43
3. Wendy Siuyi Wong, “Hong Kong Comic Strips and Japanese Manga: A Historical
Perspective on the Infl uence of American and Japanese Comics on Hong Kong Manhua,”
Design Discourse, inaugural preparatory issue (2004): 22–37.
4. Frederik Schodt, Manga! Manga! e World of Japanese Comics (Tokyo: Kodansha
International, 1986).
5. John Lent, “ e Animation Industry and Its Off shore Factories,” in Global Produc-
tion: Labor in the Making of the “Information Society,” ed. Gerald Sussman and John Lent
(Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 1998), 239–54.
6. Mary Grigsby, “‘Sailormoon’: ‘Manga (Comics)’ and ‘Anime (Cartoon)’ Superhero-
ine Meets Barbie: Global Entertainment Commodity Comes to the United States,” Journal
of Popular Culture 32 (1998): 65.
7. Dal Yong Jin, “Globalization of Japanese Culture: Economic Power vs. Cultural
Power, 1989–2002,” Prometheus 21 (2003): 337.
8. See, for example, Susan Napier, “Panic Sites: e Japanese Imagination of Disas-
ter from Godzilla to Akira,” Journal of Japanese Studies 19 (1993): 327–51; Grigsby, “Sail-
ormoon”; Jiwon Ahn, “Animated Subjects: On the Circulation of Japanese Animation as
Global Cultural Products,” Spectator— e University of Southern California Journal of Film
and Television 22 (2002): 10–22; Anne Allison, “A Challenge to Hollywood? Japanese Char-
acter Goods Hit the US,” Japanese Studies 20 (2000): 67–88; Allison, “Portable Monsters
and Commodity Cuteness: Pokemon as Japan’s New Global Power,” Postcolonial Studies 6
(2003): 381–95.
9. Harumi Befu, “Globalization eory from the Bottom Up: Japan’s Contribution,”
Japanese Studies 23 (2003): 19.
10. Koichi Iwabuchi, Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Trans-
nationalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 16.
11. Stuart Hall, “New Cultures for Old,” in A Place in the World? Places, Cultures, and
Globalization, ed. Doreen Massey and Pat Jess (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995),
175–214.
12. Anthony Giddens, e Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 1990).
13. John Beynon and David Dunkerley, eds., Globalization: e Reader (New York:
Routledge, 2000), 10.
14. Quoted in Beynon and Dunkerley, Globalization, 10.
15. Befu, “Globalization eory,” 4.
16. Beynon and Dunkerley, Globalization, 4.
17. Ahn, “Animated Subjects,” 12.
18. Befu, “Globalization eory,” 4.
19. Arjun Appadurai, “Disjuncture and Diff erence in the Global Cultural Economy,” in
Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization, and Modernity, ed. Mike Featherstone (London:
Sage, 1990), 295–310.
20. Befu, “Globalization eory,” 5.
21. Ibid., 11.
22. Ibid., 20.
23. Allison, “Challenge to Hollywood?” 70.
24. Befu, “Globalization eory,” 3.
25. Schodt, Manga! Manga! 28.