!-4>-8;)!;464=<8;-!+>+<+5,,)!;4-=8>(4(!<8!<74!+>='</!!
P8;!4A59=,4F!<74!9498;)!8:!('6G-!X'56G+>?!+-!-<8;4(!+>!<74!5;45!8:!<74!
68;<4A!;4,5<4(!<8!5'(+<8;)!+>='</!K:!)8'!.4;4!,+-<4>+>?!<8!5!,46<';4!5@8'<!
95,,5;(!('6G-F!<74!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>!)8'!.4;4!745;+>?!.8',(!4><4;!)8';!
7+==8659='-/!04,5<4(!9498;+4-!5@8'<!('6G-!M4/?/!<74!-8'>(!8:!('6G-!
X'56G+>?F!<74!+95?4!8:!('6G-!)8'!-5.!+>!5!=8>(F!5!:56<!)8'!8>64!745;(!
5@8'<!<74!=;8=4;<+4-!8:!:45<74;-H!.8',(!I944<J!<74!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>!5@8'<!
95,,5;(!('6G-!+>!)8';!7+==8659='-/!!
374!68>-8,+(5<+8>!8:!<74!=;4U4A+-<+>?!;4,5<4(!9498;+4-!5>(!<74!>4.!
+>:8;95<+8>!+-!<74 !=; 86 4-- !8:!4 > 68( +> ? !-7 8 ;<U <4;9 !9 49 8;)/!
K:!>8!=;+8;!9498;)!+-!-<+9',5<4(!5>(!<74;4!+-!>8<7+>?!<8!9 44<!<74!>4 . !
+>='<!+>!<74!7+== 86 5 9 = ' -F!<7 4 !>4 .!+>='<F!.+<7!>8<7 +> ? !<8 !,+> G !<8 !. +, ,!@ 4!
,8-</!
!374!68>-8,+(5<+8>!8:!<74!=;4U4A+-<+>?!;4,5<4(!9498;+4-!5>(!<74!>4.!
+>:8;95<+8>!+-!<74 !=; 86 4-- !8:!4 > 68( +> ? !-7 8 ;<U <4;9 !9 49 8;)/!
N78;<U<4;9!9498;+4-!5;4!<49=8;5;)!5>(!. +,,!8>,)!@4!68>E 4;<4(!<8!,8>?U
<4;9!9498;+4-!+:!<74)!5;4!94><5,,)!95>+=',5<4( !+>!<74!=;4:;8><5,!68;<4A/!!
M16<+E+<+4-!<75<!;4X'+;4!94><5,!95>+=',5<+8>!5;4!(4-6;+@4(!,5<4;!+>!<7+-!
(86'94><!+>!<74!-46<+8>!65,,4(!I^4><5,!^5>+=',5<+8>JH/!!!!
S>64!<74!+>:8;95<+8>!75-!@44>!68>E4;<4(!<8!,8>?U<4;9!9498;)F!.74>!
-8948>4!94><+8>-!-894<7+>?!5@8' <!5!('6GF!)8';!>4<. 8 ;G!8:!;4,5<+8>5,!
9498;+4-!.+,,!@4!<;+??4;4(!5>(!5E5+,5@,4!<8!)8'/!!!
!
"+//%&5150!"&+4/14%!:(1)9,!81/%&+4IA!3(-%&+4IA!+59!L''141%54I!#'!
$#&<150!J%-#&I!
!
"+//%&5!6%4#051/1#5!G$+&%5%,,^!!P8,,8.+>?!5;4!.5)-!<75<!-<'(4><-!65>!
@'+,(!<74+;!-G+,,-!+>!;468?>+O+>?!=5<<4;>-!56;8--!5!E5;+4<)!8:!-'@W46<!5;45-Q!
b'+(4!-<'(4><-!<8!;468?>+O4!=5<<4;>-!+>!-<8;)!,+>4-F!8;!;468?>+O4!<;4>(-!8;!
=5<<4;>-!+>!468>89+6!95;G4<-!!
0468?>+O+>?!=5<<4;>-!5,-8!74,=-!<749!68>>46<!68>64=<-!!
`+8,8?)Q!-<'(4><-!,45;>+>?!5@8'<!<74!-4>-8;)!=5<7.5)-!+>!<74!@;5+>!65>!@4!
<5'?7<!<8!;468?>+O4!<74!=5<<4;>!8:!<74!=5<7.5)!8:!4567!-4>-4!M+/4/!<74)!5,,!
<;5E4,!:;89!-4>-8;)!;464=<8;-F!<8!6;5>+5,!>4;E4-F!<8!<74!<75,59'-F!<8!7+?74;!
68;<+65,!5;45-H!!
!
!
!
$"!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
T+-<8;)Q!-<'(4><-!9+?7<!=+6G!8'<!5!=5<<4;>!8:!6+E+,!'>;4-<!@4+>?!:8,,8.4(!@)!
6+E+,!.5;-!
\-)678,8?)Q!-<'(4><-!9+?7<!@4!5--+?>4(!<8!.5<67!5!98E+4!5>(!=+6G!8'<!5!
675;56<4;L-!=5<<4;>!8:!@475E+8;!<75<!+-!68>-+-<4><!.+<7!5!(+5?>8-+-!
b48?;5=7)Q!-<'(4><-!65>!+(4><+:)!6,+95<4!=5<<4;>-!;4,5<4(!<8!-45-8>5,!675>?4-!
+>!45;<7!5A+-!<+,<!; 4,5 < +E4!< 8!< 7 4!-' >!
!
"+//%&5150!;%?!6%,#(&4%,!(last&checked&June&2013)!
!
*I?%&47+,%!+-!5>!+><4;56<+E4!?594!.74;4!67+,(;4>!65>!-44G!=5<<4;>-!
7<<=QRR=@-G+(-/8;?R6)@4;675-4R95<7U?594-R6)@4;U=5<<4;>U=,5)4;R!
!
B5;,)!4,494><5;)!=5<<4;>!;468?>+<+8>!.8;G-744<-Q!!
7<<=QRR.../G+(O8>4/.-R=;4Gq.;G-7<R95<7U;45(+>4--R=5<<4;>-/7<9!
7<<=QRR.../G+(-,45;>+>?-<5<+8>/689R=;4-6788,R=5<<4;>U.8;G-744<-/5-=!
!
:&+15!3##<!+-!5!:;44!M4A64=<!=;49+'9!,4E4,H!E+;<'5,!.8;,(!.+<7!=5<<4;>+>?!56<+E+<+4-!5>(!
?594-!<8!,45;>!95<7!5>(!B>?,+-7!7<<=QRR@+</,)R7(fN)Y!M5>(!<45674;-!65>!<;56G!-<'(4><!
