How Young People
Consume News
and The Implications
For Mainstream Media
A report by Flamingo commissioned
by the Reuters Institute for the Study
of Journalism, Oxford University
Foreword 3
Contents
Nic Newman, Senior Research
Associate, Reuters Institute
for the Study of Journalism
Mainstream news media has an age problem.
Every year, the Reuters Institute Digital News Report
documents how fewer young people are using traditional
sources of news such as television, radio and print,
and how they are getting more of their news from social
media and other aggregators.
These trends have underlined the challenge for mainstream
media in attracting the attention of younger audiences,
in building the brand loyalty and news habits that ultimately
will guarantee their future. In short, news organisations are
struggling to remain relevant to a generation that has grown
up with the distractions and diversions of digital media.
Against that background, we were keen to commission
a report that could both explore these challenges but also
come up with constructive and realistic suggestions about
how to tackle them.
This research sets out to answer two key questions:
— How do young people consume news?
— How can news publishers attract young readers,
listeners and viewers?
A number of secondary questions were also investigated,
such as the relevance of the traditional news agenda, the
type of formats that appeal to younger audiences, as well
as tone of voice and perceptions of negativity in the news.
1 Foreword
In commissioning this report from strategic insight
consultancy Flamingo, we engaged a team with a long
track record of researching the attitudes and behaviours of
younger audiences and turning this into actionable insights.
The methodologies chosen, which include tracking the digital
footprints of 20 respondents along with diaries and interviews,
have helped to uncover some of the core needs of younger
groups around news, as well us some of the frustrations with
the approaches taken by mainstream media.
This qualitative work has helped complement the data from
our annual Digital News Report and given all of us a much
richer understanding of the differences between younger
and older news consumers. At the same time, we hope
that the insights contained in this report will be useful for
industry, for regulators, policy makers, and others interested
in the future of quality journalism.
We are very grateful to the Flamingo team both in
responding to our brief so creatively, but also for meeting our
demanding timeline. This report was greatly strengthened
by the input of the Institute’s research team, especially
Antonis Kalogeropoulos, who helped shape the focus of the
research and provided feedback through the process.
This report is made possible by the support of our sponsors
and published with the support of the Google News Initiative.
2 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
1 Foreword 3
2 Executive Summary 4
3 Background, Objectives
& Methodology 6
4 The Role of News
for Young Audiences 12
Key generational differences: digital natives
vs. digital migrants 13
What does this mean for the role of news?
13
Greater role of news isn’t translating into
greater relevance for traditional news brands 16
Bridging the disconnect 16
5 News Habits & Behaviours 18
Differences across news moments 18
Media and Platforms: how young audiences
are accessing the news 20
Observing digital behaviour underlines
the preference for social media over news 21
Social media dominates the
platforms, to varying degrees 23
Forming news habits & behaviours 27
The habits and behaviours of four different
types of news consumer 27
The four types of news consumer 28
No one-size-ts-all solution 38
6 Industry Insights 40
Young people’s attitudes towards paying
for the news 46
7 Strategic Options 48
8 Conclusions 54
9 Appendix 58
1
2
3
2 Executive Summary
Executive Summary 5
The experience of news should feel
as easy and accessible as Facebook
and Netix. This is partly about
how the content is presented,
but also about how it is surfaced.
Younger audiences are different
from older groups not just in what they
do, but in their core attitudes in terms
of what they want from the news.
Young people are primarily driven
by progress and enjoyment in their lives,
and this translates into what they
look for in news.
They still need and want news to connect their world to the
world – and full an array of different social and personal
needs – but they don’t necessarily see the traditional
media as the best or only way to do that. News media is
now competing for attention with myriad other distractions,
and there is a high level of ‘background’ or ‘indirect’
exposure to news (through social media, other online
conversations, documentaries and TV shows, etc.). They
don’t need to seek it out, news comes to them. Finally,
much of the excitement and gravitas for younger people is
on the periphery of the news space (infotainment, lifestyle,
cultural, grassroots, bloggers and vloggers).
All this means there is a disconnect; traditional
news media no longer seems as relevant or
as dominant when it comes to news content.
In a simplied way, how news brands and young people
view the role and value of news is different:
— Traditional news brands see news as: what you
should know.
— Young audiences see news as: what you should
know (to an extent), but also what is useful to
know, what is interesting to know, and what
is fun to know.
And the role of news for young people appears primarily
individualistic; it’s about what it can do for them
as individuals – rather than for society as a
whole. While it’s true that the industry is moving
towards producing more content of this kind,
most traditional news brands are still not associated
with being useful, interesting or fun.
The study also revealed that the differences in the
relationships young people have with the news depend
on three key areas: the moment, the person and the
medium. Four key news moments (dedicated, updated,
time-ller, and intercepted) are described in detail,
as are four types of news consumer (Heritage News
Consumers, Dedicated News Devotees, Passive News
Absorbers, and Proactive News Lovers). The impact
of the various media is also investigated, revealing
key roles, usage, pros and cons of platforms including
Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Reddit and podcasts.
Lastly, exploring areas of interest for the industry
revealed a number of attitudes towards the news,
including an overarching nding that consuming
news can often feel like a chore.
Even if the media adopts the suggestions outlined
in this report, there is no guarantee of success.
Our segmentation work suggests that a signicant
proportion of young people in the US and UK
will be hard to engage given their low interest in
news. Building brand loyalty with these more ‘passive’
groups will be tough, though it is possible that
they will become more engaged as they take
on greater responsibility and enter a different life-stage.
But other groups like the News Devotees and Heritage
Consumers, and to an extent the Proactive News Lovers,
offer more opportunities to build dedicated
and direct moments for news as well as an ongoing
connection throughout the day.
Achieving this will require a relentless focus on the needs
of younger audiences but also a deep understanding
of the motivations that underpin behaviour. We hope this
report will contribute to this process.
Based on all of the insight gathered, the report offers a
number of provocations around potential payment models,
and a detailed guide to producing content to engage
younger audiences. It arrives at three key conclusions:
4 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
The way the news media covers
stories may need to change,
including addressing issues
such as negativity, stereotypes,
diversity and how news brands
present both themselves and their
content on third party platforms.
News brands need to tell stories in ways
that t the expectations of young people
and the moments when they are open
to news. This means creating formats
that are native to mobile and social
platforms as well as incorporating
these ideas into their own websites.
Background, Objectives & Methodology 7
3 Background
& Objectives
Broadcasters and newspapers
are struggling to reach or build
relationships with under-35s. This
is an age group that tends to access
the news via social media, aggregators
and other non-traditional media.
This challenge has not gone unnoticed or unresearched.
