FAA-S-8081-15A
U.S. Department (with change 1)
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
PRIVATE PILOT
Practical Test Standards
for
ROTORCRAFT
•
HELICOPTER
•
GYROPLANE
July 2005
FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE
Washington, DC 20591
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PRIVATE PILOT
ROTORCRAFT
Practical Test Standards
2005
FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE
Washington, DC 20591
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FAA-S-8081-15A
NOTE
Material in FAA-S-8081-15A will be effective July 1, 2005. All previous
editions of the Private Pilot—Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane)
Practical Test Standards will be obsolete as of this date.
FAA-S-8081-15A
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FAA-S-8081-15A
FOREWORD
The Private Pilot—Rotorcraft (Helicopter and Gyroplane) Practical Test
Standards (PTS) book has been published by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for private pilot
certification practical tests for the rotorcraft category, helicopter and
gyroplane classes. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall
conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight
instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful during
training and when preparing for the practical test.
Joseph K. Tintera, Manager
Regulatory Support Division
FAA-S-8081-15A
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FAA-S-8081-15A
Record of Changes
Change 1 (May 6, 2013)
• Added language to the General Information section of the
Introduction regarding combined practical tests (page 1)
o Reason: Change in Federal Aviation Regulation (14 CFR
part 61, section 61.65).
FAA-S-8081-15A
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FAA-S-8081-15A
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
General Information ........................................................................... 1
Practical Test Standards Concept ..................................................... 2
Practical Test Book Description ......................................................... 2
Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 4
Use of the Practical Test Standards Book......................................... 4
Special Emphasis Areas .................................................................... 5
Private Pilot—Rotorcraft Practical Test Prerequisites ....................... 6
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test .................... 6
Flight Instructor Responsibility .......................................................... 7
Examiner Responsibility .................................................................... 7
Satisfactory Performance .................................................................. 8
Unsatisfactory Performance .............................................................. 8
Letter of Discontinuance.................................................................... 9
Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management...................... 9
Single-pilot Resource Management ................................................ 10
Applicant’s Use of Checklists .......................................................... 10
Use of Distractions During Practical Tests ...................................... 10
Positive Exchange of Flight Controls .............................................. 11
SECTION 1: PRIVATE PILOT ROTORCRAFT—HELICOPTER
CONTENTS ..................................................................................... 1-i
ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE: ........................................... 1-iii
TASK VS. SIMUALTION DEVICE CREDIT .................................... 1-v
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST........................... 1-xi
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST ...........................1-xiii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ............................................ 1-1
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................ 1-5
III. AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS ....................... 1-7
IV. HOVERING MANEUVERS ................................................ 1-9
V. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS .............. 1-12
VI PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS ..................................... 1-18
VII. NAVIGATION ................................................................... 1-20
VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS ......................................... 1-22
IX. NIGHT OPERATION ........................................................1-26
X. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES ........................................ 1-27
i
FAA-S-8081-15A
SECTION 2: PRIVATE PILOT ROTORCRAFT — GYROPLANE
CONTENTS ..................................................................................... 2-i
ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLE: ........................................... 2-iii
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST............................ 2-v
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST ........................... 2-vii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION ............................................ 2-1
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................ 2-6
III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS................................................... 2-8
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS .............. 2-10
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER ....................................... 2-16
VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS.......................... 2-17
VII. NAVIGATION ................................................................... 2-19
VIII. FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS ...................................... 2-21
IX. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS ......................................... 2-22
X. NIGHT OPERATION ........................................................2-25
XI. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES ........................................ 2-26
ii
FAA-S-8081-15A
1
Change 1 (May 6, 2013)
INTRODUCTION
General Information
The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) has developed this practical test book as the standard that shall
be used by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when
conducting private pilot rotorcraft practical tests. Flight instructors are
expected to use this book when preparing applicants for practical tests.
Applicants should be familiar with this book and refer to these
standards during their training.
Applicants for a combined private pilot certificate with instrument rating,
in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.65 (a) and (g), must
pass all areas designated in the Private Pilot PTS and the Instrument
Rating PTS. Examiners need not duplicate tasks. For example, only
one preflight demonstration would be required; however, the Preflight
Task from the Instrument Rating PTS may be more extensive than the
Preflight Task from the Private Pilot PTS to ensure readiness for IFR
flight.
A combined checkride should be treated as one practical test, requiring
only one application and resulting in only one temporary certificate,
disapproval notice, or letter of discontinuance, as applicable. Failure of
any task will result in a failure of the entire test and application.
Therefore, even if the deficient maneuver was instrument related and
the performance of all VFR tasks was determined to be satisfactory, the
applicant will receive a notice of disapproval.
Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical
test book in terms, such as “shall” and “must” indicating the actions are
mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms, such as
“should” and “may” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive
but not mandatory.
The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by
many industry participants who contributed their time and talent in
assisting with the revision of these practical test standards.
This practical test standard (PTS) book may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO),
Washington, DC 20402-9325, or from http://bookstore.gpo.gov
. This
PTS is also available for download, in pdf format, from the Flight
Standards Service web site at
http://av-info.faa.gov.
This PTS is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch,
AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Comments
FAA-S-8081-15A
2
regarding this handbook should be sent, in e-mail form, to
[email protected]
.
Practical Test Standards Concept
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 specifies
the areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the
applicant before the issuance of a Private Pilot Certificate or rating. The
CFRs provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test
standards containing the AREAS OF OPERATION and specific TASKs
in which pilot competency shall be demonstrated. The FAA will revise
this PTS whenever it is determined that changes are needed in the
interest of safety. Adherence to the provisions of the regulations
and the practical test standards is mandatory for the evaluation of
private pilot applicants.
Practical Test Book Description
This test book contains the following Private Pilot Practical Test
Standards:
Section 1 Rotorcraft—Helicopter
Section 2 Rotorcraft—Gyroplane
The Private Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards includes the
AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs for the issuance of an initial
Private Pilot Certificate and for the addition of category and/or class
ratings to that certificate.
AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a
logical sequence within each standard. They begin with Preflight
Preparation and end with Postflight Procedures. The examiner may
conduct the practical test in any sequence that will result in a complete
and efficient test; however, the ground portion of the practical test
shall be accomplished before the flight portion.
TASKs are titles of knowledge areas, flight procedures, or maneuvers
appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION.
NOTE is used to emphasize special considerations required in the
AREA OF OPERATION or TASK.
REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the TASK.
Descriptions of TASKS are not included in the standards because this
information can be found in the current issue of the listed reference.
Publications other than those listed may be used for references if their
content conveys substantially the same meaning as the referenced
publications.
FAA-S-8081-15A
3
These practical test standards are based on the following references.
14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance,
Rebuilding, and Alteration
14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors
14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification
14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
NTSB Part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents and
Incidents
AC 00-6 Aviation Weather
AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services
FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook
FAA-H-8083-21 Rotorcraft Flying Handbook
FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making
AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by 14
CFR parts 61,63, and 65
AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors and
Ground Instructors
AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation
AC 61-134 General Aviation Controlled Flight into Terrain
Awareness
AC 90-48 Pilots’ Role in Collision Avoidance
AC 90-87 Helicopter Dynamic Rollover
AC 90-95 Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters
AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
AC 91-32 Safety In and Around Helicopters
AC 91-42 Hazards of Rotating Propeller and Helicopter Rotor
Blades
AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures following
Aircraft Engine Starting
AIM Aeronautical Information Manual
AFD Airport Facility Directory
FDC NOTAMs National Flight Data Center Notices to Airmen
OTHER Pertinent Pilot’s Operating Handbooks
FAA-Approved Flight Manuals
Navigation Charts
The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily
performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective
includes:
1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do;
2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and
3. the acceptable standards of performance.
FAA-S-8081-15A
4
Abbreviations
14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
ADM Aeronautical Decision Making
AIRMETS Airman’s Meteorological Information
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service
ATS Air Traffic Service
CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain
CRM Cockpit Resource Management
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FSDO Flight Standards District Office
GPO Government Printing Office
NAVAID Navigation Aid
NDB Non-directional Beacon (Automatic Direction Finder)
NOTAM Notice to Airmen
NWS National Weather Service
PTS Practical Test Standard
SIGMETS Significant Meteorological Advisory
Use of the Practical Test Standards
The Private Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test Standards are designed to
evaluate competency in both knowledge and skill.
The FAA requires that all practical tests be conducted in accordance
with the appropriate practical test standards and the policies set forth in
this INTRODUCTION. Private pilot applicants shall be evaluated in ALL
TASKS included in each AREA OF OPERATION of the appropriate
practical test standard, unless otherwise noted.