=;8?;4--H!
!
\5<<4;>!;468?>+<+8>!689='<4;!@85;(!?594-!:8;!'==4;!4,494><5;)!<7;8'?7!7+?7!-6788,Q!
7<<=QRR@85;(?594?44G/689R?44G,+-<RDDg"cR@;5+>U@';>+>?U=5<<4;>U;468?>+<+8>U?594-!
!
374!.4@-+<4!7<<=QRR.../478./689R+>:8q_c$%VVVq+><4;56<+E4U=5<<4;>U?594-/7<9,!
=;8E+(4-!(4-6;+=<+8>-!5>(!,+>G-!<8!+><4;56<+E4!=5<<4;>!?594-!:8;!5,,!5?4-/!!
!
*I?%&!"+//%&5!")+I%&!7<<=QRR=@-G+(-/8;?R6)@4;675-4R?594-R=5<<4;>-R!
+-!5>!+><4;56<+E4!?594!<75<!<45674-!67+,(;4>!<75<!=5<<4;>-!65>!@4!745;(!5-!.4,,!5-!-44>!
!
S>!<74!.%/!.4@-+<4!M7<<=QRR.../-4<?594/689RHF!!'==4;!4,494><5;)!U!5(',<!=,5)4;-!+(4><+:)!
INB3-J!8:!:8';!+>(+E+('5,!:45<';4-!M68,8;F!=5<<4;>F!-75=4F!>'9@4;H!!
!
2&%%![5O815%!8%+&5150!R+-%,!M.../O8>(,4/689H!75-!"$F%%%!<8=+6-!6;45<4(!@)!<45674;-!
M8;!)8'!65>!95G4!)8';!8.>H!5>(!-<'(4><-/!!N<'(4><-!65>!'-4!5,98-<!5>)!+><4;>4<U68>>46<4(!
(4E+64!M4/?/!=78>4F!>4<@88GF!4<6/H!<8!6899'>+65<4!<74+;!;4-=8>-4-!
!!
Q5U%5/1#5!")+I7#(,%`.-1/7,#51+5!
7<<=QRR.../+>E4><+8>5<=,5)/8;?R=,5)78'-4q='OO,4/7<9,!
!
!
!
!
!
!
$$!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
J+_1-1g150!.(44%,,'()!J%-#&I!815<,!
!
374!@;5+>L-!5@+,+<)!<8!;468?>+O4!;4,5<4(!-<8;4(!9498;+4-!+>!;4-=8>-4!<8!>4. !
+>:8;95<+8>!8;!(4 6+-+8 > U 95G+>?!+-!:;4X'4><,)!5>!5'<895<+6!=;864--/!!
T8.4E4;F!+:!-<'(4><-!75E4!>8<!@44>!95(4!5.5;4!78.!<74+;!=;+8;!G>8.,4(?4!
68>>46<-!.+<7!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>F!<74)!5;4!'>,+G4,)!<8!56<+E5<4!<74!9498;)!
-<8;4-!<75<!;4,5<4!<74!>4.!+>='</!^5G4!9498;)!;4,5<+8>-7 +=-!98;4!4::+6+4><F!
4::46<+E4F!5>(!<;5>-=5;4><!@)!+4/1U+/150!=&1#&!<5#$)%90%K!!\;+8;!G>8.,4(?4!
+-!(5<5!<75<!-<' (4 > <-!7 5 E 4!5 ,; 45 ( )!5 6X ' +;4 ( !<7 ;8 ' ?7 !:8 ;9 5 , !<45 6 7 +>? F!= 4; -8 > 5, !
4A=4;+4>64F!8;!;45,!.8;,(!5--86+5<+8>-/!345674;-!-78',(!I56<+E5<4J!<7+-!=;+8;!
G>8.,4(?4!@)!5,4;<+>?!-<'(4><-!<8!.75<!<74)!5,;45()!G>8.!<75<!68>>46<-!<8!
.75<!<74)!5;4!?8+>?!<8!,45;>/!37+-!+-!68>-+-<4><!.+<7!<74!.5)!<74!@;5+>!95G4-!
<74-4!68>>46<+8>-!<7;8'?7!=5<<4;>!;468?>+<+8>!5>(!=5<<4;>!9 5<67+>?/!
!
"&1#&!]5#$)%90%!G4/1U+/1#5!./&+/%01%,^!!
`',,4<+>!@85;(-!<75<!=;4E+4.!
\4;-8>5,R6',<';5,!68>>46<+8>-!
b+E4!=;4U'>+<!5--4--94><-!
[! N78.!E+(48-!8;!+95?4-!<75<!;49+>(!-<'(4><-!8:!=;+8;!G>8.,4(?4!
[! T8,(!6,5--!(+-6'--+8>-!-<5;<+>?!.+<7!7+?7!+><4;4-<!6';;4><!4E4><-!
049+>(!-<'(4><-!5@8'<!=;4E+8'-!4A=8-';4-!M6;8--U6';;+6',5;F!-=+;5,4(!
6';;+6','9H/!!P+>(!4A59=,4-!8:!6;8--U6';;+6',5;!<8=+6-!5>(!.4@U,+>G-!5<!
7//=^``$$$K4I?%&?%%K4#-`15/4)+,,K7/-)!!
T5E4!-<'(4><-!@;5+>-<8;9!5@8'<!.75<!<74)!5,;45()!G>8.!5>(!.75<!<74 )!
.5><!<8!,45;>!5@8'<!5!>4.!'>+</!!37+-!68',(!@4!(8>4!.+<7!+>:8;95,!6,5--!
(+-6'--+8>-!8;!.+<7!<74!d*f!675;</!!*74>!<74)!(+-6'--!.75<!<74)!
,45;>4(F!<74)!68',(!68>>46<!+<!@56G!<8!8<74 ;!<8=+6-!+>!<74!6,5--!5> (!
(+-6'--!78.!<74!-+9+,5;+<+4-!5>(!(+::4;4>64-!
!
R&+=714![&0+51g%&,!
b;5=7+6!8;?5>+O4;-!5;4!68>-+-<4><!.+<7!<74!.5)!<74!@;5+>!-<8;4-!+>:8;95<+8>!+>!
;4,5<4(!65<4?8;+4-/!!04<;+4E5,!+-!@4<<4;!.74>!,45;>4;-!G>8.!78.!+>:8;95<+8>!+-!
8;?5>+O4(!4/?/!65<4?8;+4-/!37'-F!E+-'5,!95=-!5>(!8;?5>+O4;-!5;4!98-<!4::46<+E4!
.74>!-<'(4><-!75E4!+>='<!+><8!5-=46<-!8:!<74+;!(4-+?>!5>(!8;?5>+O5<+8>/!!