Previous studies highlight the role that family
background, socioeconomic status and parents’ news
consumption habits all play in forming an individual’s
news engagement
1
. However, with the emergence of
a digital native generation in Gen Z, an established
high-choice news environment and greater exposure
to different attitudes, things might be changing.
Recent editions of the Digital News Report (2018 and
2019) show that there has been a slowing and even
reversing of the rise in the use of social media for
news access in some key markets. Companies are
also beginning to focus more on quality and payment.
Within this context, phenomena like the increasing
awareness of hate speech and the spread of fake
news or ‘malinformation’
2
means audiences are placing
greater importance on the value and quality of content
- an emerging trend uncovered in a recent Flamingo
and Synthesis study investigating fake news in Kenya
and Nigeria for the BBC
3
.
The objectives
This study set out to answer two key questions:
— How do young people consume news?
— How can news publishers attract young
readers, listeners and viewers?
In this context, there were three key elements
of news to consider: the agenda or content (the chosen
topics), the format, and the tone of news. Alongside
this framework of analysis there were key differences
to consider, such as between platforms (e.g. Facebook
and Instagram), between media, between age
groups, and between different payment methods.
There were also a number of hypotheses to investigate,
such as the impact an individual’s level of interest in the
news has on their consumption.
Finally, there were areas of interest from the industry
conversation that it was vital to explore among younger
audiences:
— The relevance of the news agenda for younger
audiences
— Negativity and the news
— The state of opinions in the news
— The tone of news feeling misaligned with
younger people
— The news not effectively using new formats,
such as social media
— The state of trust in the news
— The feeling that there is an overwhelming
amount of news
With so many different aspects to the initial research
questions, there was a clear need to have a way of
staying locked on the overall objective. To do this,
Flamingo devised a ‘goal-led lens’ for the many
questions to explore. In order to dig deep into how news
publishers and broadcasters can build longstanding
relationships with younger audiences, it was necessary
to explore and understand this audiences’ life goals,
values and ambitions in relation to news.
The goal-led lens
As social media and aggregators have grown
to dominate the news experience of this audience,
the reference point for the ‘source’ of a story has become
distorted. News brands have grown more and more
concerned about ‘attribution’ – that is, how to ensure
that content is properly attributed to the brand or
author that created it in a multi-platform, fragmented,
global news environment.
This year’s Digital News Report shows that concern
about misinformation remains extremely high around the
world, partly driven by very low trust in the news found
in social media. A signicant proportion of consumers
– especially younger ones – say they have started
to rely more on ‘reputable sources’ in the last year
4
.
One possible implication of this is that young people
have gradually become more aware of the true source
of content and the value of quality journalism
5
.
Despite this, digital news accessed through social
media and similar platforms continues to dominate.
But the extent to which young people truly value
the news they access there is up for debate. Other work
has indicated that young people often don’t truly value
the news they nd on social media, which suggests that
their behaviour and habits don’t always align with their goals
and ambitions (not surprising when we think
of other areas of human habit misaligning ambition,
such as diet or exercise).
This work therefore set out to explore and understand
the audiences’ goals and ambitions in relation to news,
while crucially keeping in mind that the momentum
described above is only one part of the story.
6 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Getting to this insight using
qualitative research presented a
number of challenges. Given the
cultural cachet tied up with news
consumption, it was predicted that
people wouldn’t always be completely
honest about their news behaviours
and habits. Moreover, habits often
become so ingrained that people aren’t
even aware of them, or can’t remember
them. Lastly, the average person
would nd it difcult to articulate
what can practically be done by a
news publisher (format, tone, content)
to improve their offer.
A multi-faceted approach was needed to get beneath
all the complex but interrelated aspects at play.
The methodology used enabled full understanding
of the news habits and values of the audience in relation
to format, content and tone from three points
of view: (i) what people don’t tell us, (ii) what people
do tell us, and (iii) what people can’t tell us about
their behaviours and motivations.
Digital
Tracking
2 weeks
(i) What people
don’t tell us
(ii) What people do tell us (iii) What people
can’t tell us
Digital
Diaries
3 days
In-home
Interviews
90 mins
Friendship
Trios
60 mins
Semiotic
Analysis
6
For 2 weeks,
the smartphone
behaviour of 20
individuals, split
across the UK and
US, was tracked
(with the informed
and direct consent
of each individual
taking part).
Data on their digital
and online habits,
routines, web
activity, app time
and social media
usage was gathered
and analysed.
16 of these
individuals then
completed digital
diaries. Using
an online app,
they captured
information about
the news they
consumed ofine,
on laptops, tablets
and phones as it
happened, over the
course of 3 days.
They also did a
short deprivation
or saturation task:
based on key news
brands from their
tracking, people
either spent a day
without, or only
with, that brand.
Using all this
data, proles
and personalised
discussion guides
were created for
each individual.
The 16 participants
were interviewed
about their wider
goals, what they
value in news, the
motivations behind
their behaviours and
their perception of
the news.
8 of those 16
individuals were
joined by 2 friends
after the interview.
This allowed for
exploration – in a
real group setting
– of the more social
side of news and
sharing, alongside
responses to
different, more
innovative formats,
tones and content.
Finally, news
content – including
that taken directly
from the tracking
data – was analysed
semiotically to
ascertain what
is at play within
different formats,
content and tones
in a way that people
sometimes struggle
to articulate.
Flamingo spoke to individuals in the
UK and the USA – market leaders for
digital news media and key countries
of interest for the Reuters Institute
and many of its partners.
To capture age and generational
differences, the sample was broken
down into four age brackets that
roughly align with Generation Y
(Millennials) and Generation Z.
Gen Z
Age
brackets
18-20
21-24
Gen Y
25-30
31-35
3 Methodology
8 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Background, Objectives & Methodology 9
I enjoy it being intertwined with social
media. I don’t have to actively think: ‘Oh,
let me check up on my friends and let me
check up on my news.’ I can do both at
the same time...Also I think it’s just more
interesting to see the news in the context of
my friends’ lives, and just see who is sharing
what posts, and why it’s relevant to them.
Maggie, 21-24, US
How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media 11 10 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
12 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media The Role of News for Young Audiences 13
4 The Role Of
News For Young
Audiences
Key generational differences:
digital natives vs. digital migrants
The onslaught of articles, reports
and publications proclaiming noticeable differences
in attitude, values and behaviours between Gen Z
and Millennials suggests this could impact on what
constitutes ‘valuable’ or ‘engaging’ media.
For the purpose of this research, the key generational
difference is that while some Millennials grew up with
some level of internet, the vast majority also intimately
know the world without social media or even email.
