Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Introduction: Welcome!
Welcome to Section 508: What Is It and Why Is It
Important to You?
When it comes to making sure persons with
disabilities have equal access to Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), everyone can make
a difference.
When the Federal government "develops, procures,
maintains, or uses" ICT, it must meet the Revised
Section 508 Standards. Inaccessible ICT prevents
employees and customers with disabilities from doing
their jobs, or interacting with the federal government.
Conformance with these standards is mandated by
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act.
Whether y
ou are creating documents, designing
presentations, buying or building ICT products or
services, or supporting ICT, it is important for you to
understand your Section 508 related responsibilities
so you can do your part.
What You'll Learn
In this course, you'll learn why and how Federal government ICT must provide employees and members
of the public with disabilities the same level of access to ICT as persons who do not have disabilities. This
course is designed to help you gain an awareness and knowledge of Section 508 and understand your
Section 508-related responsibilities as a Federal employee for complying with the law and ensuring
persons with disabilities have equal access.
You must score 100% on the end-of-course exam to complete the course successfully. If you do not score
100%, review the course material and retake the quiz. You may do this as many times as necessary.
Course Objectives
When you've completed the course you will be able to:
•
Explain what Section 508 is and why it is
important
•
Explain how Section 508 conformance can
make ICT more accessible to persons with
disabilities
•
Explain how inaccessible ICT impacts persons
with disabilities
•
List job-related responsibilities for meeting
Section 508 Standards
•
List available resources to help you meet
Section 508 Standards
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
What is Section 508?: Introduction
So what exactly is Section 508? When does it apply? To whom does it apply?
Section 508 affects many different people, in many roles, and in many different parts of the organization.
As a Federal employee or contractor, you may be responsible for Section 508 compliance that aligns with
your role in the organization.
This lesson provides a general description of the Section 508 Standards and explains the types of products
and services that must meet those standards.
What You'll Learn
When you've completed the lesson you will be able to:
•
Define Section 508
•
Define Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
•
Identify the scope of the Section 508 standards
•
List the specific activities covered by Section 508
Section 508 Defined
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended is a set of standards that requires Federal
agencies to make ICT accessible to employees and members of the public who have disabilities in a
comparable manner to the access experienced by employees and members of the public without
disabilities.
The rev
ised Section 508 Standards apply to ICT that is "procured, developed, maintained, or used" by
agencies of the Federal government. Section 508 was enacted to eliminate barriers to ICT, make
opportunities available for persons with disabilities, and encourage development of technologies that will
help achieve these goals.
Read the comments from Michelle, Laura, and Michael telling us why Section 508 is important to them:
Michelle
I was 7 when I lost my sight. I worked hard through school and did pretty well, but I always had to
advocate to make sure my class materials were in an accessible format. I often needed accommodations
for my class materials, not because the technology didn't exist but because the materials were not
created with accessibility in mind.
I learned how to use computers but heard stories of people who, in the "real world," came across barriers
that kept them from accomplishing everyday tasks at work.
My fir
st job after graduating from college was with a government agency where I used a computer with a
screen reader. Luckily for me my first job was a good experience because the agency I worked for had a
strong 508 program that provided a consistent approach to 508. They also provided lots of assistance to
content providers so they could create 508 compliant content from the beginning.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Laura
I manage a team of people across the country who work remotely and rely heavily on technology for
communication. A few years ago, I experienced nerve damage in both of my hands and lost the ability to
use a mouse. I believe the only way I have been able to progress in my career is by using software,
Websites, and other technology that have been developed with keyboard–only users in mind. In other
words, I need technology that is Section 508 compliant.
Michael
I'm an IT project manager for a large government contractor. We specialize in the development and
maintenance of large software applications used by thousands of agency employees. We need to build
accessibility into our software so that all people can use it, including those with disabilities. The Section
508 standards, reference materials, and training provided by the agency I work for helps me understand
how I can make this happen.
ICT Defined
ICT includes information technology and other
equipment, systems, technologies, or processes, for
which
the principal function is the creation,
manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or
transmission of electronic
data and information, as
well as any associated content.
ICT Examples
Examples of ICT include but are not limited to:
•
Computers and Peripheral equipment
•
Information kiosks and transaction machines
•
Telecommunications equipment (telephones, telephone systems)
•
Customer premises equipment (servers, routers)
•
Multifunction office machines
•
Software, applications, and Websites
•
Videos
•
Electronic documents
This wide range of commonly
used products must be accessible to persons with disabilities, including:
•
Desktop and mobile telephones and other telecommunications products that interact with
users in real time
•
Information kiosks and booths that provide information in public places such as Federal
buildings and hospitals
•
Documents that are posted to the Internet (e.g., PDF, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint)
•
Multifunction machines that scan, fax, print, etc.
•
Websites including content accessed from the Internet and on private networks
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
•
Computer software and hardware including desktop systems and mobile systems such as
laptops and other mobile computers
Products Not Considered ICT
Some equipment may contain embedded ICT as an important part of the product, but the primary
function of the equipment isn't ICT. A few examples
include:
•
An air conditioning system that has a self- monitoring thermostat embedded in the unit
•
Medical equipment where information technology is integral to its operation, such as x-ray
machines and other diagnostic equipment
The following are some products which may be ICT
but that are not addressed by Section 508
Standards:
•
CDs, and DVDs (content recorded to these products must be accessible)
•
Cables and power cords
•
Wi-Fi, fiber optics
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Knowledge Check
Which of the following products are ICT that is
covered under Section 508?
A.
Smartphones
B.
Information kiosks
C.
Cables and power cords
D.
Blank memory sticks
Knowledge Check Feedback
The correct answers are A and B. Smartphones and information kiosks are examples of ICT
products covered
under Section 508.
Knowledge Check
Which of the following products are ICT that is
covered under Section 508?
A.
Air conditioning system
B.
Tablet computers
C.
X-ray machine
D.