K><;8('6+>?!5!E5;+4<)!8:!?;5=7+6!8;?5>+O4;-!?;5('5,,)!8E4 ;!<74!?;5(4 -!5>(!
'-+>?!-+9+,5;,)!-<;'6<';4(!8>4-!:;89!)45;!<8!)45;!74,=-!-<'(4><-!@'+,(!<74+;!
689:8;<!5>(!5==;46+5<+8>!:8;!<74-4!<88,-/!!!
!
!
!
!
$C!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
.+-=)%,!#'!0&+=714!#&0+51g%&,!4+5!?%!'#(59!+/!/7%,%!$%?,1/%,Q!!
7<<=QRR.../4>675><4(,45;>+>?/689R?;5=7+68;?5>+O4;-R!
7<<=QRR.../4('=,564/689R?;5=7+68;?5>+O4;R!
7<<=QRR.../>6;4,/8;?R-(;-R5;45-R+--'4-R-<'(4><-R,45;>+>?R,;"?;8;?/7<9!
7<<=QRR.../<4567U>8,8?)/689R.4@q<88,-R?;5=7+6q8;?R!
7<<=QRR.../+>-=+;5<+8>/689R:;44<;+5,R+>(4A/6:9!
4>?5?+>?!+>!-894!-<; 4<6 7 +>? !98E494><-!.+,,!74,=!.8;G+>?!9498;)!=;864--+>?!<8!
=;8644(!98;4!-'664--:',,)/!
!
!
Neuroplasticity!is!the!process!through!which!thoughts!and!
actions!change!the!brain!
!
!
!
N6+4><+-<-!=;4E+8'-,)!@4,+4E4(!<75<!95>)!=5;<-!8:!<74!@;5+>!8>,)!675>?4!(';+>?!
<74!I6;+<+65,!-<5?4-J!8:!+>:5>6)/!!!
04-45;67!>8.!-'??4-<-!<75<!5,,!=5;<-!8:!<74!@;5+>!5;4!95,,45@,4!
<7;8'?78'<!8';!,+E4-/!!!
N=46+:+65,,)F!.74>!5!;4?+8>!8:!<74!@;5+>!+-!-<+9',5<4(!;4=45<4(,)!M.7+67!
75==4>-!.74>!.4!=;56<+64!5>(!'-4!+>:8;95<+8>HF!<74!68>>46<+8>-!
@4<.44>!>4';8>-!M>4;E4!64,,-H!+>!<75<!9498;)!6+;6'+<!5;4!+>6;45-4(!+>!
>'9@4;!5>(!(';5@+,+<)/!!!
374-4!-<;4>?<74>4(!68>>46<+8>-F!+:!'-4(!68>-+-<4><,)F!@46894!'-4:',F!
,8>?U<4;9!9498;+4-/!!!
]8>E4;-4,)F!+:!5!>4';5,!=5<7.5)!+-!>8<!'-4(F!+<!.+,,!@4!=;'>4(!M;498E4(H/!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
$D!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
>(&+?)%!3%(&+)!3%/ $ #&<,!#'!J%-#&I!
!
K>:8;95<+8>!<75<!.4!,45;>!9'-<!@4689 4!+><4? ;5<4( !+><8!(';5@ ,4F!,8>? U <4;9 !
9498;)!6+;6'+<-!8:!68>>46<4(!>4';8>-!<8!@46894!68>-6+8'-,)!;4<;+4E5@,4!5>(!
-'-<5+>4(/!37+-!945>-!<75<!<74!,45;>4;!75-!<8!I(8!-894<7+>?J!.+<7!<74!
+>:8;95<+8>!-8!<7 4!> 4' ;5 , !>4<.8;G!.+,,!@4!56<+E5<4(/!K<!+-!<74!4,46<;+65,!6';;4><!
<75<!:,8.-!<7;8'?7!<74!>4<.8;G!.74>!+<!+-!'-4(!<75<!=;89 8<4-!<74!>4';8 =,5-<+6!
675>?4-!<75<!.+,,!-'-<5+>!<74!,45;>+>?!5-!9498;)/!!
!
DZ!.I-?#)1g%^!^5G+>?!5!-)9@8,!+-!I<;5>-,5<+>?J!G>8. ,4(?4!+><8!
5>8<74;!98(4!5>(!65>>8<!@4!(8>4!-'664--:',,)!.+<78'<!
'>(4;-<5>(+>?K!!3;5>-,5<+>?!+>68;=8;5<4-!945>+>?!95G+>?!5-!
+>:8;95 <+8 > !+-!-) 9 @ 8 ,+O 4( ! +> !<7 4 !5 ;<-F!-G +< -F!>5 ; ;5 <+E4 -F!E +(4 8 -F!
@,8?-F!.4@U=5?4-F!(+5?;59- F!4 <6 /!!
BZ!.(--+&1g%`.I5/7%,1g%^!]8>6+-4!-'995;+O+>?u!75+G'F!<.44<F!
95G4!<4-<!X'4-<+8>-!
@Z!*+/%0#&1g%`"+//%&5Q!N+9+,5;+<+4-R(+::4;4>64-F!5>5,8?+4-F!,+-<-!
! !
DZ!.I-?#)1g%!!
*&%+/%!+!5+&&+/1U%!h!-<'(4><-!65>!.;+<4!5>(!-75;4!5!-<8;)F!@,8?F!
\8.4;\8+><F!.4@-+<4F!-G+<F!8;!E+(48!5@8'<!<74!;45(+>?!
o ;1/7!1"+9,^!!Explain!Everything!5>(!ShowMe!5;4!<.8!5==-!<75<!5,,8.!-<'(4><-!
<8!6;45<4!5>(!-75;4!+>:8;95<+8>!+>!5!9',<+-4>-8;)!:5-7+8>!
o P#<1!M.../E8G+/689H!1!e8G+!+-!5!=;4-4><5<+8>!<88,!.74;4@)!-<'(4><-!65>!6;45<4!
5!675;56<4;!5>(!4><4;!<4A<!:8;!<74!675;56<4;!<8!-5)/!374!=;4-4><5<+8>-!65>!@4!
='@,+-74(!5>(!-75;4(/!e8G+!5,-8!+>6,'(4-!-=46+5,!8=<+8>-!:8;!<45674;-/!!
!
S(-#&!+59!=%&,#5+)1g+/1#5!65>!@4!'-4(!<8!95G4!4E4>!<74!(;+4-<!8:!:56<-!
9498;5@,4/!!P8;!4A59=,4F!8>4!8:!9)!=;4E+8'-!.8;G-78=!=5;<+6+=5><-!<8,(!