In this sense, they are ‘digital migrants’. Gen Z, however,
have only ever really known the digital world and are,
thus, the rst generation of true ‘digital natives’
9
.
With this in mind, there were slight generational
differences that are interesting and helpful to keep in
mind, although they do not signicantly impact the bigger
overall themes of progress and enjoyment.
— Gen Z, as digital natives, have even higher
expectations of a awless, seamless, personalised
online experience than Millennials. Convenience
and instant gratication are hygiene factors. This
isn’t to say Millennials don’t appreciate and value
seamlessness but – having known a time before
even a slow online world existed – perhaps they
can be more forgiving.
— Gen Z appear to be a more transactional group than
the experience-centric Millennials. We know DIY
and collaboration culture is strong
10
, but this also
means they are resourceful and pragmatic; visibly
considering what they can get out of the different
relationships and activities they adopt. The personal
utility of news is therefore seen in a particularly
practical sense; ‘how does it benet me?’. Driven
by a more intuitive love for experience, we found
discovery and learning came across stronger
among the 25-35s.
— Finally, perhaps due to their native
and proactive approach online, for Gen Z, control
over and curation of their online environment
is ever more important
11
.
And while it’s possible that with age, work and
responsibility this will evolve, formative attitudes toward
progress, enjoyment and digital technology will continue
to impact these generations’ outlook and expectations.
What does this mean for the role
of news?
The core role of news, of allowing you to know
what is going on in the world, meets a fundamental
human need: to connect people’s individual world
with the wider world.
In this sense, it provides a basis to the social side of
humanity, playing an important role in communication
and cooperation in a world where increasingly large
populations live and work together. Beyond this,
engagement with the news is driven by a broader range
of needs and roles that it can fulll in our lives.
This research identied six core needs behind young
people’s engagement with the news. Reecting the key
themes in the younger audience’s goals and ambitions,
some news needs pull more towards progress,
others toward enjoyment and fun.
The World my world
This study was about audience
understanding, but with a specic
focus on particular behaviours. It was
necessary to understand, at least at
a top level, who these people are and
what they are seeking from life before
it would be possible to analyse the role
news plays for them. Habits, after all,
are at least initially formed in order to
achieve some reward, or goal, even
if we then lose touch with that original
reward later down the line
7
.
The goals and aspirations of the people involved in the study
were universal and somewhat basic. They included: saving
money, buying a house, family, friends, creativity, kindness,
caring, being fullled and having new experiences.
But when taken from the point of view of motivations
and values in news and media more generally, two key
themes cut across all the goals and aspirations. Each
theme, in turn, has implications for the role of news. They
play across much of the more granular understanding
of how these audiences engage with and consume the
news and help to explain some of the changes observed.
The rst theme is progress: goals, values and
ambitions here can be seen as personal development
and, to an extent, personal improvement through
the eyes of the individual.
The basic ideas that sit behind it include:
— I want to develop myself personally
— I have goals I want to reach in my personal life
and my work life
— I want to escape the limits of societal
expectations or stereotypes
— I want to look after myself too
The second theme is enjoyment, though it could just
have easily been called ‘fun’: the expectation is that in
a world of abundance and ease of access to things,
this audience also wants to enjoy what they do.
The basic ideas that sit behind it include:
— I want to enjoy my life
— I want to have fun experiences
— I want to be entertained
— I want to do what I love
In his podcast, Philosophize This!
8
, Stephen West captures
both themes in his introduction to each episode, when he
says: “Thank you for wanting to know more today than you
did yesterday, and I hope you love the show.”
Enjoyment
Progress
1.
Status
4.
Connections
2.
Identity
5.
Entertainment
3.
Learning
6.
Passions
4. Connections
News is the ultimate source of
small (and sometimes ‘big’) talk that
helps lubricate daily conversations.
It allows you to condently reach
out and connect with those who are
unlike you or have little in common,
as well as discuss with friends and
family. It delivers a wider sense
of connection to the world at large.
Sometimes people are talking about
it, like, ‘Oh yes, I read that today,’
but I don’t know, I guess it’s a habit
for me. That’s probably why it started,
just to have a general knowledge of
what’s going on in the world, to feel
like you’re part of the world, or you
know what’s going on.
5. Entertainment
News, like media more widely, can be
fun. Being immersed in other worlds
for pleasure, feeling inspired, enjoying
creativity, or simply – but no less
importantly – just passing the time.
It’s all entertainment at this point.
It’s not about being kept up-to-date
with what’s going on in the world, it’s
about, ‘This will keep me occupied,’
that sort of thing.
6. Passions
News also helps us fuel and
pursue our passions and interests,
or to experience things we wouldn’t
usually in daily life.
But it is primarily probably an
entertainment tool. Like it is probably
a thing to ll that kind of interest
as well. In terms of entertainment
news, I actually look on the Empire
magazine website because they have
daily lm news, and things like that.
News plays to a number of progress-related needs,
focused both on the self as well as our position in society:
Progress
But news also plays to needs related to enjoyment, which can be
just as inwardly focused as outwardly or socially focused:
Enjoyment
The Role of News for Young Audiences 15 14 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
1. Status
In different contexts news relates to a
social standing. Knowledge is valued.
Being ‘in the know’ gives you gravitas
and allows you to feel condent.
To feel knowledgeable about different
topics is one [motivation].
2. Identity
News helps you construct and
communicate your identity. The
news you engage with contributes to
dening and demonstrating who you
are, and your world view.
I think it’s part of my identity, quite
honestly. I have friends who are very
obsessed with sports, for example,
and I quite frankly couldn’t give
a shit about sports. Keeping up
with that is part of their identity.
It’s who they are. For me, it’s the
ability to intelligently talk about
Brexit, for example.
3. Learning
News meets our desire to better
ourselves through learning,
to explore and broaden our horizons.
It allows us to develop new skills
and ways of seeing the world,
as well as to make savvier decisions
and stay ahead of the curve.
I see hard news as my daily source of
knowledge on the commute to work
in the morning. I see the lifestyle
news aspect that really helps me
with my own personal development,
my interests, hobbies and basically
giving me knowledge and awareness.
Identity Entertainment
Learning Passions
Status Connections
We
Me
Progress Enjoyment
Ed, 25-30, UK
Michelle, 31-35, US
Courtney, 21-24, US
Sam, 25-30, US
Amy, 25-30, UK
Alex, 31-35, UK
16 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Greater role of news isn’t translating
into greater relevance for traditional
news brands
The role of news – in its widest possible sense
(i.e. knowing about what’s going on in The World) – in
young people’s lives seems much greater than expected
and at times felt even more pronounced than with past
generations. As we’ve seen, the main role of connecting
‘my world’ and ‘The World’ hasn’t gone anywhere, and the
news continues to meet a vast array of different needs.