PDF documents posted on a Federal Website
Knowledge Check Feedback
The correct answers are B and D. Tablet computers and PDF documents posted on a Federal
Website are
examples of ICT products covered under Section 508.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Application, Administration and Scope of Section 508
The application, administration, and scope of
Section 508 are defined in the first two chapters of
the
Revised Section 508 Standards.
The Revised Section 508 Standards replace the
original product-based Section 508 Standards with an
approach based on ICT functions. The revised
technical requirements, which are organized along
the lines
of ICT functionality, provide requirements
to ensure that covered hardware, software,
electronic content,
and support documentation and
services are accessible to people with disabilities.
Technological advances over the past two decades
have resulted in the widespread use of
multifunction
devices. Consequently, one of the
primary purposes of the Revised Section 508
Standards is to replace
the current product-based
approach with requirements based on functionality,
and, thereby, ensure that
accessibility for people
with disabilities keeps pace with advances in ICT.
Section 508 Standards Content Overview
Appendix A applies only to Section 508-covered ICT
and consists of 508 Chapter 1, which sets forth
general application and administration provisions,
and 508 Chapter 2, which contains scoping
requirements (that prescribe which ICT – and, in
some cases, how many – must comply with the
technical
specifications).
Appendix C sets forth technical specifications that
apply equally to ICT covered under Sections 508.
Appendix C includes five chapters, each of which
(with the exception of the final chapter) addresses a
separate ICT functional area.
These chapters are:
•
Chapter 3: Functional Performance Criteria
•
Chapter 4: Hardware
•
Chapter 5: Software
•
Chapter 6: Support Documentation and
Services
•
Chapter 7: Referenced Standards
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Functional performance criteria support the needs
of users with:
1.
Blindness or visual impairments.
2.
Deafness, hearing impairments, or use of assistive hearing devices.
3.
Difficulty with speech.
4.
Difficulty with fine motor control.
5.
Limited reach and strength.
Functional performance criteria are used to
evaluate the accessibility of ICT when clearly
defined
requirements are either not available,
cannot be developed in a timely manner, fail to
adequately assess
accessibility, or when the
technical requirements outlined in Chapter 4:
Hardware or Chapter 5: Software
do not address all of the features of the ICT.
The intent of the standard is to never prevent the
technology industry from offering innovative
solutions
that might allow for equivalent or even
greater accessibility. This is referred to as
equivalent facilitation.
Functional performance
criteria can be used to evaluate accessibility for
innovative products when
existing technical requirements do not apply.
Equivalent Facilitation
The use of an alternate design or technology that
results in substantially equivalent of greater
accessibility and usability by individuals with
disabilities than would be provided by conformance
to one
of more of the requirements in
Chapter 4:
Hardware and Chapter 5: Software is permitted.
The Functional Performance Criteria in Chapter 3
shall be used to determine whether substantially
equivalent or greater accessibility and usability is
provided to individuals with disabilities.
Broad Application of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0
The Revised 508 Standards incorporate by
reference the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG)
2.0, a globally-recognized and
technologically-neutral set of accessibility
guidelines for Web content.
For Section 508-covered ICT, all covered Web and
non-Web content and software (such as Websites,
intranets, word processing documents, PDF
documents, project management software, etc.) is
required,
with a few specific exceptions, to conform
to WCAG 2.0's Level A and Level AA Success Criteria
and
Conformance Requirements.
By applying a single set of requirements to
Websites, electronic documents, and software, the
revised
requirements adapt the existing Section 508
Standards to reflect the newer multifunction
technologies
(e.g., smartphones that have
telecommunications functions, video cameras, and
computer-like data
processing capabilities) and
address the accessibility challenges that these
technologies pose for
individuals with disabilities.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Delineation of Covered Electronic “Content”
The Revised Section 508 Standards specify that all types of public-facing content, as well as nine
categories of non-public-facing content that
communicate agency official business, have to be
accessible.
"Content," as defined in the standards,
encompasses all forms of electronic information
and data.
The existing standards required Federal agencies to
make electronic information and data accessible
but
did not delineate clearly the scope of covered
information and data. As a result, document
accessibility
has been inconsistent across Federal agencies.
By focusing on public-facing content and certain
types of agency official communications that are
not
public facing, the revised requirements bring
needed clarity to the scope of electronic content
covered by
the Section 508 Standards and, thereby,
help Federal agencies make electronic content
more consistently
accessible.
Expanded Interoperability Requirements
The existing standards require ICT to be compatible
with assistive technology (AT) –that is, hardware or
software that increases or maintains functional
capabilities of individuals with disabilities (e.g.,
screen
magnifiers or refreshable braille displays).
The Revised Section 508 Standards provide more
specificity about how operating systems, software
development toolkits, and software applications
should interact with AT. The final rule also
specifically
exempts AT from the interoperability
provisions. The Access Board expects the final rule
to improve
software interoperability with AT,
allowing users better access to the functionalities
that ICT products
provide.
What ICT Activities are Covered?
By now you should have a good understanding of
what ICT is and the types of ICT that are covered
under
Section 508. The standards also detail when
they apply. Federal agencies are subject to Section
508
Standards during four specific ICT-related
activities:
•
Development
•
Procurement
•
Maintenance
•
Use
Even though you may not be involved in any of
these activities right now, it's important to
understand
what they are and how Section 508
applies to them. The information will be useful if
your current role
changes or if you move to a
position where you're involved in these types of
activities on behalf of the
government.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Development of ICT
When a new product or service is being created, it
is the responsibility of everyone involved to address
Section 508 Standards during the planning, design,
and development processes. The entire team
(including project managers, user interface
designers, programmers, developers, and possibly
instructional designers) is responsible for
developing a product that meets the Section 508
Standards.
Development can take many shapes, such as:
•
Software
•
Websites
•
Hardware
•
Documents
ICT Accessibility Examples
Below are some examples of ICT accessibility needs.
An agency wants to provide customers with a way to access personal
medical information from mobile
and desktop software. A new Website
with applications that provide personal privacy is built by a
contracted
company. Since the new Website and applications are ICT provided by a
Federal agency, they
must meet the Revised Section 508 Standards.