5>!59'-+>?!-<8;)!5@8'<!5!,8>4,)!=+464!8:!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>!<75<!4><4;4(!5!
@;5+>/!!K<!:4,<!,8-<!5>(!-5(!'><+,!+<!:8'>(!+<-!:59+,)!598>?-<!<74!;4,5<4(!
9498;+4-!+>!<74!7+==8659='-/!!K,,'-<;5<+>?!<74!-<8;)!5((-!5!:';<74;!,4E4,!8:!
94><5,!95>+=',5<+8>/!
M%+47!/7%!5%$!15'#&-+/1#5!/#!,#-%#5%!%),%Q!!i>(4;-<5>(+>?!-894<7+>?!
.4,,!4>8'?7!<8!<4567!+<!<8!5>8<74;!=4;-8>!;4X'+;4-!5!6,5;+<)!8:!<78'?7<!5>(!
'>(4;-<5>(+>?!<75<!',<+95<4,)!-'==8;<-!<74!I<45674;-J!,8>?!<4;9!9498;)!
8:!<74!68>64=</!
!
!
!
$V!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
BZ!.I5/7%,1g%`.(- - +&1g% `"&1# &1/1g%!
!
"+1&O,7+&%!#&!4#))+?#&+/%^!N<'(4><-!4A=4;+4>64!5!?;45<4;!,4E4,!8:!
'>(4;-<5>(+>?!8:!68>64=<-!5>(!+(45-!.74>!<74)!<5,GF!4A=,5+>F!=;4(+6<F!5>(!
(4@5<4!5@8'<!<749!.+<7+>!5!-95,,!?;8'=F!+>-<45(!8:!W'-<!=5--+E4,)!,+-<4>+>?!<8!5!
,46<';4!8;!;45(+>?!5!<4A</!!N<'(4><-F!(4=4>(+>?!8>!5?4!5>(!<8=+6F!65>!,+-<4>!<8!
(+;46<4(!,46<';4!.+<7!:86'-4(!5<<4><+8>!:8;!8>,)!"%!U!$%!9+>'<4-!.+<78'<!-894!
<)=4!8:!@;45G/!!T5E+>?!-<'(4><-!<5G4!5!9894><!<8!=;864--!+>:8;95 <+8>!5>(!
6899'>+65<4!.+<7!<74!-<'(4><!>4A<!<8!<749!+-!5>!4A64,,4><F!(8=59+>4U;5+-+>?!
9+>+U@;45G/!!
X,%!a/$1//%&b!#&!a/%_/!-%,,+0%b!-<),4!.;+<+>?!<8!6;45<4!68>6+-4!-'995;+4-/!
l8'>?4;!67+,(;4>!65>!95G4!I=78>4-J!M(468;5<4(!<8.4,!8;!<8+,4<!<+--'4!;8,,H!
5>(!=;56<+64!-78;<!8E4;-45-!65,,-!<8!-8948>4!+>!I5!:5;!5.5)!68'><;)!h!;45,!8;!
+95?+>5;)J!@' <!> 44 (!< 8!G 4 4= !<8 ,,!6 7 5 ;? 4- !(8 .>!.+<7!-78;<!65, ,!= , 5> > 4( !+> !
5(E5>64(/!!1!@;+4:!-'995;)!65>!?8!5!,8>?!.5)k!&'-<!<7+>G!5@8'< !7 8.!9'67!
945>+>?!65>!@4!:8'>(!+>!5!=4;:46<,)!6;5:<4(!75+G'/H!
!
M$1//%&!.(--+&1g150!
v3.44<L!qq qqqq qqq qqq qqqq qqq qqqq qqq !" D% !6 7 5 ;5 6< 4; -!8 ;!, 4- -!M +> 6,' ( +> ? !
-=564-F!='>6<'5<+8>F!>'9@ 4;-F!4<6/H/!
!
qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!
qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!
qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!
qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!
qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!
qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!qq!
!
@Z!*+/%0#&1g%`"+//%&5`*#--#5+)1/1%,!
!
.1-1)+&1/1%,!+59!91''%&%54%,^!&'-<!5-!-';E+E5,!(4=4>(-!8> !;4 68? > +O +>? !
<74!675>?4-!+>!5>!5>+95,L-!4A=46<4(!4>E+;8>94><F!=48=,4!5;4!5,-8!;4-=8 >-+E4!
<8!;4949@4;+>?!+>:8;95<+8>!@)!+(4><+:)+>?!-+9+,5;+<+4-!5>(!(+::4;4>64-/!
04-45;674;-!75E4!:8'>(!<75<!+(4><+:)+>?!-+9+,5;+<+4-!5>(!(+::4;4>64-!+-!<74!
98-<!4::46<+E4!.5)!8:!6899+<<+>?!+>:8;95<+8>!<8!9498;)/!!!
*&%+/%!+5+)#01%,!+59!,1-1)%,!!
!
!
!
$Y!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
!
8#50O/%&-!J%- # &I!.( - - +&I !
!
[!374!@;5+>!68>-<5><,)!675>?4-!<7;8'?7!neuroplasticity!M@'+,(+>?F!
-<;4>?<74>+>?F!8;!=;'>+>?!8:!>4<.8;G-!8:!9498;)H/!!!
!
[!374!@;5+>!5(5=<-!5>(!+9=;8E4-!+>!;4-=8>-4!<8!<74!4>E+;8>94><!5>(!;4-',<-!
8:!=;4(+6<+8>-!+<!95G4-/!!
!
[!*74>!>4.,)!4>68(4(!-78;<U<4;9!9498;)!6+;6'+<-!5;4!56<+E5<4(!@)!94><5,!
95>+=',5<+8>!M65<4?8;+O+>?F!?;5=7+6!8;?5>+O4;-F!5>5,8?+4-H!8;!@)!5==,+65<+8>!
M'-4H!>4';8=,5-<+6+<)!56<-!<8!(4E4,8=!<749!+><8!,8>?U<4;9!9498;) !>4<. 8;G-!
.+<7!+>6;45-4(!-<;4>?<7F!(';5@+,+<)F!5>(!-=44(!8:!;4<;+4E5,!8:!<74!9498;)!
6+;6'+<-/!
!
[!^498;)!6+;6'+<-!'-4(!<8?4<74;F!<8!=4;:8;9!>8E4,!<5-G-!8;!-8,E4!>4.!
=;8@,49-F!@46894!,+>G4(!+><8!,5;?4;!6+;6'+<-!8:!(';5@,4!.*&.';3!G>8.,4(?4!
5E5+,5@,4!:8;!<;5>-:4;!<8!>8E4,!5==,+65<+8>-!>8.!5>(!+>!<74!:'<';4/!