On top of this, in today’s digital world we have greater
access to more news sources, in more ways, more of
the time. The world is increasingly globalised, which can
bring local stories from one continent to another in an
instant. And there is a greater breadth of what constitutes
news, given the explosion of social media, digital start-
ups, blogs and inuencers.
There also seem to be ever more reasons to engage with
news. For a number of reasons, whether political, social
or due to ease of access and the constant conversation
online, it came across that there is greater pressure for
everyone to be informed and to have a point of view on
everything. Perhaps there is therefore even greater utility
of news in this broader sense of the term.
But while there seems to be just as great a role
for news as ever for this audience, this doesn’t
translate into greater relevance for traditional
news publishers and broadcasters.
In fact, it feels quite the opposite. As we know, there
is intense competition for media, which is redening
what constitutes news and how it is delivered. In the
pervasive attention economy, news media is competing
for attention with myriad other distractions. There is
also a great level of ‘background’ or ‘indirect’ exposure
to news (through social media, other online conversations,
documentaries and TV shows, etc.), which means that
while news still plays a role, there is less motivation
to seek it out in its traditional spaces.
Finally, much of the excitement and gravitas
for younger people is on the periphery of the news
space (infotainment, lifestyle, cultural, grassroots,
bloggers and vloggers). These are not traditional
news brands’ areas of strength.
Bridging the disconnect
This apparent disconnect is possibly
due to what each group considers to be the key
role and value of the news. A simplied way
of looking at this would be:
— Traditional news brands see it as: what you
should know.
— Young audiences see it as: what you should
know (to an extent), but also what is useful
to know, what is interesting to know,
and what is fun to know.
The role of news for young people appears primarily
individualistic; it’s about what it can do for them
as individuals – rather than for society as a whole.
And while it’s true that the industry is moving
toward producing more content of this kind, most
traditional news brands are still not associated
with being useful, interesting or fun.
For this reason, a key way to increase relevance
among under-35s is to think about what they personally
want and value from the news, and how news brands
can best go about delivering this.
Bearing in mind the key themes of progress
and entertainment, there are three ways to drive
news brands in the right direction:
1. Personal Utility: news that…
a. Is useful in my life
b. Helps my personal development
c. Contributes to my status & identity
d. Can act as social glue
2. Entertainment: news that…
a. Is enjoyable and engaging to consume
b. Has high entertainment value
c. Has fun content and delivery
3. Point of View: news that…
a. Has a point of view or an angle on a story
b. Is clearly informed by facts (rather than
prejudice or agenda)
c. Helps me develop my own point of view
d. Is different to predictable / politicised / extreme
opinion and ideology
Mark, 31-35, US
“ Reddit for me is
the portal to what’s
happening, not just
in the United States,
but around the world.”
The Role of News for Young Audiences 17
5 News Habits
& Behaviours
Driving relevance of traditional news brands is
not as simple as delivering an entertaining point of view
that offers personal utility. Just as there are differences
in formats, tone and content, there are differences in
what is valued from the news depending on the moment,
the medium and the individual. By understanding
and successfully navigating these three variables,
news providers will be much better placed
to repeatedly generate resonant content that can build
engagement with under-35s.
Differences across news moments
First, and perhaps the most often overlooked,
is the impact of the news moment on what a person
is looking for in the news. Different routines, different
work lives and environments meant many types of news
occasions were observed throughout the study.
While a classic news moment might be seen as
setting time aside to read the paper or watch the 10
o’clock News, unsurprisingly the news moments for
this audience are not as one-dimensional. They range
from the more often direct and targeted to a news brand,
to the more indirect and incidental.
Across the different sources of data, four key news
moments – with accompanying mindsets – were observed.
These different moments were evident in both markets.
Different formats, tones and content will better suit the
mindset, value and focus in each moment. For example,
an entertaining investigatory long read suits a ‘Dedicated’
moment, while a short visual summary of the day’s news
suits ‘Updated’. An interesting short video is a good
‘Time-ller’, while a talking point headline grounded in
shared experiences suits an ‘Intercepted’ moment.
As well as inuencing the type of news item that an
individual might be looking to engage with, these
moments are also interrelated with where and how the
consumer is accessing the news (directly with a brand,
or indirectly through a third party) and therefore the
medium (newspaper, social media, news app etc.).
“ A fascinating new story about…”
This moment is about
dedicating time to the
news, as you might
a novel or TV series
Less common; suits evenings
or weekends
Mindset: more introspective;
deepening and developing
understanding
Value: news that ‘shows’ me,
helps me develop or keeps me
entertained, provides depth
Focus: quality analysis, nuanced
or developed POV, strong narrative,
engaging
I suppose my favourite way
of consuming news is my weekend
treat of buying the Guardian
in print every now and then.
“What’s going on in the world today?”
This is about getting
the key news updates
you need/ want in an
efcient way
Often suits mornings;
preparing for the day
Mindset: more something I feel
I need to do; deliberately getting
in the know on what’s going on
in the world
Value: news that ‘tells’ me quickly
and easily
Focus: time saving, information
briengs and summaries of what
is happening
The [Economist] Espresso
is a daily news snippet app…
You go through, there’s an ad
there and then once you cycle
through them all you get a world
in brief…it covers a lot in a short
amount of time.
“ Checking in to see what’s up”
Not about the news
per se; something to do
or to amuse, often while
doing something else
on a third party platform
or in the real world.
*Perhaps the most common for this audience
but also the most competitive
Constant throughout the day:
on the train, in the bathroom,
or taking a break etc. Whenever
there is time to ll
Mindset: more something I do
to distract / amuse; less proactive
news consumption
Value: pockets of news that
seamlessly suit my ever-changing
and divided attention
Focus: entertainment, curiosity,
timeliness, seamless, platform t,
uid consumption
Eating is, sort of, a rest time to
catch up on my phone…So, in
the mornings, while I’m eating,
sometimes if I’m in line somewhere
to get coffee, I’ll just take out my
phone and look up stuff there. If I’m
early to a class, I’ll just look on my
phone before the class starts.
“ Check this out!”
A notication
or message intercepts
what was otherwise
happening (working,
watching TV etc.) either
on social media, an
aggregator or news app
Can happen anytime and anywhere
as long as with their phone
Mindset: passive recipient
Value: news that has collective
or personal resonance among
my peers or wider society
Focus: less easy as depends
on collective resonance but
is a key opportunity for brand
exposure to new audiences
I’d say we do [share news
on WhatsApp] but I think a lot
of it would be a news article
and then following that, for the
next two weeks would be memes
and a load of p*ss-takes but
depending on the article.