A supervisor sends his assistant a financial report in PDF format and asks
him to distribute it to the entire
department. Because this document
supports the agency's mission, the assistant should determine if the
document is accessible before sending it out as an email attachment.
A national park owned and managed by the Federal government creates
new information kiosks for
several locations along a scenic walking path.
The kiosks are used to point out special attractions along
the way. Since
the park is owned by the Federal government and the new kiosks are
considered ICT, they
must meet the Section 508 Standards.
Procurement of ICT
When you procure products and services for a government agency, you have the responsibility to procure
ICT
that meets the Section 508 Standards. Below are some examples of ICT procurement needs.
You have been asked to procure a new helpdesk system for your agency.
Because that helpdesk system
will be used by employees of a Federal agency, you must procure the most compliant product available
that
meets your agency's business needs.
The department's multifunction machine has stopped working and
cannot be repaired. You have the
authority to procure replacement
quipment locally. As an employee of a Federal agency, you must make
sure the new multifunction machine is the most conformant device
available today that meets your
business needs
Your agency wants to procure mobile devices for field staff so they can
submit inspection reports quickly
and easily. You must make sure that the
mobile devices, along with the software loaded on them, are the
most
conformant products available today that meet your business needs.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Maintenance of ICT
Section 508 standards must be met when ICT products are maintained. Below are some examples of ICT
maintenance needs.
A vendor has been awarded a contract by a government agency to update
its Internet Website. This
Website fits the definition of ICT, covered under
the Section 508 Standards, so the vendor has the
responsibility to deliver
a Section 508 conformant site that can be accessed by persons with
disabilities.
A software application used by an agency is reviewed and appropriately
updated by the vendor every
three years. The Section 508 Standards
apply to the original developed software product and each new
release as
well.
Use of ICT
In some cases ICT is used by agencies, but not actually procured by them. Products and services of this
type are
also covered by Section 508. Below are some examples of ICT use needs.
An open source content management system (CMS) is used by a small agency to maintain their intranet
site. The software is free, but since
government employees use the software to accomplish their job, the
CMS must be Section 508 conformant.
An agency's staff advertises upcoming seminars and job fairs on a social
networking site. The features of
the site used by staff to enter and post
information must be usable by persons with disabilities, or a
Section 508-
conformant alternative must be provided in addition to the social networking site.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Knowledge Check
Which of the following are ICT- related activities
covered under Section 508?
A.
Development
B.
Disposal
C.
Maintenance
D.
Procurement
E.
Retention
F.
Use
Knowledge Check Feedback
The correct answers are A, C, D, and F. Development, maintenance, procurement, and use are ICT-related
activities covered under Section 508.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Lesson Summary
You've reached the end of this lesson. In review, you
learned that:
•
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 as amended was enacted to remove barriers in
ICT, make opportunities available for persons with disabilities, and encourage the
development of technologies that help achieve these goals.
•
Section 508 Standards apply to ICT products and services.
•
Federal agencies are subject to Section 508 Standards during four specific activities—
"development, procurement, maintenance, and use" of ICT.
You should now be able to:
•
Define Section 508
•
Define Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
•
Understand the scope of the Section 508 Standards
•
List the specific activities covered
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Why is Section 508 Important?
Now that you've learned about what Section 508 is,
it's time to look at barriers often encountered when
ICT is not accessible. We will also review how the
Section 508 Standards help persons with disabilities
gain access to ICT.
What You'll Learn
When you've completed this lesson, you will be able
to:
•
Define the term "Individuals with Disabilities"
•
Explain what "AT" is and what it does for persons with disabilities
•
Define accessibility
•
Explain what it means for ICT to be Section 508 conformant
•
Identify the benefits of the Section 508 Standards
•
List three common ICT accessibility barriers
Disabilities Defined
Individuals with disabilities are people who have
sensory, physical, or cognitive impairments that
substantially limit their ability to perform one or more
major life activities. The degree of disability may
range
from mild to moderate to severe or profound. A
person may also have multiple disabilities, or they
may have "hidden" disabilities and show no outward
sign that a disabling condition exists.
If you do not have a disability, you probably know
someone —your family, circle of friends, or co-
workers
— who does. Some people are born with a
disability. Others may have experienced some event—
sports
injury, repetitive stress injury, onset of health
condition, etc.—that resulted in their disability.
Remember
that disabilities are not always obvious.
For example, one in ten males are color blind.
Some people who may rely on accessible ICT include
those who:
•
Are deaf or hard of hearing, including those who need hearing aids and other assisted listening
devices
•
Are unable to speak or have speech impairments
•
Are blind or have vision impairments or color blindness
•
Have motor skill disabilities (for example, fine motor control, such as pinching or grasping or
simultaneous actions to operate controls and keys)
•
Have cognitive disabilities or reading disabilities such as dyslexia
•
Have photosensitive epilepsy
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Section 508 Defined
In some cases, a person's disability can affect his or her use of ICT. Below are a few examples of barriers
for
persons with disabilities:
•
People who use screen readers may not be able to access information in documents, such as
Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or PDF, if accessibility is not considered. When these
documents are created with accessibility information included, they can be read and
understood by persons who are blind or have low vision.
•
Online training videos, security briefings, and public service announcements often contain
both audio and video. Without captions, users who are deaf or hard of hearing won't be able
to hear narration other important sounds. Persons who are blind or have low-vision may not
be able to understand a presentation if visual cues have no accompanying audio.
•
A person with a motor disability may have difficulty using a mouse to navigate through and
complete a web form. If Section 508-conformant web pages and forms are developed, persons
with motor and other disabilities can navigate them using a keyboard or other input device.
•
Cognitive disabilities encompass various intellectual or cognitive deficits, including intellectual
disability, deficits too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, various specific
conditions (such as a learning disability), acquired conditions like brain injuries, or
neurodegenerative diseases like dementia.