!
J%5/+)!J+51=()+/1#5!;%?,1/%,!
*&%+/%!+5!G51-#/#!U19%#!8>,+>4!<8!-'995;+O4!+>:8;95<+8>!:;89!6,5--!8;!;45(+>?-!
M.../5>+98<8/689H!!
!
$$$KJ+<%:%)1%',*#-1_K4#-!+>6,'(4-!-'995;+O+>?F!-<8;)U<4,,+>?F!5>(!=,8<!(4-6;+=<+8>!
56<+E+<+4-!
!
*+<7!$$$K/+0_%9#K4#-!-<'(4><-!95G4!.8;(!6,8'(-!:8;!I@+?!+(45-J!+>!<4A<!
!
1"+9+0#0I!;7%%)!'#&!*#54%=/!J%-#&I^!
7<<=QRR9;W4A=4;+4>64/:+,4-/.8;(=;4--/689R$%"CR%DR+=5(5?8?)U.744,U%%"/W=?!
!
L_%4(/1U%!2(54/1#5,!c!,%%!)15<,!?%)#$!
!
Executive!functions!;$(%0,0%3)*&=0I,%'0*90.*)'0<&*"$'5='0,)'03?'0'%%'&3#,$0%<#$$%0
9*)0%(..'%%0#&03*5,4B%0"*)$5-00J?'40,)'0"?,30&''503*0I'0%3)'&=3?'&'509*)0%3(5'&3%0
3*03?#&<0.)#3#.,$$4H0.*$$,I*),3#2'$4H0,&50.*//(&#.,3'0'99'.3#2'$4-!
L_%4(/1U%!2(54/1#5,^!
b85,U(4E4,8=94><!
1<<4><+8>!:86'-R(+-<;56<+8>!+>7+@+<+8>!
!
!
!
$_!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
B98<+8>5,!-4,:U68><;8,!
\;+8;+<+O5<+8>!
S;?5>+O5<+8>!
&'(?94><!
];+<+65,!5>5,)-+-!4/?/!E5,+(+<)!
]8?>+<+E4!P,4A+@+,+<)!
045-8>+>?!M24('6<+8>RK>('6<+8>H!
!
LINKS About Executive Function Focus
Preparing Your Students for the Challenges of Tomorrow
7<<=QRR.../4('<8=+5/8;?R@,8?R=;4=5;4U-<'(4><-U675,,4>?4-U8:U<89 8 ;;8. UW'()U.+,,+- Edutopia Staff
blog. August 20, 2014.
!
@.A72B+3.A-.0)C9?)+,7)D23-.)&,-./BE)Edutopia)Staff)6-PART)Blog)Series))
319F+)DF-:A-.0)"<7;F+-G7)#F.;+-9.B)
i>(4;-<5>(+>?!T8.!<74!`;5+>!37+>G- (Part 1)
374!`;5+>U`5-4(!`4>4:+<-!8:!*;+<+>?!:8;!^5<7!5>(!N6+4>64!f45;>+>? (Part 2)
K9=;8E+>?!BA46'<+E4!P'>6<+8>Q!34567+>?!]75,,4>?4-!5>(!S==8;<'>+<+4-/ (Part 3)
7<<=QRR@+</,)R="83@S
37;44!`;5+>U@5-4(!34567+>?!N<;5<4?+4-!<8!`'+,(!BA46'<+E4!P'>6<+8>!+>!N<'(4><- (Part 4)
7<<=QRR@+</,)R>])VK(
37;44!N<;5<4?+4-!:8;!i-+>?!<74!1;<-!<8!`'+,(!N<'(4><!BA46'<+E4!P'>6<+8>-!M\5;<!VH 7<<=QRR@+</,)RAP>&Sc
BA46'<+E4!P'>6<+8>F!1;<-!K><4?;5<+8>!5>(!&8):',!f45;>+>? (Part 6) 7<<=QRR@+</,)R)K$Zf5
Beyond the Comfort Zone: 6 Ways to Build Independent Thinking. Edutopia Jan 10, 2014.
http://4('</<8R"?Xd)Yw
The Simple Things I Do To Promote Brain-Based Learning In My Classroom in
TeachThough Oct 2013 7<<=QRR.../<4567<78'?7</689R,45;>+>?R<74U-+9=,4U<7+>?-U+U(8U<8U
=;898<4U@;5+>U@5-4(U,45;>+>?U+>U9)U6,5--;889R
The Impact Of Creativity On The Brain by Judy Willis M.D., M.Ed., TeachTought Issue
03/16/2014. 7<<=QRR.../<4567<78'?7</689R,45;>+>?R<74U+9=56<U8:U6;45<+E+<)U8>U<74U
@;5+>R
!*75<!284-!Z4';8-6+4>64!04-45;67!N5)!1@8'<!^8<+E5<+8>!1>(!374!`;5+>a In Partnership for
21 Century Skills 7<<=QRR.../=$"/8;?R>4.-U4E4><-R=$"@,8?R"C"cUW'()U.+,,+-U.75<U(84-U
>4';8-6+4>64U;4-45;67U-5)U5@8'<U98<+E5<+8>U5>(U<74U@;5+>
Building Brain Literacy in Elementary Students in Edutopia.org November 19, 2013.
7<<=QRR.../4('<8=+5/8;?R@,8?R@'+,(+>?U@;5+>U,+<4;56)U4,494><5;)U-<'(4><-UW'()U.+,,+-
!
!
!
$c!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
N8'<7.4-<!1+;,+>4-!N=+;+<!^5?5O+>4: Flipped Out: How the digital revolution is turning
learning upside down (including my interview comments) N8'<7.4-<!1+;,+>4-!N=+;+<!^5?5O+>4!R!
P,+==4(!S'< 7<<=QRR@+</,)R"DY?3^Y
Willis, J. A. (2013). Success on Standardized Tests without Sacrificing Authentic Learning.
STEM Magazine. Jan - Feb 2013
7<<=QRR+--''/689R65;,4)?;8'=R(86-R-<49q95?5O+>4q:+>5,qW5>/q$%"Cq.4@R"$
Six Part Video Series from Lower Canada College 2011: One on One With Dr Judy Willis
S>4!8>!S>4!.+<7!2;/!&'()!*+,,+-F!^2F!^/B(/Q!T4,=+>?!N<'(4><-!24E4,8=!374+;!T+?74-<!
]8?>+<+E4!\8<4><+5,-!!
Part 4: How to teach students about their brains 7<<=QRR@+</,)R)$iC^=
Part 5: Building the Brain's Executive Functions for 21 Cent Success 7<<=QRR@+</,)R)%6*(p
Part 6: Parenting to build executive functions in children 7<<=QRR@+</,)RA4G5]d.