Direct Indirect
News Habits & Behaviours 19 18 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Dedicated Updated Time-Filler Intercepted
Anna, 21-24, UK Maggie, 21-24, US Joe, 18-20, UK
Sam, 25-30, US
How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media 21 News Habits & Behaviours 21
Direct Indirect
PODCASTS
REDDIT & TWITTER
TV INSTAGRAM
FACEBOOK
APPS
WEBSITES
YOUTUBE
NEWSPAPERS
RADIO
WHATSAPP
SNAPCHAT
AGGREGATORS
Media and Platforms: how young
audiences are accessing the news
Young people use a plethora of different
platforms and media to engage with the news. Each
has its own role and relative merit. Together they create
a news ecosystem that sits across all four news moments.
Because of this complex media environment,
young people are looking for content and platforms
that allow them to seamlessly ow through the
digital space in an uninterrupted way. As expected,
social media therefore dominates people’s phones;
it is convenient to have all your online entertainment,
information and connection in one space.
.
Observing digital behaviour
underlines the preference for social
media over news
News apps take a much more backseat
role both in terms of the number of phones they
appear on, and the amount of time given to them when
they do appear. We have listed the apps and topics
in order of average amount of time spent on them.
The numbers on each app icon indicate how many
phones that app was found on
12
.
Usage
Categories
Social Media
Navigation /
Travel
News
Web Surng
Entertainment
Communication
20 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Dedicated Updated Time-Filler Intercepted
20
20
2
2
18
20
19
1
1
20
19
1
4
20
20
11
2
1
Instagram
Chrome
Uber
Guardian
New York
Times
Facebook
Safari
Google
Maps
Wall Street
Journal
Enquirer
Snapchat
14
Twitter
14 10
Apple
Podcast
Spotify Netix
Waze
CNN
BBC News
WhatsApp
17
Youtube
Mail
Apple News
Daily Mail
Reddit
X
App name
Number
of separate
phones we found
this app in
Apps presented
are ordered by the
average number of
minutes per day spent
on app (when present
on a user phone)
Instagram is the primary app found on
almost all phones and, when found,
commanded the most daily minutes.
No news app (with the exception
of Reddit) was within the top 25 apps
used by respondents. When present,
they represented comparatively small
levels of daily usage.
14
14
22 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media News Habits & Behaviours 23
By observing participants’ online behaviour
in detail, it is possible to see even further into the
preference given to social media over news apps.
For two of the four individuals who had the BBC news
app on their phone during the two-week tracking period;
the app represented less than 1% of usage time for both.
The research also revealed that while Apple News and
other apps are convenient, they still didn’t challenge
much for time against the top entertainment and
communication apps. This indicates that the time-ller
moment, which takes place primarily on third party
platforms, appears to be the main moment in which news
is being consumed by this audience.
If I wake up and I know I’m going to have a super busy
day, it’s very possible that I just won’t come across any
news, or won’t actively seek any news. So, I nd it as
a thing that, sort of like social media, something that
I don’t need to check up on. I would like to, if I have
the time. Which is also why I enjoy it being intertwined
with social media. I don’t have to actively think: ‘Oh,
let me check up on my friends and let me check up
on my news.’ I can do both at the same time by seeing
what my friends are posting about the news.
Social media dominates the
platforms, to varying degrees
Now that we have seen how this audience is
spending its time online, we can start to pick apart the
different platforms and media that they use.
Social Media has an almost unrivalled relevance
as it allows a less mediated experience. It also offers
opportunities to control and curate your own unique
news experiences. It offers a range of views from the
professional to the layperson and an ability to engage
directly with ‘the news’. Here, the news often comes
integrated into the wider world of entertainment / interests
/ personal life. This is where its convenience lies.
However, in light of attention around well-being, privacy
and so on, young people are reecting on their use
of social media and the role different platforms play:
— Facebook has fallen out of favour and become
an organisational tool
— Instagram has replaced it to an extent, but is not
a natural place for news
— Twitter / Reddit have assumed a role of news
aggregators and personal curators
[Facebook is] ancient. Like, a mum’s thing. I don’t really
use it anymore.
I think I used to use Facebook a lot, and over the past ve,
six years, I basically hardly use it at all now, which is one
massive change. In its place, Instagram has come, and I
think I use Instagram more than I ever used Facebook.
Reddit for me is the portal into what’s happening, not just
in the United States, but around the world. It’s easy for me
to weed out what I’m not going to be interested in. It’s just
a really easy way to access the news.
Podcasts sit in a space of their own. Akin to radio for
the digital generation, but more personally relevant.
The format is directly applicable to news as it allows for
in-depth experiences, with a range of tonality and topics
rarely found anywhere else.
Podcasts are easy to access and can be listened to
anywhere, while doing anything. But they also feel more
informal, providing a more authentic voice and giving
individuals control and choice over what they engage
with. They offer a level of seamless curation that has
become expected for social media generations. Personal
utility and development in its many manifestations was
a common theme in people’s podcast libraries.
Literally, ease. You have it. You’re not actively searching
something or reading a screen. You’re letting it wash over
you. It’s also typically more of an outsider source of news
or opinion, so you have a diverse range of news ideas and
thoughts from vastly different people; not your traditional
people who look and act a certain way.
But radio you can’t control what shows are on,
whereas podcasts you can.
Apps and Aggregators are useful tools to cut through
the chaotic complexity of choice in the saturated
news world. They appeal to both those who
seek simplicity, and those more engaged who want
to curate their news experiences and ensure
they access a wide range of sources.
If I’m somewhere where I don’t really have time to read a
news story, I do rely on headlines. It’s the fact that I have
access so that I can look at in two seconds, because I’m
not really supposed to be on my phone at work. But I can
just pull it out, click one button to get to the Apple News
story and the answer is right there for me.
Alongside all this, more Traditional News Media
have a role to play. Often new platforms don’t
entirely replace the old, but instead layer onto them
and, at times, crowd them out.
Despite this, traditional formats still have signicant
relevance, whether it’s ingrained habits (TV news),
ease of access (free papers, websites),
specic occasions (websites for breaking stories
or Sunday paper treats), a relaxing break from the
phone screen (print, radio) or simply part of the fabric
of daily life (radio in car or kitchen).
It is therefore the key opportunity, if done right.
This audience looks for what is quick, easy and
convenient. If they are already on social media or
podcasts for entertainment and socialising, then it
instantly becomes convenient to access news there too.
I’m online quite a lot. So, I would look at videos most of
all, because it’s quite quick and easy to digest that way.