Michelle
I recently received a PowerPoint presentation about statistical analysis
from a co–worker. Since I am
considered an expert in this area, I was
asked to review the presentation content. The person who
developed the
presentation did not verify that it meets Section 508 Standards
requirements, and I had
some trouble following the order of the
information on the slides. Because of this, I had to send the
presentation
back to him to reformat before I could review it.
Laura
As part of my job managing a remote team, I am responsible for
maintaining a calendar for everyone on
the project. The software we use
has a built-in calendar function, but it was not designed for keyboard–
only navigation. Because of this, I am not able to update the team
calendar. This means we will have to
look for another product to manage
the calendar, or I will have to assign it to another employee. If I
assign it
to another employee, I am not fulfilling my job requirements. Help!
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Knowledge Check
True or False? A person with a disability can always be
easily identified.
A.
True
B.
False
Knowledge Check Feedback
Disabilities are not necessarily obvious, so you may not always be able to identify a person with a
disability.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Assistive Technology
AT includes hardware or software that enables a person with a disability to use ICT. AT helps persons with
disabilities to perform tasks that might otherwise be difficult or impossible. With AT, users can:
•
Listen as web pages and other documents are read aloud by a screen reader
•
Use refreshable braille to review electronic content
•
Enlarge words and pictures on their monitor using screen magnification
•
Change background and foreground colors on a screen using operating system accessibility
settings
•
Use voice commands to open a browser or other document, pause a video, or complete a form
•
Navigate a web page or software application without a keyboard or mouse
•
Use a combination of AT such as a screen reader and Braille display to navigate and
understand a page
Many Federal employees, members of the public, and veterans with disabilities need AT to access their
benefits
online. Members of the public must also use AT to view government-provided information on
websites.
Employees with disabilities need AT to assist with performing tasks required of them; without
AT they would be
denied access available to other workers.
Types of Assistive Technology
Many different types of software and hardware-based
AT are available today that enable persons with
disabilities to access ICT. A few common types of AT
include speech input systems, screen readers, screen
magnifiers, and alternative keyboards, including head
sticks and joysticks. In addition, features such as
Sound Sentry in Microsoft Windows can alert persons
who are deaf or hard of hearing when a sound is
played.
The most commonly used types of AT listed below are
further described in the next several pages. They
include:
•
Speech recognition software
•
Screen readers
•
Screen magnifiers
•
Reading assistance software
•
Alternative input software and hardware
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Speech Recognition Software
Speech recognition software lets a person use spoken
commands to enter text or control a computer.
This
technology has seen huge advances in the past few
years and is even used by persons who do not
have
disabilities. Speech recognition software is also
gaining popularity with modern mobile devices.
Screen Readers
Screen reader software applications read information
displayed on the screen aloud so that it's accessible
to
persons who have visual impairments. Screen readers
can also present electronic text in braille—a
writing
system of raised dots, arranged in small cells. People
who are blind can then read the content
with their
fingers using a device called a refreshable braille
display.
People who have visual impairments aren't the only
ones who need to hear text spoken aloud. People
who
have dyslexia and other print disabilities may use text-
to-speech software that reads screen text
without
providing more detailed information about elements
like menus, controls, and images.
Screen readers are also available for mobile devices.
Screen Magnifiers
A screen magnifier is a software application that
allows a user to magnify the entire screen or a portion
of
a screen as though looking through a virtual magnifying glass. Screen magnifiers are used by
persons who
have enough vision to see what's on the
screen, but need more magnification than they can
get from
eyeglasses.
Many screen magnifiers let users change page colors
and size as well as mouse pointer color and size.
These
features make content easier to read and cursors
easier to see.
Reading Assistance Software
Reading assistance software combines advanced
speech verification technology with scientifically-
based
interventions to help strengthen reading
fluency, vocabulary and comprehension.
Alternative Input Hardware and Software
With alternative input software or hardware,
computers can be controlled by persons who have
limited
to no mobility. Examples include:
•
Programs are available that display a keyboard on-screen. Virtual keys can be selected by
gazing and blinking or by using a foot-controlled pointing device and foot pedal. A stick
strapped to the head (head stick) or held in the mouth (mouth stick) can also be used to select
keys on a virtual keyboard.
•
Keyboards can be adapted to accommodate persons with disabilities such as carpal tunnel or
movement control problems such as trembling.
•
Other alternate input technologies allow users to control computers with their head, eyes,
breath, or feet.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Knowledge Check
Which type of assistive technology enables computers
to be controlled by persons who have limited to no
use of their hands?
A.
Screen reader
B.
Voice-to-text software
C.
Screen magnifier
D.
Reading assistance software
Knowledge Check Feedback
The correct answer is B. Voice-to-text software enables computers to be controlled by persons who have
limited to no use of their hands.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
How Accessibility Relates to Section 508
The terms "accessibility" and "Section 508 conformance" are often used interchangeably, but they
actually
refer to different, related things.
Accessibility: When referring to products or electronic information, the term "accessibility" or
"accessible"
describes how successfully persons with a disability can perceive, operate, and understand
information they
want or need, similar to "usable" which can have a range of outcomes.
Section 508 conformance: Section 508 is a standard that must be followed by Federal agencies when
they
"develop, procure, maintain or use" ICT. Section 508 provides a set of standards that must be met to
enable
access by persons with disabilities. Conformance with Section 508 Standards allows persons with
disabilities to
have access and use of information and data. This includes information which enables
people to be informed,
perform work, receive government benefits, and conduct business.
Conformance
with Section 508 Standards does not require or guarantee complete access with every AT
product. In addition, Section 508 conformance does not necessarily mean all an individual's accessibility
needs
will be met. Other laws such as Section 504 (discussed later in this course) address these situations.
Benefits of Section 508 Conformance
Complying with the Section 508 Standards provides
numerous benefits. Section 508 conformance:
•
Eliminates barriers to ICT
•
Provides equal opportunities to persons with disabilities
•
Encourages development of technologies that enable these goals
•
Provides standards for how accessibility can be achieved
•
Helps prepare for an aging workforce
Some individuals with disabilities may still require
accommodations to achieve access to certain types of
ICT, depending on their particular needs.