An applicant, who holds at least a Private Pilot Certificate seeking an
additional rotorcraft category rating and/or class rating at the private
pilot level shall be evaluated in the AREAS OF OPERATION and
TASKS listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. At the discretion of
the examiner, an evaluation of the applicant's competence in the
remaining AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs may be conducted.
If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at
the private level, and the rating table indicates differing required
TASKS, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “ALL” and
“NONE” are indicated for one AREA OF OPERATION, the “NONE”
entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are indicated, the “B” entry applies.
In preparation for each practical test, the examiner shall develop a written
“plan of action” for each practical test. The “plan of action” is a tool, for
the sole use of the examiner, to be used in evaluating the applicant. The
plan of action need not be grammatically correct or in any formal format.
The plan of action must contain all of the required AREAS OF
OPERATION and TASKs and any optional TASKs selected by the
examiner.
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The “plan of action” shall incorporate one or more scenarios that will be
used during the practical test. The examiner should try to include as
many of the TASKs into the scenario portion of the test as possible, but
maintain the flexibility to change due to unexpected situations as they
arise and still result in an efficient and valid test. Any TASK selected
for evaluation during a practical test shall be evaluated in its
entirety.
The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the
AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKs appear in this book. The
examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKS with similar
Objectives to have an orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For
example Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals may be
combined with Traffic Patterns. The examiner's “plan of action” shall
include the order and combination of TASKs to be demonstrated by the
applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient and valid test.
The examiner is expected to use good judgment in the performance of
simulated emergency procedures. The use of the safest means for
simulation is expected. Consideration must be given to local conditions,
both meteorological and topographical, at the time of the test, as well as
the applicant's, workload, and the condition of the aircraft used. If the
procedure being evaluated would jeopardize safety, it is expected that
the applicant shall simulate that portion of the maneuver
Special Emphasis Areas
Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft
operation considered critical to flight safety. Among these are:
1. positive aircraft control;
2. procedures for positive exchange of flight controls (who is flying
the aircraft);
3. collision avoidance;
4. wake turbulence avoidance;
5. runway incursion avoidance;
6. CFIT;
7. wire strike avoidance;
8. ADM and risk management;
9. checklist usage; and
10. other areas deemed appropriate to any phase of the practical
test.
Although these areas may not be specifically addressed under each
TASK, they are essential to flight safety and will be evaluated during
the practical test. In all instances, the applicant’s actions will relate to
the complete situation.
FAA-S-8081-15A
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Private Pilot—Rotorcraft Practical Test Prerequisites
An applicant for the Private Pilot Rotorcraft Practical Test is required by
14 CFR part 61 to:
1. be at least 17 years of age;
2. be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If there is a doubt, use AC 60-28, English Language
Skill Standards;
3. have passed the appropriate private pilot knowledge test since
the beginning of the 24th month before the month in which
practical test is completed have satisfactorily accomplished the
required training and obtained the aeronautical experience
prescribed;
4. possess at least a current Third-Class Medical Certificate;
5. have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying
that the applicant has received and logged training time within
60 days preceding the date of application; and
6. also have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has
demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in
which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test.
Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test
The private pilot rotorcraft applicant is required by 14 CFR part 61,
section 61.45 to provide an airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during
the practical test. This section further requires that the aircraft must:
1. be of U.S., foreign or military registry of the same category,
class, and type, if applicable, for the certificate and/or rating for
which the applicant is applying;
2. have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided in 14
CFR part 61, section 61.45(c) and (e); and
3. be capable of performing ALL AREAS OF OPERATION
appropriate to the rating sought and have no operating
limitations, which prohibit its use in any of the AREAS OF
OPERATION, required for the practical test.
FAA-S-8081-15A
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Flight Instructor Responsibility
An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the
private pilot applicant to acceptable standards in ALL subject matter
areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within the
appropriate Private Pilot Practical Test Standard.
Because of the impact of their teaching activities in developing safe,
proficient pilots, flight instructors should exhibit a high level of
knowledge, skill, and the ability to impart that knowledge and skill to
students. Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant
is able to perform safely as a private pilot and is competent to pass the
required practical test.
Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible
for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision
avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures. These areas
are covered, in part, in AC 90-48, Pilot’s Role in Collision Avoidance;
FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge; and the
Aeronautical Information Manual.
Examiner
1
Responsibility
The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for
determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of
knowledge and skill of each TASK within the appropriate practical test
standard. Since there is no formal division between the “oral” and “skill"
portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process
throughout the test. Oral questioning, to determine the applicant’s
knowledge of TASKs and related safety factors, should be used
judiciously at all times, especially during the flight portion of the
practical test.
Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's
correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts
throughout the practical test.
If the examiner determines that a TASK is incomplete, or the outcome
uncertain, the examiner may require the applicant to repeat that TASK,
or portions of that TASK. This provision has been made in the interest
of fairness and does not mean that instruction, practice, or the
repeating of an unsatisfactory TASK is permitted during the certification
process
Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall
evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance
procedures.
1
The word “examiner” denotes either the FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot
examiner who conducts the practical test.
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Satisfactory Performance
Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification is
based on the applicant’s ability to safely:
1. perform the TASKs specified in the AREAS OF OPERATION for
the certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;
2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome
of each TASK performed never seriously in doubt;
3. demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the
approved standards;
4. demonstrate sound judgment and ADM; and
5. demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type
certificated for single-pilot operations.
Unsatisfactory Performance
The tolerances represent the performance expected in good flying
conditions. If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not
meet the standards of performance of any TASK performed, the
associated AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical
test is failed.
The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test at any time when
the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant ineligible
for the certificate or rating sought. The test may be continued ONLY
with the consent of the applicant. If the test is discontinued, the
applicant is entitled credit for only those AREAS OF OPERATION and
their associated TASKs satisfactorily performed. However, during the
retest and at the discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-
evaluated including those previously passed.
Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for
disqualification are:
1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires
corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight.
2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to
clear the area before and while performing maneuvers.
3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.
4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are
exceeded.
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When a disapproval notice is issued, the examiner shall record the
applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREA OF
OPERATIONS and specific TASK(s) not meeting the standard
appropriate to the practical test conducted. The AREA(s) OF
OPERATION/TASK(s) not tested and the number of practical test
failures shall also be recorded. If the applicant fails the practical test
because of a special emphasis area, the Notice of Disapproval shall
indicate the associated TASK. i.e.: AREA OF OPERATION VIII,
Settling-With-Power, failure to use proper collision avoidance
procedures.
Letter of Discontinuance
When a practical test is discontinued for reasons other than
unsatisfactory performance (i.e., equipment failure, weather, or illness)
FAA Form 8700-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, and, if
applicable, the Airman Knowledge Test Report, shall be returned to the
applicant. The examiner at that time shall prepare, sign, and issue a
Letter of Discontinuance to the applicant. The Letter of Discontinuance
should identify the AREAS OF OPERATION and their associated
TASKs of the practical test that were successfully completed. The
applicant shall be advised that the Letter of Discontinuance shall be
presented to the examiner when the practical test is resumed, and
made part of the certification file.
Aeronautical Decision Making and Risk Management
The examiner shall evaluate the applicant’s ability throughout the
practical test to use good aeronautical decision-making procedures
in order to evaluate risks. The examiner shall accomplish this
requirement by developing scenarios that incorporate as many
TASKs as possible to evaluate the applicants risk management in
making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the examiner
may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and
performance planning.
The applicant’s ability to utilize all the assets available in making a
risk analysis to determine the safest course of action is essential for
satisfactory performance. The scenarios should be realistic and
within the capabilities of the aircraft used for the practical test.
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Single-Pilot Resource Management
Single-Pilot Resource Management refers to the effective use of ALL
available resources: human resources, hardware, and information. It is
similar to Crew Resource Management (CRM) procedures that are
being emphasized in multi-crewmember operations except that only one
crewmember (the pilot) is involved. Human resources “...includes all
other groups routinely working with the pilot who are involved in
decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These groups
include, but are not limited to: dispatchers, weather briefers,
maintenance personnel, and air traffic controllers.” Pilot Resource
Management is not a single TASK; it is a set of skill competencies that
must be evident in all TASKs in this practical test standard as applied to
single-pilot operation.
Applicant’s Use of Checklists
Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of
an appropriate checklist. Proper use is dependent on the specific TASK
being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the
checklist, while accomplishing the elements of an Objective, would be
either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this
case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been
accomplished, would be appropriate. Division of attention and proper
visual scanning should be considered when using a checklist.