It’s just the one that comes with my phone [Android
News Suite]. You get the notication with this bar here.
Sometimes you nd yourself on a website that you
wouldn’t normally like to go on.
The rst thing I would do [in the morning] would be to
check social media, see if there’s anything on Facebook.
I think it’s a bit more passive... You’re able to multitask.
Like, I can cook and listen to a podcast, for example.
Maggie, 21-24, US
Amy, 25-30, UK
Ellie, 18-20, UK
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Mark, 31-35, US
Maggie, 21-24, US
Mark, 31-35, US
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Courtney, 21-24, US
Sam, 25–30, US
Individual 2
13
YouTube
27.45%
JobSpotter
11.32%
Podcasts
10.30%
Google Maps
3.66%
IMOB
3.66%
dealornodeal
3.47%
Twitter
2.86%
BBC News
<1%
Safari
14.88%
Netix
8.14%
Facebook
4.41%
Snapchat
29.43%
Twitter
13.21%
Fitbit
9.91%
Kik
5.55%
Safari
3.30%
BBC News
<1%
Google
2.09%
Yahoo! Mail
7.97%
Instagram
21.72%
Individual 1
News Habits & Behaviours 25
Role RoleCons ConsUsage UsagePros Pros
INSTAGRAM WHATSAPP
FACEBOOK
YOUTUBE
REDDIT
NEWS APPS
SNAPCHAT
TWITTER
PODCASTS
An easy place
to see what my
friends, idols,
passion areas
and the world
are doing, free
from agendas
A place to chat
with friends
& family, or
coordinate
groups
An
organisational
tool and place
for old friends or
family
A hub for
pastime
entertainment
or research
A place to
seamlessly
check in with
what’s going
on in the world,
giving the
impression of
getting to what
really matters
without being
beholden to a
single source
Efcient access
to the news
I want
A place to have
fun with friends;
for young people
A place to
seamlessly
check in with
what’s going on
in the world
Versatile
gateway to every
imaginable type
of content
Not suited to
complex stories,
news with
depth, for some
not a place for
hard news
Click bait or fake
news
Fake news,
click-bait, news
that tries to
get users off
platform, the
worst aspects of
the news world
today
Large number
of short or
simplistic videos
Disrupting
the ow of
the online
experience,
always trying
to pull user off
platform
Mimicking
newspapers,
difcult to
navigate layouts
Not for
hard news,
wordy news,
complexity
Long pieces
don’t work,
content trying to
pull reader off
platform
Can require
a certain level of
engagement to
appreciate, lack
of a clear trigger
to get into it
Throughout the
day, scrolling
and sharing, but
for some it is not
a place for news
Throughout
the day for
communication
Scrolling but
less frequently
than before,
still strong
place for news,
but engaging
carefully and
less often here
than before
When there is
some time to
explore or watch
Throughout the
day whenever
there’s time,
mainly for users
into the news /
specic topics
areas
Often routine
(gaps in day),
but also as time-
ller (mainly for
those more into
news)
Throughout the
day for trivial
entertainment
Throughout the
day whenever
there’s time or
when there’s a
big development
/ breaking story
Consumed
on-the-go
(commuting,
sports),
passively as
background
(while doing
work or chores),
or sometimes
as a dedicated
moment
Colour,
creativity,
simplicity,
control of
content,
consumable
on platform,
people, human
stories, closer
to real news
Intercept
moments,
shared interests,
humour
Specic and
trusted news
brands that
can follow,
consumable
within platform
Interviews, short
documentaries,
newsreaders
Conversation
and comments,
short videos,
shareable items,
trending and
community-
endorsed stories
Easy to use,
feeling like
a timeline or
being seamless
and intuitive to
navigate, short
day / week
summaries,
tailorable
variety
People news,
celeb news,
human images,
lists, simple,
easy content
Follow &
participate
in unfolding
of events,
closer to real
news, people /
personalities,
short videos /
images
Unlimited breadth
of content (topics,
POV, approaches
- from amateur
to professional,
informative to
motivational to
entertaining,
broad to incredibly
specic). Audio
/ downloadable
format gives
great versatility
of usage,
conversational
tone
24 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Platform/Medium
Platforms/Media In Detail
26 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media News Habits & Behaviours 27
Role ConsUsage Pros
NEWS AGGREGATORS
NEWS WEBSITE
RADIO
TV
NEWSPAPER
Efcient access
to a breadth of
news
The (generally
unrestricted)
repository of the
full story
Something on in
the background,
comforting
Something on in
the background
or a catch up
A treat to focus
on and a break
from the screen
Diversity can
narrow with
usage (for
active users), for
passive – too
much news
Brand led walled
garden, formats
that should
be on social
media, website
UX or adverts
that disrupt
seamless online
experience,
laptop / PC
experience often
interrupted by
other media /
social media
Limited control
/ choice, unlike
podcasts
Narrow agendas
and lack of
diversity
Format not
convenient for
all, not easy
to access, nor
for all news
moments
(1) Active users
to curate and
access the news
they are most
interested in
from the sources
they want;
(2) Passive
users as a way
to effortlessly
be served an
overview of
news / check
headlines
Can be used as
an alternative
to apps, to take
dedicated time
to read news,
to skim the
homepage for
an update, or
in an intercept
moment when a
link is shared
While doing
other things or
through music
stations’ news
updates
Irregular,
often driven by
parents’ habits
or environment
Requires
dedicated time
or can ll the
time with free
papers
Option to fully
tailor news
‘pipeline’ OR
completely
effortless
overview
All there in one
spot, variety
of formats,
long-form
articles, short
summaries of
the day, images,
explainers and
expanders,
videos at the top
of articles for
being shared on
social media
Chatty, real
people,
POV, quick
summaries on
music stations
Clear, concise
summaries,
interviews and
real footage
from the ground
Quality
journalism or a
grazing online
newsfeed feel
26 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Forming News Habits & Behaviours
News habits and behaviours are often
the result of past, present and future inuences.
Past
What I grew up with: as with previous research
14
,
we found that what people grew up with had an
inuence over their news consumption. This is not
only their socioeconomic background, but also what
brands their parents used and what news habits
they or their wider family had (both reactionary and
conrmatory).
Probably [watch Fox] more because my parents
watched it.
We always got a newspaper at the weekend. I lived in
a tiny little village and there was, like, a farmer that
dropped off the newspapers to everyone’s house but,
again, it was The Guardian. So, I always, always read
The Guardian, then, and now I read The Guardian now.