Reducing Barriers to ICT
Since the law was enacted, barriers to ICT have been
reduced, and in some cases eliminated. People with
disabilities are able to use existing and emerging
technology to do their jobs, and can take advantage of
new opportunities that would not be possible if
barriers to ICT still existed.
The next page contains a few examples of Section
508-related barriers and ways some barriers have
been
eliminated. Conforming with Section 508
Standards helps eliminate barriers and provides equal
opportunities to persons with disabilities.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Examples of Barriers to ICT
Below are some common ICT accessibility barriers.
Example 1: Jin wants to register for an online seminar that will help him learn new skills
needed for a
promotion. Due to a motor disability, Jin is unable to use a mouse.
Instead, he uses his keyboard to
navigate his screen. The online sign-up form for the
webinar is Section 508 conformant so he is able to
complete all the form's fields using
his keyboard. Because this online form is accessible, a barrier doesn't
exist that would
prohibit Jin from acquiring new skills for his job.
Example 2: Marcela is a new Federal agency employee. After orientation, she is asked
to begin using the
agency's online human resources software. Her first task is to
complete her timecard. Marcela, who is
blind, uses a screen reader and soon learns
that the software does not work with AT. Because the
software is not Section 508
conformant, Marcela is unable to perform this necessary daily task.
Example 3: Jason attends the new employee orientation with Marcela. During
orientation, he is asked to
view an online security course. The course consists of short
videos on various topics. Jason is deaf and
relies on captions to understand the videos.
Since the videos include captions for the narration, Jason is
able to complete the
required training.
Example 4: Staff at an agency are thrilled to learn a new multifunction machine has
finally arrived.
Marcia, who uses a wheelchair, works in the office and is able to use the
old machine. The control panel
on the new multifunction machine is located on the top
of the device, and is too high to be easily reached
by someone using a wheelchair.
Since the new machine cannot be reached by Marcia when using her
wheelchair, it is
not conformant with Section 508 Standards.
Example 5: Kellie is a retired veteran who is visually impaired. She uses a smartphone
(mobile device) to
check her email while she is away from home. She also uses her
mobile device to receive email messages
about her VA healthcare appointments. Kellie
has enabled a feature on her mobile device that reads text
aloud to her from her email program. Since Kellie's smartphone can read email aloud, and the VA
provides Section
508 conformant appointment reminders, Kellie can access the reminders about her VA
appointments using her mobile device.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Lesson Summary
You've reached the end of the second lesson. You
learned that:
•
Individuals with disabilities are persons who have physical or mental impairments that limit
their ability to perform one or more major life activities
•
AT is software or hardware that helps a user with a disability use ICT
•
The term "accessibility" describes how successfully a person with a disability can access ICT
•
There are numerous benefits to Section 508 conformance
You should now be able to:
•
Define the term "Individuals with Disabilities"
•
Explain what AT is and what it does for persons with disabilities
•
Define accessibility
•
Explain what it means for ICT to be Section 508 conformant
•
Identify the benefits of the Section 508 Standards
•
List three common ICT accessibility barriers
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Your Responsibilities: Introduction
Everyone can make a difference in improving access
to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
for persons with disabilities.
Even if your job is not related to the development,
procurement, maintenance or support of ICT, there
are still important ways for you to be involved.
Section 508 Roles and Responsibilities
Here are a few examples of when you need to be
aware of your Section 508 responsibilities:
•
If you create documents that support your agency's mission which may be kept for future use
(such as reports or presentations), you must know how to make them accessible so persons
with all abilities can access them
•
If you are asked to give input about a procurement of ICT, you need to ask how the needs of
users with disabilities and Section 508 technical requirements are being included in the
requirements document
•
If you are involved in purchasing ICT, you must understand how Section 508 fits into the
acquisition process
•
If you develop software, Websites, or other ICT, you must understand how to include Section
508 within the whole life cycle of the development process
•
If you maintain or support ICT products, you must verify that upgrades are Section 508
conformant and that customers with disabilities have access to support services
What You'll Learn
When you have completed this lesson, you should be
able to:
•
Identify Section 508 responsibilities when procuring ICT products or services
•
Identify Section 508 responsibilities when developing or authoring ICT products or services
•
Identify Section 508 responsibilities when maintaining and using ICT products or services
Risks of Nonconformance
Not conforming to Section 508 can create barriers for
persons with disabilities. For example,
nonconformance could prevent someone with a
disability from being hired, prevent an employee from
performing his or her job, or prevent a member of the
public, including a veteran with a disability, from
knowing about or receiving vitally important benefits
or services.
The costs and time for remediating completed ICT
products to meet Section 508 Standards can be much
greater than including Section 508 conformance early
in development.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Procuring ICT Products or Services
The government is one of the largest procurers of ICT
products and services. Federal employees have the
responsibility of buying most Section 508-conformant
ICT products and services that best meet their
business needs.
When you are procuring ICT products and services on
behalf of your agency, ask yourself the following
questions:
•
What does the product or service need to do; what are the business needs?
•
Does the product or service meet the definition of ICT?
•
Is the purchase a Micro Purchase (<$10,000), or is it a complex procurement that includes
numerous components?
•
Will the Acquisition Office of your agency need to be involved?
•
Will there be General Exceptions? (Chapter 2, E202))
•
Will there be Electronic Content? (Chapter 2, E205)
•
Will Functional Performance Criteria apply? (Chapter 3)
•
Does the product meet the definition of Hardware? (Chapter 4)
•
Does the product or service meet the definition of Software? (Chapter 5)
•
Will there be Support Documentation and
Services required? (Chapter 6)
Procuring ICT Products and Services
Process
The Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) provide a detailed process for purchasing products and services
for
the Federal government. Work with the Contracting Officer and Section 508 Program Manager
assigned to your
program. They will help you determine the best set of tools and processes to find ICT
goods and services that
are Section 508 conformant.