Use of Distractions During Practical Tests
Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when
the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate
the applicant’s ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing
attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit, the examiner shall
cause a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test
to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining
safe flight.
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Positive Exchange of Flight Controls
During flight, there must always be a clear understanding between
pilots of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, a briefing should
be conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight
controls. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls
between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is strongly
recommended.
When one pilot wishes to give the other pilot control of the aircraft, he
or she will say, “You have the flight controls.” The other pilot
acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.” The
first pilot again says “You have the flight controls.” When control is
returned to the first pilot, follow the same procedure. A visual check is
recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred. There should
never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.
FAA-S-8081-15A
SECTION 1
PRIVATE PILOT
ROTORCRAFT – HELICOPTER
Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-15A
FAA-S-8081-15A
CONTENTS: SECTION 1
RATING TASKS TABLE ..................................................................... 1-iii
TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT......................................... 1-v
FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVELS ......................................... 1-vii
CHECKLISTS:
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter) ........................... 1-xi
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Helicopter)..........................1-xiii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION .................................................1-1
A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS ................................ 1-1
B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS .............................. 1-1
C. WEATHER INFORMATION ............................................... 1-2
D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING .......................... 1-2
E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM....................................... 1-3
F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS ............................... 1-3
G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS.............................................. 1-4
H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS ............................................... 1-4
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES ................................................. 1-5
A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION................................................ 1-5
B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT ................................................ 1-5
C. ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT ......... 1-6
D. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK ............................................. 1-6
III. AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS ........................... 1-7
A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS........................................................ 1-7
B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS ........................................................ 1-7
C. AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPAD, AND
TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING .............. 1-8
IV. HOVERING MANEUVERS ..................................................... 1-9
A. VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING............................... 1-9
B. SLOPE OPERATIONS....................................................... 1-9
C. SURFACE TAXI ............................................................... 1-10
D. HOVER TAXI.................................................................... 1-10
E. AIR TAXI .......................................................................... 1-11
1–i
FAA-S-8081-15A
V. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS .................. 1-12
A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND
CLIMB ..............................................................................1-12
B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH..................... 1-13
C. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF AND
CLIMB ..............................................................................1-14
D. STEEP APPROACH ........................................................1-14
E. ROLLING TAKEOFF ........................................................ 1-15
F. CONFINED AREA OPERATION...................................... 1-15
G. PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS .......................... 1-16
H. SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING/ROLL-ON
LANDING .........................................................................1-16
I. GO-AROUND................................................................... 1-17
VI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS.......................................... 1-18
A. RAPID DECELERATION ................................................. 1-18
B. STRAIGHT IN AUTOROTATION ..................................... 1-18
C. 180° AUTOROTATION..................................................... 1-19
VII. NAVIGATION ........................................................................1-20
A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING............................. 1-20
B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES ....... 1-21
C. DIVERSION ..................................................................... 1-21
D. LOST PROCEDURES ..................................................... 1-21
VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS .............................................. 1-22
A. POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER ..................................... 1-22
B. POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE ....................................1-22
C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS ...........1-23
D. SETTLING-WITH-POWER ..............................................1-23
E. LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY .................................... 1-24
F. ANTITORQUE SYSTEM FAILURE ................................. 1-24
G. DYNAMIC ROLLOVER .................................................... 1-24
H. GROUND RESONANCE ................................................. 1-25
I. LOW G CONDITIONS ..................................................... 1-25
J. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL
GEAR ...............................................................................1-25
IX. NIGHT OPERATION ............................................................. 1-26
A. NIGHT PREPARATION ...................................................1-26
X. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................1-27
A. AFTER LANDING AND SECURING ............................... 1-27
1–ii
FAA-S-8081-15A
1–iii
FAA-S-8081-15A
FAA-S-8081-15A
1–v
FAA-S-8081-15A
TASK VS. SIMULATION DEVICE CREDIT
Examiners conducting the Private Pilot Helicopter Practical Tests with simulation devices should consult appropriate documentation to ensure
that the device has been approved for training. The documentation for each device should reflect that the following activities have occurred:
1. The device must be evaluated, determined to meet the appropriate standards, and assigned the appropriate qualification level by
the National Simulator Program Manager. The device must continue to meet qualification standards through continuing evaluations as outlined
in the appropriate AC. For helicopter simulators, AC 120-63 (as amended), Helicopter Simulator Qualification, will be used.
2. The FAA must approve the device for specific TASKs.
3. The device must continue to support the level of student or applicant performance required by this PTS.
NOTE: Users of the following chart are cautioned that use of the chart alone is incomplete. The description and objective of each TASK as
listed in the body of the PTS, including all notes, must also be incorporated for accurate simulation device use.
USE OF CHART
X Creditable.
X1 Creditable only if accomplished in conjunction with a running takeoff or running landing, as
appropriate.
NOTE: 1. The helicopter may be used for all TASKs.
2. Level C simulators may be used as indicated only if the applicant meets established pre-requisite experience requirements.
3. Level A helicopter simulator standards have not been defined.
4. Helicopter flight training devices have not been defined.
FAA-S-8081-15A
FAA-S-8081-15A
FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL
Areas of Operation: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B C D
II. Preflight Procedures
A. Preflight Inspection (Cockpit Only) __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B. Cockpit Management __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C. Engine Starting and Rotor Engagement __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
D. Before Takeoff Check __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
III. Airport and Heliport Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B. Traffic Patterns __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C. Airport/Heliport Runway, Heliport, and Taxiway
Signs, Markings, and Lighting Markings and Lighting __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
IV. Hovering Maneuvers
A. Vertical Takeoff and Landing __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B. Slope Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C. Surface Taxi __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
D. Hover Taxi __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
E. Air Taxi __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
V. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds
A. Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B. Normal and Crosswind Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C. Maximum Performance Takeoff and Climb __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
D. Steep Approach __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
E. Rolling Takeoff __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
F. Confined Area Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
G. Pinnacle/Platform Operations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
H. Shallow Approach and Running /Roll-On Landing __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
I. Go- Around __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
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FAA-S-8081-15A
FLIGHT TASK FLIGHT SIMULATION DEVICE LEVEL
Areas of Operation: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A B C D
VI. Performance Maneuvers
A. Rapid Deceleration __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B. Straight In Autorotations __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C. 180° Autorotation __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
VII. Navigation
A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
C. Diversion __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
D. Lost Procedures __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
VIII.Emergency Operations
A. Power Failure at a Hover __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X
B. Power Failure at Altitude __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X
C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X
D. Settling-With-Power __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X
E. Low Rotor RPM Recovery __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X
F. Antitorque System Failure __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
G. Dynamic Rollover __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
H. Ground Resonance __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
I. Low G Conditions __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
J. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
X. Postflight Procedures
A. After Landing and Securing __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ __
__ __
__ __
__ __
__ __
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1–xi
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST
(HELICOPTER)
APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:
EXAMINER’S NAME _______________________________
LOCATION _______________________________________
DATE/TIME _______________________________________
ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT
Aircraft Documents:
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Operating Limitations
Aircraft Maintenance Records:
Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections
and AD Compliance
Pilot’s Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved
Helicopter Flight Manual
FCC Station License
PERSONAL EQUIPMENT
Current Aeronautical Charts
Computer and Plotter
Flight Plan Form
Flight Logs
Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate
Publications
PERSONAL RECORDS
Identification—Photo/Signature ID
Pilot Certificate
Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate
Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or
Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if
applicable)
AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or
Computer Test Report
Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements
FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)
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1–xiii
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST
(HELICOPTER)
APPLICANT’S NAME ______________________________
LOCATION _______________________________________
DATE/TIME _______________________________________
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIRMENTS
C. WEATHER INFORMATION
D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING
E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
C. ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT
D. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
III. AIRPORT AND HELIPORT OPERATIONS
A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS
C. AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPAD, AND
TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING
IV. HOVERING MANEUVERS
A. VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING
B. SLOPE OPERATIONS
C. SURFACE TAXI
D. HOVER TAXI
E. AIR TAXI
FAA-S-8081-15A
V. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS
A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH
C. MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
D. STEEP APPROACH
E. ROLLING TAKEOFF
F. CONFINED AREA OPERATIONS
G. PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS
H. SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING
ROLL-ON LANDING
I. GO-AROUND
VI. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
A. RAPID DECELERATION
B. STRAIGHT IN AUTOROTATION
C. 180° AUTOROTATION
VII. NAVIGATION
A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING
B. RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES
C. DIVERSION
D. LOST PROCEDURES
VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
A. POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER
B. POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE
C. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS
D. SETTLING-WITH-POWER
E. LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY
F. ANTITORQUE SYSTEM FAILURE
G. DYNAMIC ROLLOVER
H. GROUND RESONANCE
I. LOW G CONDITIONS
J. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR
IX. NIGHT OPERATION
A. NIGHT PREPARATION
X. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. AFTER LANDING AND SECURING
1–xiv
1– 1
FAA-S-8081-15A
I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
NOTE: The examiner shall develop a scenario based on real time weather
to evaluate TASKs C, D, E, and F.