Present
Who I am now: there are many possible inuences
here but predominantly we found that people’s social
circle and their career had a major impact, both
reactionary and conrmatory. Many people cite their
job as a reason for engaging with certain news areas
or sources. People’s current but malleable interests,
passions and worldview also have a role to play.
When I go to work and things are being discussed,
you don’t want to not be informed.
Future
Who I want to become: people’s careers had a major
role to play here too, not just what they need to know
now, but what they need to demonstrate they know in
order to progress in the direction they are aiming for.
A sense of general life aspiration, career or not, also
had a role here, as did people’s desired identity or
passion area to improve on.
On the one hand, I have to read the news. It’s kind of
essential, because I’m going through job applications,
for full-time jobs in nance, and it’s so important to be
up-to-date with news.
All of this resulted in substantial variance among
the qualitative sample, within which it was necessary
to nd common themes and drivers.
The habits and behaviours of four
different types of news consumer
Through combined analysis of the tracking,
digital diaries and ethnographic conversations,
numerous news routines (or lack of) and behaviours
started to emerge that corresponded with similar
attitudes. This translated to four fundamental types of
news consumer that can be mapped across two axes.
This is not about scale or statistical signicance for
an audience set, but about exploring the richness of
real world behaviours to get a sense of directionality,
focus and understanding.
The two variables that form the mapping are:
the extent to which news brands form the epicentre
of the individual’s news experience (self-led
to brand-led) and the level of engagement
an individual has with news items in general
(low consumption to high consumption).
News experience
Brand-led News-world: here, news brands are seen
as the gatekeepers of news. They are accessed
to receive information directly, deliberately sought out
on third party platforms, and are the instinctive point
of reference on a news story.
Self-led News-world: the user sees themselves as the
gatekeeper of their news by engaging with what they
deem relevant to them at that moment. Curated social
apps or aggregators generate updates from myriad
sources that the user then (or at least perceives to)
interprets, navigates and selects what to engage with.
Level of engagement
Low Consumption: Low levels of engagement
with news items. Minimal or non-existent content
engagement on recorded devices.
High Consumption: High levels of engagement
with news items. Regular and strong engagement with
news content.
These two axes provide a way of interpreting the news
habits & behaviours of the individuals we spoke to.
Combining this with the learnings from conversations
enabled us to pull out four types of news users
15
. While
they unavoidably overlap – since they exist along a
spectrum and are based on in-depth human qualitative
data – they prove useful in taking understanding of
under-35s beyond being seen as just one type of news
user with one set of motivations and attitudes to the
news. This therefore provides further detail and colour
on how to better target this audience. It even has the
potential to impact what engagement means or looks
like for different people.
James, 25-30, US
Anna, 21-24, UK
Clive, 25-30, UK
Luke, 21-24, UK
How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media 29
These people have a routine, habitual appointment
with their primary news brand, and almost always have
a dedicated app that they use regularly, if not a browser.
They have time slots during the day designated for news
consumption. They supplement this with exposure through
social media, and have a number of other brands that they
regularly look out for, in case they have relevant content.
Opportunity
These people often already
have a strong relationship
with a number of news brands,
both primary and tertiary. A key focus
will be to maintain that relationship
with quality news and a relevant
agenda. But they also offer the best
opportunity for payment. Think about
offering a benet for payment in line
with progress and fun, and consider
how you can go beyond established
monthly subscriptions.
Brand-led Brand-led
Self-led Self-led
Low Consumption High Consumption
News Habits & Behaviours 29
The Dedicated News
Devotee
The Heritage News
Consumer
The four types of news
consumer
People in this group are just not interested enough
to have any sort of regular relationship with news brands.
Instead they remain informed through collective osmosis
from their online and ofine experiences, but dedicate
little to no time to actively engaging with the news. When
something piques their interest, they search for it directly
and care less about the brand they choose. Due to a lack
of proactive use of their feeds, they are the most at risk
of falling into an echo-chamber cycle.
The Passive News
Absorber
Opportunity
People in this group are just not
that interested in relationships with
news brands. But they do still feel
a need to be informed about what’s
going on in the world. Find ways
to raise the prominence and
value of your brand in their media
world, with seamlessly absorbable
headlines, images or short videos.
And, in case they do a sudden bit
of research, design content ready
for this and have it on research
platforms, such as YouTube.
Opportunity
Here is the greatest opportunity,
as these people already operate
in a brand-centred news world, but
just consume less news. Think how
you can make it easier for them to
consume news in their busy routines,
often through innovative tech, rather
than expecting them to suddenly make
time for news. The more rewarding
they nd their small news ‘snacks’,
the more likely their appetite for
a full meal will grow.
Tech savvy and social media condent, these consumers
take matters into their own hands, curating their
feeds and aggregators to satisfy their needs. They are
committed to news consumption, and no doubt brand
aware, but they assume responsibility for collating their
news, rather than delegating it to a brand. News content
therefore competes with hobbies and social for attention.
They dedicate time for news, but it’s often news they
have found during the constant grazing on their feeds;
consuming content as it appears or at a later time. This
gives them an opportunity to have multiple relationships
with news brands, where each story competes for clicks in
a given moment or earns more dedicated attention.
Opportunity
There is no need to convince
this group of the rewards of news,
but consider how brands can offer
them more value. Their attitude is
that they are the curators, so help
them do this. Think about content
and formats that seamlessly t into
third party platforms or are easily
compared with multiple sources,
or that publish news and formats
that feel like they are more directly
from the source, like Twitter or
Instagram personalities.
The Proactive News
Lover
Just like their parents and siblings, these users make
a concerted effort to at least consume some of the
same traditional news brands that they grew up seeing.
However, making time for these in their busy lives is not
always possible, and sometimes feels like a chore that’s
part of being an adult. Newer technologies, like podcasts
and social media feeds, are desirable as they’re kind
to their packed schedules.
28 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
30 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
—
The Dedicated News
Devotee
They tend to have clearer news routines than others, though they still consume
news throughout the day on periphery and third-party platforms. They suit
dedicated and updated news moments but time-lling is always a constant.
— Highest engagement with news brand apps
— Most dedicated to appointment news
consumption
— Strong belief in the value of news
Dedicated Updated Time-Filler Intercepted
This group represents by
far the highest levels of
this type of moment. They
access a primary news
brand as a default option,
but do explore others.
(Less digital evidence for
this, as often occurs on
computers, tablets or even
ofine.)
Also, the highest levels for
this type of news moment.
They have a primary news
brand but will explore
others.
Major role even for this
group; more likely to follow
news brands on their feeds
and so exposed to more
links. Opportunity for wider
and curated selection of
respected brands.