Requi
rements
(Statement of Objectives, Statement of Work, Performance Work Statement)
Be sure to include Section 508 technical standards when developing requirements documents for
procurements. The more specific the Section 508 Standards are in the requirements document, the easier
it is
for the vendor and you to determine if the product or service is Section 508 conformant. Make sure
the
requirements in the contract are specific to the product or service you are procuring. Standardized
contract
language that states the product must be Section 508 conformant is not sufficient. To do this
you can use the
tools at www.section508.gov such as the Accessibility Resources Tool (ART).
When procuring ICT products or services, work with your Section 508 Program Manager and Contracting
Officer
to confirm the contract and supporting documents clearly identify applicable Section 508
Standards.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Market Research
Once you decide what the ICT must do, the next step
is to conduct market research on available ICT
products and services that meet those needs. Make
sure to document your findings. Below are examples
of research methods you may use when conducting
Market Research.
Demonstrations
Ask for product demonstrations. Vendors usually love
to show off their products and services. A product
demonstration is a great time to ask the vendor if the
ICT is Section 508 conformant. When the vendor
states the product is Section 508 conformant, ask how
conformance is determined. Find out if someone
from
your agency's Section 508 office can attend and
provide support. They may be able to ask important
questions during the demonstration to help verify
Section 508 conformance.
In-House Testing
Some vendors offer a trial version or limited licensing
of ICT products or services. Ask the vendor if a trial
or
free version is available. If so, work with the Section
508 Program Manager at your agency to
determine if
in-house testing for Section 508 conformance should
be conducted before purchasing ICT.
Marketing Materials
Most vendors are proud to advertise Section 508 conformant goods and products. Section 508
conformance is
a great selling point for government buyers. Research vendor Websites, brochures, and
other marketing
materials and find out if the vendor claims the product(s) or service(s) is Section 508
conformant. Call the
vendor and ask for an explanation about how conformance is determined, and how
the product or service is
accessible to users with disabilities.
Request(s) for Information (RFIs)
The Federal acquisition process supports Requests for Information (RFI). An RFI is a formal invitation from
the
government released to vendors asking for documented information about specific products or
services. A
Contracting Officer will work with you as you define the requirements for your RFI. (S)he may
also recommend
involving a Section 508 Program Manager in creating the RFI if Section 508 conformance
is part of your
requirements for ICT.
VPAT
A VPAT, or Voluntary Product Accessibility Template (located at www.ITIC.org
), is sometimes used by
vendors
to provide a representation of their product's conformance with Section 508. VPATs may help
you identify
available commercial ICT products and services that support accessibility. Remember that a
VPAT does not
guarantee that the product is Section 508 conformant. The purchasing agency must verify
and validate that the
ICT product or service is Section 508 conformant.
Federal Procurement Tools
The Federal government provides automated tools at www.section508.gov.
These tools were created by
GSA to
provide a way for a Federal buyer to develop Section 508 technical criteria to include in the
requirements
document thus making it a mandatory requirement for the vendor to provide accessibility
information to bid on
a solicitation.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
General Exceptions
General exceptions are exempt from conformance
with the Revised 508 Standards as listed below:
Legacy ICT
Any ICT component or portion of existing ICT that
complies with the Original Section 508 standard and
that has not been altered in any way on or after
January 18, 2017, shall not be required to be modified
to
conform to the Revised Section 508 Standards.
National Security
The Revised Section 508 Standards do not apply to ICT
operated by agencies as part of a national security
system, as defined by 40 U.S.C 11103(a).
Federal Contracts
ICT acquired by a contractor incidental to a contract
shall not be required to conform to the Revised
Section 508 Standards.
ICT Functions Located in Maintenance or Monitoring
Spaces
Where ICT functions are located in spaces that are
frequented only by service personnel for
maintenance,
repair, or occasional monitoring of
equipment, such status indicators and operable parts,
shall not be
required to conform to the Revised 508
Standards. (i.e. routers, Wi-Fi, fiber optics, etc).
Undue Burden or Fundamental Alteration
Section 508 requires ICT to be accessible to persons
with disabilities unless an undue burden would be
imposed on the agency. Undue burden situations are
a high standard to meet and should not be used
casually as a reason for making a nonconforming
procurement.
Where an age
ncy determines that conformance to the
Revised 508 Standards would impose an undue
burden (Chapter 2, E202.5) or would result in a
fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT,
conformance shall be required only to the extent that
is does not impose an undue burden, or result in a
fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT. All undue burden exceptions must be fully documented.
For more information on how undue burden is
handled in your agency, consult your agency's Section
508
Program Manager. It is still your agency's
responsibility to provide an alternate means of access
to
anyone who requests it.
Alternative Means and Best Meets
Where conformance to one or more requirements in
the Revised 508 Standards imposes an undue
burden
or a fundamental alteration in the nature of the ICT,
the agency shall provide individuals with
disabilities
access to and use of information and data by an
alternative means that meets identified
needs.
Where ICT conforming to one or more requirements
in the Revised 508 Standards is not commercially
available, the agency shall procure the ICT that best
meets the Revised 508 Standards consistent with the
agencies business needs.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Required Documentation. The responsible agency
official shall document in writing:
The non-availability of conforming ICT, including a
description of market research performed and which
provisions cannot be met, and (b) the basis of
determining that the ICT to be procured best meets
the
requirements in the Revised 508 Standards
consistent with the agencies business needs.
Contact your agency's Section 508 office
for
assistance in determining if an exception exists for an
ICT
product or service you are purchasing.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Knowledge Check
True or False? Section 508 standards apply to ICT
products and services that are developed, procured,
maintained, or used by the Federal government.
A.
True
B.
False
Knowledge Check Feedback
The correct answer is A. Section 508 standards apply to ICT products and services that are developed,
procured,
maintained, or used by the Federal government.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Section 508 Responsibilities When Developing or Authoring ICT
Section 508 should not be a road block when developing or authoring ICT. It is simply a set of standards
that:
•
Enables the largest audience possible to use ICT products and services
•
Encourages innovation
•
Boosts creative problem solving
All Federal employees and Federal contractors who produce ICT products or services for the Federal
government have a responsibility to make sure persons with disabilities are able to access and use the ICT
they
develop.