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21,
FAA-H-8083-25; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to certificates and documents by:
1. Explaining—
a. private pilot certificate privileges, limitations, and recent flight
experience requirements.
b. medical certificate class and duration.
c. pilot logbook or flight records.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness and registration certificates.
b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and
POH/RFM.
c. weight and balance data and equipment list.
B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to airworthiness requirements by:
1. Explaining—
a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.
b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the
helicopter with inoperative instruments and equipment with and
without an MEL.
c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness directives.
b. compliance records.
c. maintenance/inspection requirements.
d. appropriate record keeping.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1–2
C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84;
FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information
by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various
sources with emphasis on—
a. METAR, TAF, and FA.
b. surface analysis chart.
c. radar summary chart.
d. winds and temperature aloft chart.
e. significant weather prognostic charts.
f. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports.
2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather
information.
D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84;
Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; FDC NOTAMs; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight
planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR cross-
country flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On the day
of the practical test, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel stop,
based on maximum allowable passengers, baggage, and/or cargo
loads using real-time weather.
2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts.
3. Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features,
including discussion of wire strike avoidance techniques.
4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.
5. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions
and equipment capabilities.
6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.
7. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and communication
frequencies.
8. Applies pertinent information from FDC NOTAMs, AFD, and other
flight publications.
9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.
1– 3
FAA-S-8081-15A
E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:
1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums—for all classes of airspace.
2. Airspace classes—their operating rules, pilot certification, and
helicopter equipment requirements for the following—
a. Class A.
b. Class B.
c. Class C.
d. Class D.
e. Class E.
f. Class G.
3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.
F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; AC 61-84, AC 90-95;
POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and
limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to
determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding
limitations.
2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed weight
and center of gravity is within the helicopter’s operating limitations
and if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during
all phases of flight.
3. Demonstrates the use of appropriate performance charts, tables,
and data.
4. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the helicopter’s
performance.
5. Understands the cause and effects of retreating blade stall.
6. Considers circumstances when operating within “avoid areas” of
the height/velocity diagram.
7. Is aware of situations that lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque
effectiveness (unanticipated yaw).
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1–4
G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to the operation of systems on the helicopter provided
for the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following systems:
1. Primary flight controls, trim, and, if installed, stability control.
2. Powerplant.
3. Main rotor and antitorque.
4. Landing gear, brakes, steering, skids, or floats, as applicable.
5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.
6. Electrical.
7. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments, if
applicable.
8. Environmental.
9. Anti-icing, including carburetor heat, if applicable.
10. Avionics equipment.
H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:
1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least
three (3) of the following—
a. hypoxia.
b. hyperventilation.
c. middle ear and sinus problems.
d. spatial disorientation.
e. motion sickness.
f. carbon monoxide poisoning.
g. stress and fatigue.
h. dehydration.
2. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter drugs.
3. The effects of excesses nitrogen during scuba dives upon a pilot or
passenger in flight.
1– 5
FAA-S-8081-15A
II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight inspection.
This shall include which items must be inspected, the reasons for
checking each item, and how to detect possible defects.
2. Inspects the helicopter with reference to an appropriate checklist.
3. Verifies the helicopter is in condition for safe flight.
B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related cockpit management
procedures.
2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured.
3. Organizes material and equipment in an efficient manner so they
are readily available.
4. Briefs the occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses,
doors, rotor blade avoidance, and emergency procedures.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1–6
C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING AND ROTOR ENGAGEMENT
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 91-13, AC 91-42, AC 91-55;
POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to correct engine starting
procedures. This shall include the use of an external power source,
starting under various atmospheric conditions.
2. Positions the helicopter properly considering structures, surface
conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby persons and
property.
3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.
D. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff
check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item and
how to detect malfunctions.
2. Positions the helicopter properly considering other aircraft, wind,
and surface conditions.
3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.
4. Ensures that the engine temperature and pressure are suitable
for run-up and takeoff.
5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and ensures that the
helicopter is in safe operating condition.
6. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds, takeoff distances
departure, and emergency procedures.
7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no conflict with traffic prior
to takeoff.
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FAA-S-8081-15A
III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT AND HELIPORT
OPERATIONS
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
REFERENCE: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications
and ATC light signals.
2. Selects appropriate frequencies.
3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.
4. Acknowledges radio communications and compiles with instructions.
B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. This
shall include procedures at airports and heliports with and without
operating control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision
avoidance, wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.
2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures.
3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic or avoids the flow of
fixed wing aircraft.
4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain proper ground track.
5. Maintains orientation with runway/landing area in use.
6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet and the appropriate
airspeed, ±10 knots.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1–8
C. TASK: AIRPORT/HELIPORT RUNWAY, HELIPAD, AND
TAXIWAY SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND LIGHTING.
REFERENCE: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport/heliport
runway, and taxiway operations with emphasis on runway incursion
avoidance.
2. Properly identifies and interprets airport/heliport, runway, and
taxiway signs, markings, and lighting.
1– 9
FAA-S-8081-15A
IV. AREA OF OPERATION: HOVERING MANEUVERS
A. TASK: VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-95; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a vertical takeoff to
a hover and landing from a hover.
2. Ascends to and maintains recommended hovering altitude, and
descends from recommended hovering altitude in headwind,
crosswind, and tailwind conditions.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Establishes recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude
within 10 feet of the surface; if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.
5. Avoids conditions that might lead to loss of tail rotor/antitorque
effectiveness.
6. Maintains position within 4 feet of a designated point, with no aft
movement.
7. Descends vertically to within 4 feet of the designated touchdown
point.
8. Maintains specified heading, ±10°.
B. TASK: SLOPE OPERATIONS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to slope operations.
2. Selects a suitable slope, approach, and direction considering wind
effect, obstacles, dynamic rollover avoidance, and discharging
passengers.
3. Properly moves toward the slope.
4. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
5. Makes a smooth positive descent to touch the upslope skid on the
sloping surface.
6. Maintains positive control while lowering the downslope skid or
landing gear to touchdown.
7. Recognizes if slope is too steep and abandons the operation prior
to reaching cyclic control stops.
8. Makes a smooth transition from the slope to a stabilized hover
parallel to the slope.
9. Properly moves away from the slope.
10. Maintains the specified heading throughout the operation, ±10°.
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1– 10
C. TASK: SURFACE TAXI
NOTE: This TASK applies to only helicopters equipped with wheel-type
landing gear.
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to surface taxiing.
2. Surface taxies the helicopter from one point to another under
headwind, crosswind, and tailwind conditions, with the landing gear
in contact with the surface, avoiding conditions that might lead to
loss of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
3. Properly uses cyclic, collective, and brakes to control speed while
taxiing.
4. Properly positions nosewheel/tailwheel, if applicable, locked or
unlocked.
5. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
6. Maintains appropriate speed for existing conditions.
7. Stops helicopter within 4 feet of a specified point.
8. Maintains specified track within ±4 feet.
D. TASK: HOVER TAXI
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to hover taxiing.
2. Hover taxies over specified ground references, demonstrating
forward, sideward, and rearward hovering and hovering turns.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Maintains specified ground track within ±4 feet of a designated
reference on straight legs.
5. Maintains constant rate of turn at pivot points.
6. Maintains position within 4 feet of each pivot point during turns.
7. Makes a 360° pivoting turn, left and right, stopping within 10° of a
specified heading.
8. Maintains recommended hovering altitude, ±1/2 of that altitude
within 10 feet of the surface, if above 10 feet, ±5 feet.
1– 11
FAA-S-8081-15A
E. TASK: AIR TAXI
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AC 90-95; AIM; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to air taxiing.
2. Air taxies the helicopter from one point to another under headwind
and crosswind conditions.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Selects a safe airspeed and altitude.
5. Maintains desired track and groundspeed in headwind and
crosswind conditions, avoiding conditions that might lead to loss
of tail rotor/antitorque effectiveness.
