References
1 Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F et
al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with
myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):
case-control study.[see comment]. Lancet 2004; 364(9438):937-
952.
2 O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P
et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic
stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control
study. Lancet 2010; 376(9735):112-123.
3 Shay CM, Ning H, Allen NB, Carnethon MR, Chiuve SE, Greenlund
KJ et al. Status of cardiovascular health in US adults: prevalence
estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2008. Circulation 2012; 125(1):45-56.
4 Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH,
Franklin BA et al. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic
Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. 2005; 112:2735-2752.
5 Breteler MM, van Swieten JC, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Claus JJ,
van den Hout JH et al. Cerebral white matter lesions, vascular risk
factors, and cognitive function in a population-based study: the
Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1994; 44:1246-1252.
6 Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MM, Bots ML, Slooter AJ, van
Harskamp F et al. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and
prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam
Study [see comments]. Lancet 1997; 349(9046):151-154.
7 Breteler MM, Claus JJ, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. Cardiovascular
disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the
Rotterdam Study. BMJ 1994; 308(6944):1604-1608.
8 Prince MJ. Vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis as risk factors
for cognitive decline and dementia. J Psychosom Res 1995;
39(5):525-530.
9 Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, Palmertz B, Andreasson LA,
Nilsson L et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and
dementia [see comments]. Lancet 1996; 347(9009):1141-1145.
10 Savva GM, Stephan BC. Epidemiological studies of the effect of
stroke on incident dementia: a systematic review. Stroke 2010;
41(1):e41-e46.
11 Rusanen M, Kivipelto M, Levalahti E, Laatikainen T, Tuomilehto J,
Soininen H et al. Heart Diseases and Long-Term Risk of Dementia
and Alzheimer's Disease: A Population-Based CAIDE Study. J
Alzheimers Dis 2014; 42(1):183-191.
12 Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Honig LS, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R.
Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer
disease. Neurology 2005; 65(4):545-551.
13 Newman AB, Fitzpatrick AL, Lopez O, Jackson S, Lyketsos C,
Jagust W et al. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease incidence
in relationship to cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular
Health Study cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53(7):1101-1107.
14 Hayden KM, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Khachaturian AS, Bastian
LA, Charoonruk G et al. Vascular risk factors for incident
Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County
study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2006; 20(2):93-100.
15 Neuropathology Group.Medical Research Council Cognitive
Function and Aging Study. Pathological correlates of late-
onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population
in England and Wales. Neuropathology Group of the Medical
Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC
CFAS).[comment]. Lancet 2001; 357(9251):169-175.
16 Snowdon DA, Greiner LH, Mortimer JA, Riley KP, Greiner PA,
Markesbery et al. Brain infarction and the clinical expression of
Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study [see comments]. JAMA 1997;
277(10):813-817.
17 Egan BM, Zhao Y, Axon RN. US trends in prevalence, awareness,
treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988-2008. JAMA 2010;
303(20):2043-2050.
18 Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S. Trends in
hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in
older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey 1988 to 2004. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;
55(7):1056-1065.
19 Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB,
Polak JF et al. Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: the
Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1998; 279(8):585-592.
20 Reed DM, Foley DJ, White LR, Heimovitz H, Burchfiel CM, Masaki
K. Predictors of healthy aging in men with high life expectancies.
Am J Public Health 1998; 88(10):1463-1468.
21 Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-
specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality:
a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61
prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360(9349):1903-1913.
22 Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Wright JM. Pharmacotherapy
for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2009;(4):CD000028.
23 Sanderson S. Hypertension in the elderly: pressure to treat?
Health Trends 1996; 28:71-75.
24 Ostchega Y, Hughes JP, Wright JD, McDowell MA, Louis T. Are
demographic characteristics, health care access and utilization,
and comorbid conditions associated with hypertension among US
adults? Am J Hypertens 2008; 21(2):159-165.
25 Hypertension Study Group. Prevalence, awareness, treatment
and control of hypertension among the elderly in Bangladesh
and India: a multicentre study. Bull World Health Organ 2001;
79(6):490-500.
26 Gu D, Reynolds K, Wu X, Chen J, Duan X, Muntner P et al.
Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in
china. Hypertension 2002; 40(6):920-927.
27 Prince MJ, Ebrahim S, Acosta D, Ferri CP, Guerra M, Huang Y et
al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control
among older people in Latin America, India and China: a 10/66
cross-sectional population-based survey. J Hypertens 2012;
30 ( 1) :177-187.
28 Kalaria RN. Vascular basis for brain degeneration: faltering
controls and risk factors for dementia. Nutr Rev 2010; 68 Suppl
2:S74-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00352.x.:S74-S87.
29 Beauchet O, Celle S, Roche F, Bartha R, Montero-Odasso M,
Allali G et al. Blood pressure levels and brain volume reduction:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2013;
31(8):1502-1516.
30 Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of
blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol
2005; 4(8):487-499.
31 Stewart R, Xue QL, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, White LR
et al. Change in blood pressure and incident dementia: a 32-year
prospective study. Hypertension 2009; 54(2):233-240.
32 Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Masaki K, Foley D, White LR et
al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging
study. Neurobiol Aging 2000; 21(1):49-55.
33 Freitag MH, Peila R, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, White
LR et al. Midlife pulse pressure and incidence of dementia: the
Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Stroke 2006; 37(1):33-37.
34 Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M,
Alhainen K et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife
total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are
independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern
Med 2002; 137(3):149-155.
35 Ronnemaa E, Zethelius B, Lannfelt L, Kilander L. Vascular risk
factors and dementia: 40-year follow-up of a population-based
cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 31(6):460-466.
36 Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB, Viswanathan A,
Blacker D. The association between blood pressure and incident
Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Epidemiology 2011; 22(5):646-659.
37 Meng XF, Yu JT, Wang HF, Tan MS, Wang C, Tan CC et al. Midlife
Vascular Risk Factors and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2014.
38 Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction
on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 2011;
10(9):819-828.
39 Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Brayne C. Potential
for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of
population-based data. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13(8):788-794.
40 Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Hanninen T, Hallikainen M,
Alhainen K et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's
disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. BMJ
2001; 322(7300):1447-1451.
41 Freitag MH, Peila R, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, White
LR et al. Midlife pulse pressure and incidence of dementia: the
Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Stroke 2006; 37(1):33-37.
42 Wu C, Zhou D, Wen C, Zhang L, Como P, Qiao Y. Relationship
between blood pressure and Alzheimer's disease in Linxian
County, China. Life Sci 2003; 72(10):1125-1133.
43 Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston SC, Yaffe K. Midlife
cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life.
Neurology 2005; 64(2):277-281.
83DEMENTIA AND RISK REDUCTION