1N]2!B(?4!\5?4 7<<=QRR@+</,)R5X2Wm=
“ASK Dr. Judy” Free ASCD Archived Brain-Based Learning Strategies Webinars. Video
and pdf multiple ed topics 7<<=QRR@+</,)R\2.Nd" & scroll down
J?'0X%%'&3#,$01'()*%.#'&.'0*90U',)&#&= Dec 11, 2012
Long-Term Goal Development in Students. Aug 14, 2012
Exposing neuromyths and emphasizing the value of correlations from neuroscience
research to the classroom in Takepart.com Jan 14, 2014
http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/01/13/brain-based-teaching-research
!
"Dr. Judy Willis Edutopia’s '`+?!37+>G4;!8>!B('65<+8>'"
7<<=QRR.../4('<8=+5/8;?R@+?U<7+>G4;-
Big Thinkers: Dr. Judy Willis on the Science of Learning
7<<=QRR.../)8'<'@4/689R.5<67aEr&YPX1+1@iP-
!
!
*()-15+/150!R#+)!f(%,/1#5,!
*75<!75E4!)8'!,45;>4(F!<75<!+:!+9=,494><4(F!68',(!75E4!5!;45(+,)!5==5;4><!
+9=56<!8>!-<'( 4> <- a!
!*75<!+-!5!?85,!)8'!75E4!<75<!.8',(!@4!7+?7!)+4,(R7+?7!4::8;<a!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
$g!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
3#/%!M+<150!;#&<,7%%/!
!
6%+47^!R%/!15'#&-+/1#5!/7&#(07!6G.!+//%5/1#5!'1)/%&!
*74>!+>:8;95<+8>!4><4;-!<74!@;5+>!<7;8'?7!8>4!8;!98;4!8:!<74!-4>-8;)!8;?5>-F!+<!
9'-<!=5--!<7;8'?7!5!@;5+>!-<;'6<';4!65,,4(!<74!6G./!!374!6G.!+-!<74!@;5+>L-!
+//%5/1#5!'1)/%&/!!K<!75-!5!,+9+<4(!65=56+<)!<8!5(9+<!+> :8;95<+8>/!!K<-!:+;-<!=;+8;+<)!+-!<8!
5(9+<!/7&%+/%5150!+>:8;95<+8>/!!K:!<74;4!+-!>8!<7;45< F!+< !=;+8 ;+<+O4 -!5#U%)/I/!!37+-!+-!
5>!+>E8,'><5;)!=;864--/!!!!
!
*75<!9%&+1),!
+//%5/1#5!5>(!
G44=-!
+>:8;95<+8>!:;89!
4><4;+>?!<74!01Na!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
N<;5<4?+4-!<75<!
'-4!5#U%)/I!<8!
4+=/(&%!
+//%5/1#5Q!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
N<;5<4?+4-!<75<!
'-4!=&%914/1#5!<8!
,(,/+15!
+//%5/1#5a!
!
!
!
!
!
>%U%)#=!J#/1U+/1#5!+59!J%-#&I!$1/7!>#=+-15%!
374!>4';8<;5>-9+<<4;!(8=59+>4!75-!95>)!;8,4-!+>!,45;>+>?/!!28=59+>4!=;898<4-!
=,45-';4F!(46;45-4(!-<;4--F!6';+8-+<)F!5<<4><+8>F!5>(!98<+E5<+8>/!!K<!5,-8!68><;+@'<4-!
<8!9498;)!:8;95<+8>!5>(!;4<4><+8>/!
!
N<;5<4?+4-!:8;!+>6;45-+>?!
9#=+-15%Q!
!
M28=59+>4!+-!+>6;45-4(!@)Q!
98E494><F!4>W8)+>?!9'-+6F!
@4+>?!;45(!<8F!7'98;F!
678+64-F!+><4;56<+>?!.+<7!
=44;-F!G+>(>4--F!?;5<+<'(4F!
8=<+9+-9F!95G+>?!
=;4(+6<+8>-F!567+4E+>?!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
C%!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
675,,4>?4-H!
!
!
G//1/(9%`L-#/1#5^!R%/!15'#&-+/1#5!/7&#(07!/7%!+-I09+)+!W%-#/1#5+)!'1)/%&Z!
1:<4;!+>:8;95<+8>!=5--4-!<7;8'?7!<74!01N!5<<4><+8>!:+,<4;!+<!;45674-!<74!%-#/1#5+)!
,$1/47150!,/+/1#5!65,,4(!<74!+-I09+)+/!!P8;!+>:8;95<+8>!<8!=5--!<7;8' ?7 !<74!
59)?(5,5!-'664--:',,)F!<74!@;5+>!-78',(!>8<!@4!+>!5!-<5<4!8:!7+?7!-<;4--/!!K>!5!-<5<4!8:!
7+?7!-<;4--F!+>:8;95<+8>!<75<!4><4;-!<74!59)?(5,5!.+,,!@4!(+;46<4(!<8!<74!,8.4;!@;5+>F!
.7+67!.+,,!;456<!.+<7!5>!+>E8,'><5;)!:+?7<F!:,+?7<!8;!:;44O4!;456<+8>/!!K>!<7+-!-<5<4!
+>:8;95<+8>!65>>8<!=5--!<8!<7 4 !=;4 :;8> <5 , !68 ;<4 A !M\P ]H!:8 ;!7 +?7 4;!8 ;(4 ;!< 7+> G+> ? F!
>8;!65>!+>:8;95<+8>!@4!;4<;+4E4(!:;89!<74!\P]/!
!
N/&%,,#&,!
<75<!=;4E4><!
+>:8;95<+8>!
:;89!?4<<+>?!
<7;8'?7!<74!
59)?(5,5Q!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
M7%!U19%#!0+-%!-#9%)!#'!/%+47150!4+5!7%)=!/#!=&%U%5/!?#&%9#-!+59!
'&(,/&+/1#5!!
*74>!-<'(4><-!:5+,!<8!:+>(!;4,4E5>64!8;!,45;>+>?!4A=4;+4>64-!5;4!?%)#$!/7%1&!
+471%U+?)%!47+))%50%!)%U%)!M<88!45-)HF!<74)!5;4!,+G4,)!<8!:44,!@8;4(/!`8;4(89!5>(!
:;'-<;5<+8>!5;4!E4;)!-<;4--:',/!!*74 > !-<' (4 >< -!5 ;4!@ 8;4 ( !8;!:;' -<;5 < 4( !+>:8 ;9 5 <+8 >!+-!
>8<!,+G4,)!<8!=5--!-'664--:',,)!<7;8'?7!<74!59)?(5,5/!!*74>!-<'(4><-!.8;G!+>!<74+;!