6. Maintains a specified altitude, ±10 feet.
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1– 12
V. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND
GO-AROUNDS
NOTE: The examiner shall select task A, B, C, D, E, and at least one
other TASK.
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s knowledge
of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing;
otherwise a crosswind takeoff and climb shall be demonstrated.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind
takeoff and climb, including factors affecting performance, to include
height/velocity information.
2. Establishes a stationary position on the surface or a stabilized hover,
prior to takeoff in headwind and crosswind conditions.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Accelerates to manufacturer’s recommended climb airspeed, ±10
knots.
5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
1– 13
FAA-S-8081-15A
B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
NOTE: If a calm wind weather condition exists, the applicant’s knowledge
of the crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing;
otherwise a crosswind approach and landing shall be demonstrated.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind
approach.
2. Considers performance data, to include height/velocity information.
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstacles.
4. Selects a suitable touchdown point.
5. Establishes and maintains the normal approach angle, and proper
rate of closure.
6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
7. Avoids situations that may result in settling-with-power.
8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
9. Arrives over the touchdown point, on the surface or at a stabilized
hover, ±4 feet.
10. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1– 14
C. TASK: MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a maximum
performance takeoff and climb.
2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended and
factors related to takeoff and climb performance, to include
height/velocity information.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Utilizes proper control technique to initiate takeoff and forward climb
airspeed attitude.
5. Utilizes the maximum available takeoff power.
6. After clearing all obstacles, transitions to normal climb attitude,
airspeed, ±10 knots, and power setting.
7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
D. TASK: STEEP APPROACH
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a steep approach.
2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended and
factors related to a steep approach, to include height/velocity
information.
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstacles.
4. Selects a suitable termination point.
5. Establishes and maintains a steep approach angle, (15° maximum)
and proper rate of closure.
6. Avoids situations that can result in settling-with-power.
7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
9. Arrives at the termination point, on the surface or at a stabilized
hover, ±4 feet.
1– 15
FAA-S-8081-15A
E. TASK: ROLLING TAKEOFF
NOTE: This TASK applies only to helicopters equipped with wheel-type
landing gear.
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rolling takeoff.
2. Considers situations where this maneuver is recommended and
factors related to takeoff and climb performance, to include
height/velocity information.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Utilizes proper preparatory technique prior to initiating takeoff.
5. Initiates forward accelerating movement on the surface.
6. Transitions to a normal climb airspeed, ±10 knots, and power setting.
7. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
8. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
9. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
F. TASK: CONFINED AREA OPERATION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to confined area
operations.
2. Accomplishes a proper high and low reconnaissance.
3. Selects a suitable approach path, termination point, and departure
path.
4. Tracks the selected approach path at an acceptable approach angle
and rate of closure to the termination point.
5. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
6. Avoids situations that can result in settling-with-power.
7. Terminates at a hover or on the surface, as conditions allow.
8. Accomplishes a proper ground reconnaissance.
9. Selects a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting takeoff
and climb performance under various conditions.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1-16
G. TASK: PINNACLE/PLATFORM OPERATIONS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pinnacle/platform
operations.
2. Accomplishes a proper high and low reconnaissance.
3. Selects a suitable approach path, termination point, and
departure path.
4. Tracks the selected approach path at an acceptable approach
angle and rate of closure to the termination point.
5. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
6. Terminates at a hover or on the surface, as conditions allow.
7. Accomplishes a proper ground reconnaissance.
8. Selects a suitable takeoff point, considers factors affecting
takeoff and climb performance under various conditions.
H. TASK: SHALLOW APPROACH AND RUNNING/ROLL-ON
LANDING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to shallow approach
and running/roll-on landing, including the purpose of the
maneuver, factors affecting performance data, to include
height/velocity information, and effect of landing surface tex
ture.
2.
Maintains RPM within normal limits.
3. Considers obstacles and other hazards.
4. Establishes and maintains the recommended approach angle,
and proper rate of closure.
5. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
6. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
7. Maintains a speed that will take advantage of effective
translational lift during surface contact w
i
th landing gear parallel
with the ground track.
8. Utilizes proper flight control technique after surface contact.
9. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1-17
I. TASK: GO-AROUND
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around and
w
hen it is necessary.
2.
Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
3. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
4. Establishes proper control input to stop descent and initiate
climb.
5. Retracts the landing gear, if applicable, after a positive rate-of-
climb indication.
6. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
7. Transitions to a normal climb airspeed, 10 knots.
8. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1– 18
VI. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
NOTE: The examiner shall select TASK A and at least one other TASK.
A. TASK: RAPID DECELERATION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to rapid deceleration.
2. Maintains RPM within normal limits.
3. Properly coordinates all controls throughout the execution of the
maneuver.
4. Maintains an altitude that will permit safe clearance between the
tail boom and the surface.
5. Decelerates and terminates in a stationary hover at the
recommended hovering altitude.
6. Maintains heading throughout the maneuver, ±10°.
B. TASK: STRAIGHT IN AUTOROTATION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a straight in
autorotation terminating with a power recovery to a hover.
2. Selects a suitable touchdown area.
3. Initiates the maneuver at the proper point.
4. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.
5. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits.
6. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to avoid
undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.
7. Utilizes proper deceleration, collective pitch application to a hover.
8. Comes to a hover within 200 feet of a designated point.
1– 19
FAA-S-8081-15A
C. TASK: 180° AUTOROTATION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a 180° autorotation
terminating with a power recovery to a hover.
2. Selects a suitable touchdown area.
3. Initiates the maneuver at the proper point.
4. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.
5. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits.
6. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to avoid
undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.
7. Utilizes proper deceleration, collective pitch application to a hover.
8. Comes to a hover within 200 feet of a designated point.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1– 20
VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION
A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead
reckoning.
2. Follows the preplanned course by reference to landmarks.
3. Identifies landmarks by relating the surface features to chart
symbols.
4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeeds, and
elapsed time.
5. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight fuel,
groundspeed, and heading calculations and those determined en
route.
6. Verifies the helicopter’s position within three (3) nautical miles of
the flight planned route.
7. Arrives at the en route checkpoints within five (5) minutes of the
initial or revised ETA and provides a destination estimate.
8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established
heading, ±15°.
1– 21
FAA-S-8081-15A
B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; Navigation Equipment
Operation Manuals; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio navigation and
ATC radar services.
2. Demonstrates the ability to use an airborne electronic navigation
system.
3. Locates the helicopter’s position using the navigation system.
4. Intercepts and tracks a given course, radial or bearing, as
appropriate.
5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station or waypoint
passage if appropriate.
6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.
7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing radar
services.
8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and headings ±15°.
C. TASK: DIVERSION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.
2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport or heliport and route.
3. Promptly, diverts toward the alternate airport or heliport.
4. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time,
and fuel consumption to the alternate airport or heliport.
5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established
heading, ±15°.
D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.
2. Selects an appropriate course of action.
3. Maintains an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary.
4. Identifies prominent landmark(s).
5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC facility
for assistance as appropriate.
6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel
exhaustion is impending.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1– 22
VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS
NOTE: TASKs F through I are knowledge only TASKs.
A. TASK: POWER FAILURE AT A HOVER
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power failure at a
hover.
2. Determines that the terrain below the aircraft is suitable for a safe
touchdown.
3. Performs autorotation from a stationary or forward hover into the
wind at recommended altitude, and RPM, while maintaining
established heading, ±10°.
4. Touches down with minimum sideward movement, and no rearward
movement.
5. Exhibits orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.
B. TASK: POWER FAILURE AT ALTITUDE
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
NOTE: Simulated power failure at altitude shall be given over areas where
actual touchdowns can safely be completed in the event of an actual
powerplant failure.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power failure at
altitude.
2. Establishes an autorotation and selects a suitable landing area.
3. Establishes proper aircraft trim and autorotation airspeed, ±5 knots.
4. Maintains rotor RPM within normal limits.
5. Compensates for windspeed and direction as necessary to avoid
undershooting or overshooting the selected landing area.
6. Terminates approach with a power recovery at a safe altitude when
directed by the examiner.
1– 23
FAA-S-8081-15A
C. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, indications,
and pilot actions for various systems and equipment malfunctions.
2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the helicopter
used for the practical test, in at least three of the following areas—
a. engine/oil and fuel.
b. hydraulic, if applicable.
c. electrical.
d. carburetor or induction icing.
e. smoke and/or fire.
f. flight control/trim.
g. pitot static/vacuum and associated flight instruments, if
applicable.
h. rotor and/or antitorque.
i. various frequency vibrations and the possible components that
may be affected.
j. any other emergency unique to the helicopter flown.