Developing Electronic Content
Do you create sharable electronic content in formats
such as PDF, PowerPoint, Excel, or Word? If so, you
are responsible for ensuring that content is accessible.
When electronic content is created in an
accessible
format, it can be read and understood by everyone,
including persons with disabilities.
Accessibility standards for electronic content are
defined in E205 Electronic Content.
ICT Development Team
When developing ICT, Section 508 is included throughout the development life cycle process.
Section 508 Program Manager
The Section 508 Program Manager (Section 508 Coordinator) provides subject matter expertise,
guidance, and
support for the development of Section 508 conformant ICT.
Requirements Developers
Every Federal agency must provide accessible ICT products and services. The ultimate responsibility for
this
mission resides with the people who develop the requirements documents. Requirements
developers should
include Section 508 Standards in the planning stages and timeline for development.
This includes planning the
resources needed to deliver conformant products.
The requirements could come from various sources such as the Program Office or the IT Office. The IT
staff and
managers who oversee, develop, and deliver ICT solutions should also be in the approval chain
for reviewing
and approving Section 508 requirements.
Designers
For ICT covered by Section 508 Web and non-Web content and software, including for example, Internet
Websites, intranets, text documents, PDF, and project management software, is required (with a few
specific
exceptions) to conform with WCAG 2.0 Level A and Level AA Success Criteria and Conformance
Requirements.
This also includes the Revised Section 508 Standards Chapter 5, Software, and
Interoperability with Assistive
Technology (Chapter 5, 502).
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Dealing with an Accessibility Issue
What should you do if you are an employee with a disability who is having problems accessing ICT at
work? As
an employee with a disability, it is not your job to determine Section 508 conformance. But, if
you're having
trouble doing your job because of ICT that you feel is inaccessible, you can reach out to
agency experts and
resources for help:
•
Discuss accessibility issues with your supervisor
•
Focus on the specific problem if you believe the issue is related to ICT
Michael
It is so much bett
er to include Section 508 throughout the entire development process. We've had other
project teams come to us to ask us how to fix
something that isn't compliant a few days before it was
scheduled to go live! It's
easier to just make it compliant in the first place. That hasn't always been easy,
but with the help of our agency's Section 508 office, we addressed questions
before they became real
problems. All the developers on my team are proud to
deliver software that can be used by everyone in
the agency.
Testing
Testers should validate that Section 508 conformance standards are met before ICT can be released for
use.
They follow processes and guidance from the Section 508 Program Manager to verify products meet
accessibility needs. Testing time is dramatically decreased when including Section 508 Standards through
the
product development life cycle. This decreases costs to the program and improves the quality of ICT
products.
There is a Trusted Tester (TT) certification course available from DHS (information can be found
by contacting
accessibility@DHS.gov).
ICT development teams test ICT products and services to verify and validate Section 508 technical
standards are
met. The IT manager is responsible for making sure all applicable testing is completed.
Several layers of testing
may occur to verify accessibility.
ICT products and services may be tested by a Section 508-specific organization to validate they align with
Section 508 Standards and best practices. This organization can often provide guidance to developers on
best
practices for Section 508 conformance and meeting specific standards. The Section 508 Program
Manager can
provide more information on the types of testing supported by a specific agency.
IT managers should work
with their agency management and Section 508 Program Manager(s) to
determine
which types of testing their agency or organization supports. The DHS Trusted Tester
Certification Program is
available for use by Federal agencies as well as Industry professionals. This
program was created to provide a
stable testing environment for Section 508 evaluation.
Content Providers
Content providers create and deliver ICT that meet
Section 508 Standards. When working with software
developers, content
providers should provide ICT content that is Section
508 conformant, such as tagging
images with
alternative text for screen readers.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
By including Section 508 in the content development
process, development time may increase, but
testing
and remediation time decreases. This shortens the
time to delivery and makes sure recipients are
able to
access the information.
Build Conformance from the Beginning
Regardless of whether you use contractors or agency
staff to develop digital services and technology,
Section 508 conformance needs to be addressed.
Whether using waterfall, agile, or any other
development approach, Section 508 conformance is
dependent upon your ability to incorporate
accessibility needs from the very beginning of the
development effort (conceptualization and planning)
and on through design, development, testing,
deployment, continuous enhancements, and
maintenance
activities.
Failure to consider Section 508 conformance
throughout the entire development life cycle will likely
relegate 508 conformance considerations to the
end of the project, when it costs the most to fix
accessibility problems.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Knowledge Check
Your co-worker has been asked to post a memo in PDF
format on the agency's Intranet site. She can't
remember what her responsibilities are for posting
this type of content. Which of the following
statements describe the best advice you can give her?
A.
She can post the content without verifying
Section 508 conformance since she is not a
software
developer.
B.
Since the content is shared on an agency
intranet site, she will need to make sure the
content is
conformant before posting it.
C.
Since PDF content is always accessible anyway, she doesn't have to check for
conformance
before posting.
D.
She can post the document without verifying
Section 508 conformance since she's posting it
on
an Intranet site and not a public-facing
Internet page.
Knowledge Check Feedback
The correct answer is B. Section 508 Standards apply to shared content such as those posted on a
Website,
including the Internet or an agency Intranet, and content saved to agency share drives and CDs.
You need to be
sure these documents meet the Section 508 Standards.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Maintaining and Using ICT Products and Services
Next, you'll learn about Section 508 responsibilities
when maintaining and using ICT products and
services.
ICT products must meet Section 508 Standards when
maintained or used by a Federal agency. These
products include but are not limited to Websites,
software, mobile applications, and upgrades.
Section 508 Testing should always be conducted when
new functionality or features are added to existing
ICT. Test to make sure ICT remains Section 508
conformant for major software version upgrades,
Website
and Website content updates, and hardware
upgrades.
ICT Accessibility Examples
Below are some examples of ICT accessibility needs.