O8>4-!8:!+471%U+?)%!47+))%50%!M>8<!<88!75;(F!>8<!<88!45-)H!+>:8;95<+8>!<75<!<74)!
,45;>!.+,,!=5--!,(44%,,'())I!<7;8'?7!<74!+-I09+)+!<8!<74!\P]/!374)!.+,,!@4!+>!5!
=8-+<+E4!988(!-<5<4!5>(!98<+E5<4(!<8!-'-<5+>!4>?5?494><F!4::8;<F!5>(!=4;-4E4;5>64!
<7;8'?7!675,,4>?4-/!!!!
!
:(IO15!
-<;5<4?+4-Q!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
C"!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
G471%U+?)%!
47+))%50%!
-<;5<4?+4-Q!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
2&%d(%5/!
'%%9?+4<!8:!
154&%-%5/+)!
0#+)!
=&#0&%,,!
-<;5<4?+4-Q!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
.7#&/O/%&-!J%-#&I^!
1:<4;!+>:8;95<+8>!=5--4-!<7;8'?7!<74!59)?(5,5!+<!4><4;-!<74!71==#4+-=(,/!!374!
7+==8659='-!+-!.74;4!-78;<U<4;9!9498;+4-!5;4!:8;94(/!!S>64!>4.!+>:8;95<+8>!4><4;-!<74!
7+==8659='-!+<!9'-<!68>>46<!.+<7!;4,5<4(!+>:8;95<+8>!+:!+<!+-!<8!@4!68>-8,+(5<4(!5>(!
',<+95<4,)!;4<5+>4(!5-!,8>?U<4;9!9498;)/!!!!!
!
!
N<;5<4?+4-!
:8;!
+4/1U+/150!
=&1#&!
<5#$)%90%!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
C$!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
8#50O/%&-!J%-#&I^!J%5/+)!J+51=()+/1#5!
f8>?U<4;9!9498;+4-!5;4!:8;94(!.74>!+>:8;95<+8>!:;89!<74!7+==8659='-!+-!
95>+=',5<4(!5>(!'-4(!+>!5!E5;+4<)!8:!945>+>?:',!.5)-!+>!<74!=&%'&#5/+)!4#&/%_!
W"2*Z/!!Z4';8=,5-<+6+<)!+-!<74!=;864--!@ ) !. 7+6 7!< 7 4!@ ;5+> !-< ;4> ?< 7 4> -!68 >> 4 6< +8> -!
<75<!5;4!;4=45<4(,)!'-4(!<8?4<74;/!!K>:8;95<+8>!<75<!+-!+>68;=8;5<4(!+><8!>4';5,!
68>>46<+8>-!-<;4>?<74>4(!@)!>4';8=,5-<+6+<)!+-!98;4!,+G4,)!<8!@4!-'664--:',,)!-<8;4(F!
;4<;+4E4(F!95+><5+>4(F!5>(!5==,+4(/!
!
M7&%%!-+15!4+/%0#&1%,!#'!J%5/+)!J+51=()+/1#5^!.I5/7%,1g%A!.(--+&1g%A!
*+/%0#&1g%!
!
J%5/+)!-+51=()+/1#5!-<;5<4?+4-Q!
!
N)><74-+O4!M4/?/!-)9@8,+O4F!6;45<4!
>5;;5<+E4-F!E+(48-F!.4@=5?4-F!=;4-4><5<+8>-H!
!
!
N'995;+O4!M4/?/!@,8?-F!<.44<-H!
!
!
]5<4?8;+O4!M4/?/!-+9+,5;+<+4-R(+::4;4>64-F!
5>5,8?+4-F!?;5=7+6!8;?5>+O4;-H!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
H(9I!;1))1,A!J K>KA!J KL9 K!
.../01234567/689!
!"#$$#%&'()*+,*$-.*/0
!
!
!
!
!
CC!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
G!NeuroUlogical!8%,,#5!")+55%&!
!
&'()!*+,,+-F!^/!2/F!^/B(/!
!
!
X51/!M1/)%^!!hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!.(?i%4/W,Z^!!
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!R&+9%!8%U%)W,Z^!!hhhhhhhhhh!!
8%,,#5!*#54%=/`M#=14^!!!hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!
8%,,#5!R#+),`[?i%4/1U%,^!!hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!
!
8%,,#5!L)%-%5/,^!!
M5>(!78.!<74)!.+,,!@4!1'()*:$*=#.,$M!
!
Y#(&!=)+5^!
R%//150!G//%5/1#5^!!
Y*"0"#$$04*(0I'=#&03?#%0$'%%*&03*0'&=,='0$',)&')%B0
,33'&3#*&E0
!
374!5<<4><+8>!:+,<4;!M01NH!?+E4-!=;+8;+<)!<8!-4>-8;)!
+>='<!<75<!+-!(+::4;4><!<75>!<74!4A=46<4(!=5<<4;>/!
Z8E4,<)F!-'67!5-!675>?4-!+>!E8+64F!'>'-'5,!8@W46<-F!
-8>?-!=,5)+>?!.74>!<74)!4><4;!<74!6,5--;889F!.+,,!
+?>+<4!-<'(4><-L!6';+8-+<)!5>(!+>6;45-4!,+G4,+788(!8:!
<74!;4,5<4(!,4--8>!95<4;+5,!@4+>?!-4,46<4(!@)!<74!6G.!
+//%5/1#5!'1)/%&/!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
.(,/+15150!G//%5/1#5^!!
D?,30"#$$04*(05*03*0%(%3,#&0%3(5'&3%B0,33'&3#2'09*.(%0
3?)*(=?*(303?'0$'%%*&E0
!!
374!@;5+>!-44G-!<74!=,45-';4!;4-=8>-4!8:!95G+>?!
68;;46<!=;4(+6<+8>-/!*74>!-<'(4><-!75E4!<74!
8==8;<'>+<)!<8!95G4!5>(!675>?4!=&%914/1#5,!
<7;8'?78'<!5!,4--8>F!5<<4><+8>!+-!-'-<5+>4(!5-!<74!
@;5+>!-44G-!6,'4-!<8!95G4!566';5<4!=;4(+6<+8>-/!
K>(+E+('5,!;4-=8>-4!<88,-!65>!@4!'-4(!<8!95G4!
=;4(+6<+8>-!5>(!;4('64!9+-<5G4!5>A+4<)/!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
J#/1U+/1#5!+59!"%&,%U%&+54%^!
D?#.?05*;,/#&'0I**%3')%0"#$$0I'0#&.$(5'50#&04*()0
$'%%*&E0
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
CD!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
374!@;5+>!-44G-!<74!=,45-';4!;4-=8>-4!<8!+>6;45-4(!