D. TASK: SETTLING-WITH-POWER
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to settling-with-power.
2. Selects an altitude that will allow recovery to be completed no
less than 1,000 feet AGL or, if applicable, the manufacturer’s
recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Promptly recognizes and recovers at the onset of settling-with-
power.
4. Utilizes the appropriate recovery procedure.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1– 24
E. TASK: LOW ROTOR RPM RECOVERY
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Appropriate Manufacturer’s Safety
Notices; POH/RFM.
NOTE: The examiner may test the applicant orally on this TASK if
helicopter used for the practical test has a governor that cannot be disabled.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low rotor RPM
recovery, including the combination of conditions that are likely to
lead to this situation.
2. Detects the development of low rotor RPM and initiates prompt
corrective action.
3. Utilizes the appropriate recovery procedure.
F. TASK: ANTITORQUE SYSTEM FAILURE
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to anit-torque system
failure by describing:
a. The aerodynamic indications of the types of possible system
failure(s) associate with the helicopter.
b. Manufacturers recommended procedures for dealing with the
different types of system(s) failure
G. TASK: DYNAMIC ROLLOVER
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the aerodynamics of
dynamic rollover.
2. Understands the interaction between the antitorque thrust,
crosswind, slope, CG, cyclic, and collective pitch control in
contributing to dynamic rollover.
3. Explains preventive flight technique during takeoffs, landings, and
slope operations.
1– 25
FAA-S-8081-15A
H. TASK: GROUND RESONANCE
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the- elements related to a fully articulated
rotor system and the aerodynamics of ground resonance.
2. Understands the conditions that contribute to ground resonance.
3. Explains preventive flight technique during takeoffs and landings.
I. TASK: LOW G CONDITIONS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to low G conditions.
2. Understands and recognizes the situations that contribute to low G
conditions.
3. Explains proper recovery procedures.
J. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment
and survival gear appropriate to the helicopter environment
encountered during flight.
2. Identifies appropriate equipment that should be aboard the
helicopter.
FAA-S-8081-15A
1– 26
IX. AREA OF OPERATION: NIGHT OPERATION
A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; POH/AFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to night operations by explaining:
1. Physiological aspects of night flying as it relates to vision.
2. Lighting systems identifying airports/helioports, runways, taxiways
and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.
3. Helicopter lighting systems.
4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.
5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.
6. Safety precautions and emergencies unique to night flying.
1– 27
FAA-S-8081-15A
X. AREA OF OPERATION: POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. TASK: AFTER LANDING AND SECURING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; POH/RFM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing, parking
and securing procedures
2. Minimizes the hazardous effects of rotor downwash during hovering.
3. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby
persons and property.
4. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown.
5. Completes the appropriate checklist.
6. Conducts an appropriate postflight inspection and secures the
aircraft.
FAA-S-8081-15A
SECTION 2
PRIVATE PILOT
ROTORCRAFT – GYROPLANE
Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-15A
FAA-S-8081-15A
CONTENTS: SECTION 2
RATING TASKS TABLE ..................................................................... 2-iii
CHECKLISTS:
Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane)............................ 2-v
Examiner’s Practical Test Checklist (Gyroplane) ......................... 2-vii
AREAS OF OPERATION:
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION .................................................2-1
A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS ................................ 2-1
B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS .............................. 2-1
C. WEATHER INFORMATION ............................................... 2-2
D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING .......................... 2-2
E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM....................................... 2-3
F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS ............................... 2-3
G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS.............................................. 2-4
H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS ............................................... 2-5
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES ................................................. 2-6
A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION................................................ 2-6
B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT ................................................ 2-6
C. ENGINE STARTING .......................................................... 2-6
D. TAXIING ............................................................................. 2-7
E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK ............................................. 2-7
III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS ....................................................... 2-8
A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND
ATC LIGHT SIGNALS........................................................ 2-8
B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS ........................................................ 2-8
C. AIRPORT MARKINGS AND LIGHTING ............................ 2-9
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS .................. 2-10
A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB.... 2-10
B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND
LANDING ......................................................................... 2-11
C. SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB .............................. 2-12
D. SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING ..................... 2-13
E. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB ........................... 2-14
F. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING .................. 2-15
G. GO-AROUND................................................................... 2-15
2–i
FAA-S-8081-15A
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER ............................................2-16
A. STEEP TURNS ................................................................2-16
VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS............................... 2-17
A. RECTANGULAR COURSE.............................................. 2-17
B. S-TURNS .........................................................................2-17
C. TURNS AROUND A POINT .............................................2-18
VII. NAVIGATION ........................................................................2-19
A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING............................. 2-19
B. NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES .......................... 2-19
C. DIVERSION ..................................................................... 2-20
D. LOST PROCEDURES ..................................................... 2-20
VIII. FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS ..........................................2-21
A. MANEUVERING AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS........................ 2-21
B. HIGH RATE OF DESCENT AND RECOVERY................ 2-21
IX. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS .............................................. 2-22
A. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING ................... 2-22
B. LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH ANGLE
OF ATTACK...................................................................... 2-22
C. GROUND RESONANCE ................................................. 2-23
D. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS ........... 2-23
E. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL
GEAR ...............................................................................2-24
X. NIGHT OPERATION ............................................................. 2-25
A. NIGHT PREPARATION ................................................... 2-25
XI. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES ............................................2-26
A. AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING ............ 2-26
2–ii
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–iii
FAA-S-8081-15A
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–v
APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST
(GYROPLANE)
APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:
EXAMINER’S NAME _______________________________
LOCATION _______________________________________
DATE/TIME _______________________________________
ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT
Aircraft Documents:
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
Operating Limitations
Aircraft Maintenance Records:
Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections
and AD Compliance
Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved
Helicopter Flight Manual
FCC Station License
PERSONAL EQUIPMENT
Current Aeronautical Charts
Computer and Plotter
Flight Plan Form
Flight Logs
Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate
Publications
PERSONAL RECORDS
Identification - Photo/Signature ID
Pilot Certificate
Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate
Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or
Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature (if
applicable)
AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report, or
Computer Test Report
Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements
FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)
Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)
Examiner’s Fee (if applicable)
FAA-S-8081-15A
FAA-S-8081-15A
2-vii
EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST
(GYROPLANE)
APPLICANT'S NAME_______________________________
LOCATION_______________________________________
DATE/TIME______________________________________
I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
B. AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
C. WEATHER INFORMATION
D. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING
E. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
F. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
G. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
H. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
C. ENGINE STARTING
D. TAXIING
E. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS
A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS
C. AIRPORT MARKINGS AND LIGHTING
IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUNDS
A. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
B. NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND LANDING
C. SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
D. SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING
E. SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
F. SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING
G. GO-AROUND
FAA-S-8081-15A
2-viii
V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVER
A. STEEP TURNS
VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS
A. RECTANGULAR COURSE
B. S-TURNS
C. TURNS AROUND A POINT
VII. NAVIGATION
A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING
B. RADIO NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES
C. DIVERSION
D. LOST PROCEDURES
VIII. FLIGHT AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS
A. MANEUVERING AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS
B. HIGH RATE OF DESCENT AND RECOVERY
IX. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
A. EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING
B. LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH ANGLE OF
ATTACK
C. GROUND RESONANCE
D. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS
E. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR
X. NIGHT OPERATIONS
A. NIGHT PREPARATION
XI. POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING
2–1
FAA-S-8081-15A
I. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PREPARATION
NOTE: The examiner shall develop a scenario based on real time weather
to evaluate TASKs C, D, E, and F.
A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-21,
FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to certificates and documents by:
1. Explaining—
a. private pilot certificate privileges, limitations, and recent flight
experience requirements.
b. medical certificate class and duration.
c. pilot logbook or flight records.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness and registration certificates.
b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings, and
gyroplane flight manual.
b. weight and balance data and equipment list.
B. TASK: AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to airworthiness requirements by:
1. Explaining—
a. required instruments and equipment for day/night VFR.
b. procedures and limitations for determining airworthiness of the
gyroplane with inoperative instruments and equipment with and
without an MEL.
c. requirements and procedures for obtaining a special flight permit.
2. Locating and explaining—
a. airworthiness directives.
b. compliance records.
c. maintenance/inspection requirements.
d. appropriate record keeping.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–2
C. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-84;
FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather information
by analyzing weather reports, charts, and forecasts from various
sources with emphasis on—
a. METAR, TAF, and FA.
b. surface analysis chart.
c. radar summary chart.
d. winds and temperature aloft chart.
e. significant weather prognostic charts.
f. AWOS, ASOS, and ATIS reports.
2. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available weather
information.
D. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84;
Navigation Charts; Airport/Facility Directory; NOTAMS; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country flight
planning by presenting and explaining a pre-planned VFR cross-
country flight, as previously assigned by the examiner. On the day
of the practical test, the final flight plan shall be to the first fuel stop
necessary, based on maximum allowable passengers, baggage,
and/or cargo loads using real-time weather.
2. Uses appropriate and current aeronautical charts.
3 Properly identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features,
including discussion of wire strike avoidance techniques.
4. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.
5. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather conditions
and equipment capabilities.
6. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.
7. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and communication
frequencies.
8. Applies pertinent information from NOTAMs, AFD, and other flight
publications.
9. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight plan.
2–3
FAA-S-8081-15A
E. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 71, 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:
1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.
2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification, and gyroplane
equipment requirements for the following—
a. Class A.
b. Class B.
c. Class C.
d. Class D.
e. Class E.
f. Class G.
3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.
F. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-21; AC 61-84;
Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and
limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to
determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding
limitations.
2. Computes weight and balance. Determines the computed weight
and center of gravity is within the gyroplane’s operating limitations
and if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during
all phases of flight.
3. Demonstrates the use of appropriate performance charts, tables,
and data.
4. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the gyroplane’s
performance.
5. Understands the cause, effect, and avoidance procedure of “power
pushover,” and “pilot induced oscillation.”
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–4
G. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to the operation of systems on the gyroplane provided
for the flight test by explaining at least three (3) of the following systems
selected by the examiner.
1. Primary flight controls and trim.
2. Powerplant.
3. Rotor, including prerotator/spin-up control, if applicable.
4. Landing gear, brakes, and steering.
5. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic.
6. Electrical.
7. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments, if
applicable.
8. Environmental, if applicable.
9. Anti-icing, including carburetor heat, if applicable.
10. Avionics equipment.
2–5
FAA-S-8081-15A
H. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:
1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at least
three of the following—
a. hypoxia.
b. hyperventilation.
c. middle ear and sinus problems.
d. spatial disorientation.
e. motion sickness.
f. carbon monoxide poisoning.
g. stress and fatigue.
2. The effects of alcohol and drugs, including over-the-counter drugs.
3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a pilot
and/or passenger in flight.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–6
II. AREA OF OPERATION: PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a preflight inspection
including which items must be inspected, the reasons for checking
each item, and how to detect possible defects.
2. Inspects the gyroplane with reference to an appropriate checklist.
3. Verifies that the gyroplane is in condition for safe flight.
B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-32; FAA-H-8083-21;
Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit management
procedures.
2. Ensures all loose items in the aircraft are secured.
3. Organizes and arranges material and equipment in an efficient
manner so they are readily available.
4. Briefs the occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses,
doors, propeller and rotor blade avoidance, and emergency
procedures.
C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING
REFERENCES: AC 91-13, AC 91-42, AC 91-55; FAA-H-8083-21,
FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended engine
starting procedures. This shall include the use of an external power
source, starting under various atmospheric conditions, awareness
of other persons and property during start, and the effects of using
incorrect starting procedures.
2. Positions the gyroplane properly considering structures, surface
conditions, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby persons and
property.
3. Utilizes the appropriate checklist for starting procedure.
2–7
FAA-S-8081-15A
D. TASK: TAXIING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Gyroplane
Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recommended taxi
procedures, including rotor blade management and the effect of
wind during taxiing.
2. Performs a brake check immediately after the gyroplane begins
moving.
3. Properly positions rotor blades while taxiing.
4. Controls direction and speed without excessive use of brakes.
5. Complies with airport markings, signals, ATC clearances, and
instructions.
6. Avoids other aircraft and hazards.
7. Properly positions the gyroplane for runup considering other aircraft,
surface conditions, and if applicable, existing wind conditions.
E. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; Gyroplane Flight
Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before takeoff
check. This shall include the reasons for checking the items and
how to detect malfunctions.
2. Positions the gyroplane properly considering other aircraft, surface
conditions, and wind conditions.
3. Divides attention inside and outside the aircraft.
4. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and ensures that the
gyroplane is in safe operating condition.
5. Reviews takeoff performance airspeeds and expected takeoff
distance.
6. Describes takeoff emergency procedures, to include low speed/
high speed blade flap situations.
7. Avoids runway incursions and/or ensures no conflict with traffic prior
to taxiing into takeoff position.
8. Utilizes proper rotor spin-up procedure.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–8
III. AREA OF OPERATION: AIRPORT OPERATIONS
A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications
and ATC light signals.
2. Selects appropriate frequencies.
3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.
4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with instructions.
B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS
REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; AIM; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns. This
shall include procedures at airports with and without operating
control towers, prevention of runway incursions, collision avoidance,
wake turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.
2. Complies with proper traffic pattern procedures.
3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.
4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.
5. Maintains orientation with the runway/landing area in use.
6. Maintains traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate
airspeed, ±5 knots.
2–9
FAA-S-8081-15A
C. TASK: AIRPORT MARKINGS AND LIGHTING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport runway and
taxiway operations with emphasis on runway incursion avoidance.
2. Properly identifies and interprets airport runway and taxiway signs,
markings, and lighting.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–10
IV. AREA OF OPERATION: TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS,
AND GO-AROUNDS
NOTE: If the gyroplane provided for the test is not capable of safely
performing soft field or short field maneuvers the applicant may be tested
orally on their knowledge of the basic procedures.
A. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge
of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and
crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff
procedures. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind
conditions.
2. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM.
3. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position, and aligns the
gyroplane with takeoff path.
4. Advances the throttle as required.
5. Maintains proper directional control during acceleration on the
surface.
6. Attains the proper lift-off attitude, and airspeed.
7. Accelerates to appropriate climb airspeed, ±5 knots.
8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets
climb power.
9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction
throughout the takeoff and climb.
10. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
11. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
2–11
FAA-S-8081-15A
B. TASK: NORMAL AND CROSSWIND APPROACH AND
LANDING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge
of crosswind elements shall be evaluated through oral testing.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind
approach and landing.
2. Adequately surveys the intended landing area.
3. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and
selects a suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the
recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, ±5
knots.
5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
flare and touchdown
8. Touches down smoothly, beyond and within 200 feet of a specified
point with no appreciable drift, and with the longitudinal axis aligned
with the intended landing path.
9. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–12
C. TASK: SOFT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field takeoff
and climb.
2. Determines and utilizes best takeoff procedure based on the
capabilities of this gyroplane and current conditions.
3. Positions the flight controls for existing wind conditions and to
maximize lift as quickly as possible.
4. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM.
5. Clears the area; taxies onto the takeoff surface at a speed
consistent with safety, without stopping, while advancing the throttle
smoothly to takeoff power.
6. Maintains proper directional control.
7. Lifts off and remains in ground effect while accelerating to
recommended climb airspeed.
8. Maintains recommended climb airspeed, ±5 knots.
9. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets
climb power.
10. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
11. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
12. Completes the appropriate checklist.
2–13
FAA-S-8081-15A
D. TASK: SOFT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a soft-field approach
and landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstacles, and
selects the most suitable touchdown area.
3. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the
recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, ±5
knots.
4. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
5. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
6. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
flare and touchdown.
7. Touches down smoothly, at a minimum descent rate and airspeed
with no appreciable drift, and with the longitudinal axis aligned with
the intended landing path.
8. Completes the appropriate checklist
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–14
E. TASK: SHORT-FIELD TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to short-field takeoff
and maximum performance climb
2. Properly positions controls.
3. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM.
4. Clears the area, taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the
gyroplane for maximum utilization of available takeoff area.
5. Advances the throttle as required.
6. Climbs at manufacturer’s recommended airspeed, or in its absence
at V
x
, ±5 knots until the obstacle is cleared, or until the gyroplane is
at least 50 feet above the surface.
7. After clearing the obstacle, accelerates to appropriate airspeed, ±5
knots.
8. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets
climb power.
9. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction
throughout the takeoff and climb.
10. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
11. Completes the appropriate checklist.
2–15
FAA-S-8081-15A
F. TASK: SHORT-FIELD APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to short-field approach
and landing.
2. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstacles.
3. Selects a suitable touchdown point.
4. Establishes and maintains a stabilized approach at the
recommended airspeed, with gust correction factor applied, ±5
knots.
5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
6. Remains aware of the possibility of wind shear and/or wake
turbulence.
7. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the
flare and touchdown.
8. Touches down smoothly, with little or no float beyond and within
100 feet of a specified point with no appreciable drift, and with the
longitudinal axis aligned with the intended landing path.
9. Applies brakes, as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance
consistent with safety.
10. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
G. TASK: GO-AROUND
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a go-around and when
it is necessary.
2. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing.
3. Applies appropriate power and establishes a climb at the appropriate
airspeed, ±5 knots.
4. Maintains takeoff power to a safe maneuvering altitude, then sets
climb power.
5. Maintains proper ground track with crosswind correction, if
necessary.
6. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–16
V. AREA OF OPERATION: PERFORMANCE MANEUVER
TASK: STEEP TURNS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to steep turns.
2. Selects a safe altitude.
3. Establishes the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is
not stated, a safe airspeed not to exceed V
A
.
4. Smoothly enters a coordinated steep 360° turn with a 40° bank.
5. Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the
examiner.
6. Divides attention between gyroplane control and orientation.
7. Maintains the entry altitude, ±100 feet, airspeed, ± 10 knots, bank,
±5°; and rolls out on the entry heading, ±10°.
2–17
FAA-S-8081-15A
VI. AREA OF OPERATION: GROUND REFERENCE
MANEUVERS
NOTE: The examiner shall select at least one TASK.
A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE
REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular course.
2. Selects an appropriate ground reference based on wind direction
and emergency landing areas.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter a left or right pattern, 600 to
1,000 feet AGL (180 to 300 meters) at an appropriate distance from
the selected reference area, 45° to the downwind leg.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction during straight-and-turning
flight to maintain a constant ground track around the rectangular
reference area.
5. Divides attention between gyroplane control and the ground track
while maintaining coordinated flight.
6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
B. TASK: S-TURNS
REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to S-turns.
2. Selects an appropriate reference line based on wind direction and
emergency landing areas.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180 to 300
meters) AGL, perpendicular to the selected reference line.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius
turn on each side of the selected reference line.
5. Reverses the direction of turn directly over the selected reference
line.
6. Divides attention between gyroplane control and the ground track
while maintaining coordinated flight.
7. Maintains the entry altitude throughout the maneuver, ± 100 feet;
maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–18
C. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT
REFERENCE: FAA-H-8083-21.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a point.
2. Selects an appropriate reference point based on wind direction and
emergency landing areas.
3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter left or right at 600 to 1,000 feet
(180 to 300 meters) AGL, at an appropriate distance from the
reference point.
4. Applies adequate wind-drift correction to track a constant radius
circle around the selected reference point with a bank of
approximately 40° at the steepest point in the turn.
5. Divides attention between gyroplane control and the ground track
while maintaining coordinated flight.
6. Maintains altitude, ±100 feet; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
2–19
FAA-S-8081-15A
VII. AREA OF OPERATION: NAVIGATION
A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and dead
reckoning.
2. Correctly flies to at least the first planned checkpoint to demonstrate
accuracy in computations.
3. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols.
4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeed, and
elapsed time.
5. Verifies the gyroplane’s position within 3 nautical miles of the flight
planned route at all times.
6. Arrives at the en route checkpoints within 5 minutes of the initial or
revised ETA and provides a destination estimate.
7. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established
heading, ±15°.
B. TASK: NAVIGATION AND RADAR SERVICES
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; Navigation Equipment
Operation Manuals.
NOTE: If the gyroplane is not equipped with electronic navigation aids,
competency will be evaluated through oral testing.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation and ATC
radar services.
2. Demonstrates the ability to use an airborne electronic navigation
system.
3. Locates the gyroplane’s position using the navigation system.
4. Intercepts and tracks a given course radial or bearing, as
appropriate.
5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station or waypoint
passage, if appropriate.
6 Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.
7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC radar
services.
8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and headings, ±15°.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–20
C. TASK: DIVERSION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.
2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.
3. Makes an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time,
and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.
4. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet and established
heading, ±15°.
D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-84; AIM.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.
2. Selects an appropriate course of action.
3. Maintains an appropriate heading, and climbs if necessary.
4. Identifies prominent landmarks.
5. Uses available navigation aids and/or contacts an appropriate facility
for assistance, if gyroplane is radio equipped.
6. Plans a precautionary landing if deteriorating weather and/or fuel
exhaustion is impending.
2–21
FAA-S-8081-15A
VIII. AREA OF OPERATION: FLIGHT AT SLOW
AIRSPEEDS
A. TASK: MANEUVERING AT SLOW AIRSPEEDS
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flight characteristics
and controllability associated with maneuvering during slow flight.
2. Selects a safe altitude.
3. Establishes and maintains a specified airspeed +5, -0, in straight-
and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents as directed.
4. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet.
5. Maintains the specified heading during straight flight, ±10°.
6. Maintains specified bank angle, ±10°, during turning flight.
7. Rolls out on specified headings, ±10°.
8. Divides attention between gyroplane control and orientation.
B. TASK: HIGH RATE OF DESCENT AND RECOVERY
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to aerodynamic factors
associated with a high rate of descent and recovery and how this
relates to actual approach and landing situations.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no
lower than 500 feet AGL.
3. Establishes an airspeed that will induce a high rate of descent in
high or low power settings.
4. Recognizes the onset of a high rate of descent.
5. Promptly recovers with or without power as directed.
6. Maintains the specified heading, ±10°.
7. Resumes normal cruising flight.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–22
IX. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
NOTE: TASK B may be tested orally at the discretion of the examiner.
TASKs C through E are knowledge only items.
A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency approach
and landing with a power failure.
2. Establishes and maintains the appropriate airspeed, ±5 knots.
3. Selects a suitable landing area, considering the possibility of an
actual forced landing.
4. Plans and follows a flight pattern to the selected landing area,
considering altitude, wind, terrain, obstacles, and other factors.
5. Attempts to determine the reason for the simulated malfunction, if
time permits.
6. Completes the prescribed checklist, if applicable.
B. TASK: LIFT-OFF AT LOW AIRSPEED AND HIGH ANGLE OF
ATTACK
REFERENCE: Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lift-off at low airspeed
and high angle of attack, including combination of conditions, which
are likely to lead to this situation.
2. Properly positions the controls.
3. Prerotates rotor blades to appropriate RPM, if applicable.
4. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the
gyroplane with the takeoff path.
5. Maintains proper directional control during acceleration on the
surface.
6. Rotates for takeoff prior to normal lift-off airspeed with high angle
of attack.
7. Detects the development of a low airspeed and high angle of attack,
and initiates prompt corrective action.
8. Accelerates to recommended climb airspeed, ±5 knots.
2–23
FAA-S-8081-15A
C. TASK: GROUND RESONANCE
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a fully articulated
rotor system and the aerodynamics of ground resonance.
2. Understands the conditions that contribute to ground resonance.
3. Explains preventive flight techniques used during takeoffs and
landings.
D. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS
REFERENCE: Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to causes, indications,
and pilot actions for various systems and equipment malfunctions.
2. Analyzes the situation and takes action, appropriate to the gyroplane
used for the practical test, in at least three of the following areas—
a. engine/oil and fuel.
b. hydraulic, if applicable.
c. electrical.
d. carburetor or induction icing.
e. smoke and/or fire.
f. flight control/trim.
g. pitot static/vacuum and associated flight instruments, if
applicable.
h. rotor and/or propeller.
i. any other emergency unique to the gyroplane flown.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–24
E. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21; Gyroplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment
and survival gear appropriate to the gyroplane and environment
encountered during flight. Identifies appropriate equipment that
should be aboard the gyroplane.
2–25
FAA-S-8081-15A
X. AREA OF OPERATION: NIGHT OPERATION
A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM, Gyroplane
Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the
elements related to night operations by explaining:
1. Physiological aspects of night flying as it relates to vision.
2. Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and
obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.
3. Airplane lighting systems.
4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.
5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.
Safety precautions and emergencies unique to night flying.
FAA-S-8081-15A
2–26
XI. AREA OF OPERATION: POST-FLIGHT PROCEDURES
A. TASK: AFTER LANDING, PARKING, AND SECURING
REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-21, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Gyroplane
Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after landing, parking
and securing procedures.
2. Maintains directional control after touchdown while decelerating to
an appropriate speed.
3. Observes runway hold lines and other surface control markings
and lighting.
4. Parks in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby
persons and property.
5. Follows the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown.
6. Completes the appropriate checklist.
7. Conducts an appropriate post flight inspection and secures the
aircraft.
2–27
FAA-S-8081-15A