An agency awards a contract to a vendor to review and update a software application. The contract
requirements stipulate that Section 508 Standards apply to each release of the updated software
application and the vendor will use Section 508 testing methods (Trusted Tester) to validate that the
software is Section 508 conformant before government acceptance.
An agency awards a maintenance contract to update its Website. The Website is ICT covered under the
Section 508 Standards. The contract requirements specify that the vendor deliverables are Section 508
conformant. During the contract period all future updates to the Website must also be Section 508
conformant.
An agency has a hardware contract with a maintenance option to replace the hardware every 3 years.
The contract stipulates that replacement hardware must conform to Section 508 requirements and be
tested for conformance before government acceptance.
An agency approves the use of a social media application that is free. In order for the agency to use this
application it must also be Section 508 conformant.
Lesson Summary
You've reached the end of this lesson. In review, you
learned that:
•
Section 508 Standards compliance greatly reduces risks to your agency and the Federal
government
•
When Section 508 responsibilities are not met, the agency is held accountable
•
Employees and government contractors have specific job-related responsibilities for meeting
Section 508 Standards
You should now be able to:
•
Identify Section 508 responsibilities when procuring ICT products or services
•
Identify Section 508 responsibilities when developing or authoring ICT products or services
•
Identify Section 508 responsibilities when maintaining and using ICT products or services
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Getting Help: Where Can I Go for More Information?
Where can you go to find out more about improving
access to ICT for people with disabilities? The final
lesson in this course explains what a person with a
disability can do if he or she has a problem accessing
ICT covered under Section 508.
Key Questions
When you've completed the lesson, you will be able
to:
•
Describe the differences between Section 504 and Section 508
•
Explain what to do if you or one of your team members has a problem accessing ICT
•
Describe the types of assistance your agency's Section 508 Program Manager may provide
Differences Between Section 504 and Section 508
Conformance with Section 508 standards does not
require or guarantee complete access to all AT
products. In addition, Section 508 conformance
does not necessarily mean all of an individual's
accessibility needs will be met. Section 504 is one
way to address these situations.
It's helpful to understand the differences between
Section 504 and Section 508 when a person with a
disability has an ICT-related issue that needs
resolution.
Section 504
Section 504 is a part of the Rehabilitation Act of
1973 that prohibits job discrimination and requires
employers to make reasonable accommodation for
employees with disabilities. Its purpose is to make
sure that qualified persons with disabilities are
provided the tools, environmental modifications, or
other
adjustments that allow them to do their jobs.
Example situations when Section 504 applies:
•
An agency hires a new employee who is
blind. For her to do her job, the agency is
required to
provide her an accommodation such as screen reader software which provides her access to
ICT she needs to perform her work assignments.
•
A veteran who cannot hear attends group counseling sessions at a VA Medical Center. The
group leader makes sure a sign language interpreter is present at each session.
•
An agency reconfigures its office space as it hires new staff and contractors. One employee
uses a wheelchair that does not fit into the new office configuration. The department modifies
the office configuration so he can get to his work station while using his wheelchair.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
Section 508: Providing Accessible ICT
Section 508 is an amendment to the Rehabilitation
Act that is specific to ICT. Section 508 requires that
ICT
comply with specific standards designed to
improve accessibility. Example situations when
Section 508
applies:
•
An agency hires a new employee who is blind. Because the agency has tested its online training
courses to make sure they are 508 conformant, the new employee is able to complete
required training during her orientation.
•
A veteran who is deaf attends an online group counseling session. Because the agency has
procured 508 conformant webinar hosting software, the veteran is able to participate fully in
the sessions.
•
An employee provides benefits assistance in a call center. At times, she uses online forms to
review information to assist a caller. The employee cannot use a mouse and relies on her
keyboard. The online forms have been developed to meet the Section 508 Standards, and a
mouse is not required to use the forms. The employee is able to do her job.
Dealing with an Accessibility Issue
What should you do if you are an employee with a disability who is having problems accessing ICT at
work? As
an employee with a disability, it is not your job to determine Section 508 conformance. But, if
you're having
trouble doing your job because of ICT that you feel is inaccessible, you can reach out to
agency experts and
resources for help:
•
Discuss accessibility issues with your supervisor
•
Focus on the specific problem if you believe the issue is related to ICT
Laura
Last year a new version of our HR system was released. We all use this system for our time sheets,
requesting time off, reviewing benefits information and things like that. The part of the application
where we enter sick time includes a form to enter your information. I would get halfway through the
form and get stuck — you could not complete it without a mouse! I talked to my supervisor and
together we got in touch with the IT department to resolve the problem. They were very helpful in
reworking the form so those of us who only use a keyboard could complete it.
Section 508: What is it and Why is it Important to You?
If You Have an Issue
A Federal employee or a member of the public with
a disability can file a complaint against a Federal
agency when an ICT system or product is not
Section 508 conformant.
If you are exploring information related to filing a
complaint, contact your agency Equal Employment
Opportunity (EEO) office, Section 504 Coordinator,
or Section 508 Program Manager to learn about the
complaint process in place at your agency.
Section 508 Program Managers
Section 508 Program Managers (or Section 508
Coordinators) are the main points of contact for
information concerning ICT accessibility issues and
solutions. They are responsible for organizing and
supporting the implementation of Section 508
within their assigned departments and agencies.
The General Services Administration (GSA)
maintains a list of Federal Section 508 Program Managers.
General Section 508 Resources
Select a resource to open the web page or
document in a new window.
Section 508 Standards
•
Section 508 Standards
•
Subpart 39.2—Electronic and Information
Technology
•
Section 508 Website
*
External Link Disclaimer:
The external resources provided are for reference
purposes only and are not an endorsement by a
specific Federal agency.
Lesson Summary
Before moving on, take a few minutes to think about
what you've learned. Now you should be able to:
•
Describe the difference between Section 504 and Section 508
•
Explain what to do if you or one of your team members has a problem accessing ICT
•
Describe the types of assistance the Section 508 Program Manager or Coordinator can provide