(8=59+>4/!K>68;=8;5<+>?!(8=59+>4!@88-<4;-!M4/?/F!
7'98;F!98E494><F!,+-<4>+>?!<8!9'-+6F!.8;G+>?!.+<7!
=44;-H!+>6;45-4-!5<<4><+8>F!98<+E5<+8>F!5>(!
=4;-4E4;5>64!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
:(IO15^!
Y*"0"#$$04*(0?'$;0%3(5'&3%0%''02,$('0,&50)'$'2,&.'0#&0
"?,303?'40,)'0$',)&#&=0Z0%*03?'40",&303*0<&*"0"?,30
4*(0?,2'03*03',.?E0
!
\8-+<+E4!6,+95<4!5>(!=;4E4><+8>!8:!7+?7!-<;4--8;-!
=;898<4!+>:8;95<+8>!=5--5?4!<7;8'?7!<74!+-I09+)+!
<8!<74!\P]/!^8<+E5<+8>!5>(!4::8;<!+>6;45-4!.74>!<74!
@;5+>!4A=46<-!=,45-';4/!`')U+>!4A59=,4-!+>6,'(4!
=4;-8>5,!;4,4E5>64F!=;4(+6<+8>F!5>(!=4;:8;95>64!<5-G-!
68>>46<+>?!<8!-<'(4><-L!+><4;4-<-!5>(!-<;4>?<7-/!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
G471%U+?)%!47+))%50%^!
Y*"0"#$$04*(03,#$*)03?'0$'%%*&03*0,55)'%%0%3(5'&3%B0
5#99')'&.'%0#&0)',5#&'%%H0$',)&#&=0;)*9#$'H0,&50#&3')'%3%E0
!
2+::4;4><+5<+8>!5,,8.-!-<'(4><-!<8!.8;G! 5 <!<74+;!
+471%U+?)%!47+))%50%!)%U%)/!!374!-<'(4><-!.78!
'>(4;-<5>(!<74!>4.!<8=+6F!+:!;4X'+;4(!<8!G44=!
;4E+4.+>?!.+<7!<74!?;8'=F!95)!@46894!?#&%9!+59!
/7%&%'#&%!,/&%,,%9/!!K:!+<!+-!<88!675,,4>?+>?!<74)!.+,,!
@46894!'&(,/&+/%9/!`)!=;8E+(+>?!,45;>+>?!
8==8;<'>+<+4-!.+<7+>!<74+;!;5>?4!8:!567+4E5@,4!
675,,4>?4F!-<'(4><-!4>?5?4!<7;8'?7!4A=46<5<+8>!8:!
=8-+<+E4!4A=4;+4>64-/!
!
!
!
!
2&%d(%5/!2#&-+/1U%!G,,%,,-%5/!+59!2%%9?+4<^!
Y*"0"#$$04*(0/*&#3*)0%3(5'&3%B0;)*=)'%%03*",)5%0
,.K(#%#3#*&H0/',&#&=0/,<#&=H0,&503),&%9')H05()#&=0
$'%%*&0'2'&3%E00
Y*"0"#$$0%3(5'&3%0='303?'09''5I,.<03?'40&''50,&50
*;;*)3(&#3#'%03*0/,<'0(%'0*90#3E0
0
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
CV!
© 2014 Judy Willis
! !
B::8;<!+-!.+<774,(!.74>!=;4E+8'-!4A=4;+4>64-!75E4!
:5+,4(!<8!567+4E4!-'664--/!`;45G+>?!(8.>!,45;>+>?!
<5-G-!+><8!567+4E5@,4!675,,4>?4!-4?94><-F!+>!.7+67!
-<'(4><-!4A=4;+4>64F!5>(!5;4!5.5;4!8:F!-'664--!8>!
;8'<4!<8!,45;>+>?!?85,-!M4/?/!5> 5 ,)<+6!;'@;+6-F!4::8;<U<8U
=;8?;4--!?;5=7-H!5>(!;4:,46<!8>!.75<!<74)!,45;>4(!5>(!
78.!<74)!,45;>4(F!@'+,(-!<74+;!68>:+(4>64!<75<!<74+;!
4::8;<!65>!@;+>?!<749!6,8-4;!<8!<74+;!0#+),/!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
.7#&/O/%&-!J%-#&I!L54#9150^!!
Y*"0"#$$04*(0,.3#2,3'0;)#*)0<&*"$'5='03*0;)*/*3'03?'0
I),#&B%0,I#$#3403*0,.K(#)'0&'"0#&;(3E0
!
T4,=+>?!-<'(4><-!<8!;45,+O4!.75<!<74)! 5,;45()!G>8.!
5@8'<!5!<8=+6!56<+E5<4-!5>!4A+-<+>?!9498;)!=+//%&5!<8!
.7+67!>4.!+>='<!65>!,+>G!+>!<74!71==#4+-=(,K!!
b;5=7+6!8;?5>+O4;-F!6;8--U6';;+6',5;!'>+<-F!5>(!
@',,4<+>!@85;(-!<75<!=;4E+4.!'=689+>?!'>+<-!5;4!
4A59=,4-!8:!=;+8;!G>8.,4(?4!56<+E5<+8>!<88,-/!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
J%5/+)!-+51=()+/1#5!'#&!8#50O/%&-!J%-#&I^!
Y*"0"#$$0%3(5'&3%0/,<'0/',&#&=0*90$',)&#&=0%*0
&'()*;$,%3#.#340.*&%3)(.3%03?'0&'(),$0.*&&'.3#*&%0*90
$*&=:3')/0/'/*)4E!
0
*74>!-<'(4><-!56X'+;4!<74!+>:8;95<+8>!+>!5!E5;+4<)!8:!
.5)-!4/?/!E+-'5,+O5<+8>F!98E494><F!;45(+>?F!,+-<4>+>?F!
5>(!I<;5>-,5<4J!,45;>+>?!+><8!8<74;!;4=;4-4><5<+8>-!
M6;45<4!5!>5;;5<+E4F!-)9@8,+O4!<7;8'?7!5!E+(48F!
-)><74-+O4!+><8!<74!68>6+-4!-'995;)!8:!5!<.44<H!<74!
56<+E5<+8>!8:!<74!-78;<U<4;9!9498;)!+>6;45-4-!+<-!
68>>46<+8>-!M(4>(;+<4-F!-)>5=-4-F!9)4,+>H!<8!
68>-<;'6<!,8>?U<4;9!9498;)/!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
H(9I!;1))1,A!J K>KA!J KL9 K!
.../01234567/689!
!"#$$#%&'()*+,*$-.*/0
!