More likely to share than
receive, but there is still
evidence that they click
through to stories that
attract attention or diversify
exposure. But brand-led,
so if a quality brand comes
along, this is a chance to
trigger engagement.
30 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Edward reads The Daily Mail via the app every morning and evening. He
also looks up The Guardian online, mainly for sports, but doesn’t have The
Guardian app. He uses Instagram for entertainment and Twitter for up-to-
date news, where he follows both The Guardian and Mail. He also uses The
Daily Mail to ll time throughout the day; here it becomes exchangeable with
podcasts, Twitter and Instagram. But if he has the time to settle into reading a
few articles, he’d rather turn to something like The Guardian or The Sun online
if looking for an alternative to The Mail.
The Daily Mail got the most use but he also looked up articles directly
on the Guardian, listened to NPR broadcasts (secondary news) and used
Twitter as his primary ‘time-ller’.
I have a regimen every morning where I get up, shower, brush my teeth and make coffee,
and then I sit down, I read Wall Street Breakfast and Seeking Alpha. The Economist has an aggregator
called Economist Espresso that gives you ve stories and then a world in brief section. I read that,
then I listen to NPR Up First… then I go on the train and I read The Economist on the train.
Sam, 25-30, US
Daily Mail
News
Instagram
Social Media
Twitter
Social Media
Edward, 21-24, UK
News Habits & Behaviours 31
Daily Mail App
Morning and Evening patterns. Routine and appointment.
Also regularly read The Guardian.
App activity throughout the day. Height of the peak represents
time spent (in 15 minute increments)
Instagram & Twitter Apps
Instagram and Twitter usage throughout the day.
News brands play here, though not alone.
My main two are The Mail and The Guardian.
We used to get The Mail at home as a
newspaper and obviously moving out of home
was a bit about, like, still trying to follow that
kind of news. Obviously you can, via the app,
you can get on a more frequent basis.
Well, I probably get most of my actual
news through Twitter. I think I follow BBC
News, Sky News, Guardian. I don’t think
I follow Mail, but often I might follow other
small sports publications and they might post
about an interesting article and it might be on
their site, or another site, so often I might just
click through onto one of those. Sometimes I’ll
click on it and have it open as a tab and not read
it at that moment, I might come back to it on my
keypad later, for example.
Jan 22 11 min
Jan 23 7 min
Jan 24 40 min
Jan 30 10 min
Jan 25 no data
Jan 31 11 min
Jan 26 28 min
Feb 01 16 min
Jan 27 16 min
Feb 02 14 min
Jan 28 25 min
Feb 03 7 min
Feb 04 15 min
12 AM 12 PM
Jan 29 10 min
Jan 21 10 min
Jan 22 24 min
Jan 23 12 min
Jan 24 60 min
Jan 25 28 min
Jan 26 87 min
Jan 27 84 min
Jan 28 20 min
Jan 29 7 min
12 AM 12 PM
How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media 33 32 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
—
Get to the point and be concise. I think that’s,
unfortunately, the way it’s going really. Because
none of us have much time...The app I use most is
BBC News. I know, also, everyone says that news
places are kind of one-sided, but I always feel like
they do give me an explanation I can skim through
and nd out what’s going on, as much as I actually
need to know without going too in-depth…I’ve
always had the BBC, because I listen to BBC radio
and have that app on my phone. Then, if my parents
watch news, it’s usually BBC news.
The Heritage News
Consumer
Heritage News Consumers also live in a brand-led news world, but they’re
notably less engaged with the news in general. While they may have news
brand relationships, they often prefer easier ways of keeping up-to-date.
They use news brand apps and websites or look out for their preferred
TV station, but not very often, and not for long. Social media channels are
considered more efcient for their time-poor life.
— Low engagement with news but when engaged
they use news brands
— Consider themselves time poor, have little time
for Dedicated moments
— Belief in the value of news passed on through
upbringing
Self-described as a busy person with ‘a lot going on’, Ellie values the news
and staying in touch with what’s going on, but primarily as a functional
and not necessarily enjoyable act. She uses the BBC News app sporadically
and also Buzzfeed and Vice apps. In all instances, she values things
that are quick, to the point and which she ‘can skim through and nd
out what’s going on...without going too in-depth’ and ideally fun. Most of her
time is spent on Snapchat or Instagram.
A trifecta of apps provides multiple, if shallow, touchpoints with news.
Dedicated Updated Time-Filler Intercepted
This group has almost no
time to do this. In most
cases, this type of use was
limited to once every few
weekends. When clicking
through to an interesting
story, they’re more likely to
be looking for the ‘topline’.
Recognises the importance
of staying up-to-date, they
just don’t necessarily enjoy
it. They have news brand
apps that they use semi
regularly, for very brief
windows of time.
This need for entertainment
is the primary mode
through which they come
across news. They follow
news brands on places
like Twitter and enjoy
a sprinkling of news along
with their other sources.
Sharing is part of the
digital culture of this group;
it’s not unusual for them
to consume or send out
articles through messaging
apps. These tend to be
focused on news stories
with social capital and
activism, or ones that are
particularly amusing
or shocking.
32 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media News Habits & Behaviours 33
BBC News App
Dedicated moments are short and somewhat forced
and randomised.
BBC News
News
Buzzfeed
News
Vice
News
I usually get most of my news from Twitter. It’s just so easy, the way it’s laid out,
you can literally nd anything in seconds. Other than that, Instagram and then
Facebook are pretty much next to each other.
James, 25-30, US
YouTube
27.45%
JobSpotter
11.32%
Podcasts
10.30%
Google Maps
3.66%
IMOB
3.66%
dealornodeal
3.47%
Twitter
2.86%
Other:
BBC News
<1%
Safari
14.88%
Netix
8.14%
Facebook
4.41%
Ellie, 18-20, UK
Usually, if I go on my phone I’ll
do a bit of everything and then
come off and do something else.
I guess I do use social media
apps a lot more throughout the
day… I’ll get bored. Then I go
over to Instagram and this is a lot
more, like, seeing what friends
are up to. I follow a lot of tattoo
things on there and animals,
food videos. Nothing really
newsy comes up as much.
Again, I follow the BBC on here
and sometimes I might go and
look through what else they’ve
got going on as well.
Feb 2 2 min
Feb 3 1 min
Feb 4 6 min
Feb 5 3 min
Feb 6 1 min
12 AM 12 PM
34 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
—
The Proactive News
Lover
Being heavily involved with news but less tied to brands, Proactive News
Lovers take the sourcing of news stories into their own hands. They still
consume a lot of news, but are less tethered to a particular dedicated or
updated habit, instead grazing on news throughout the day. They do this with
little loyalty, meaning they’re more likely to consume from different, unusual
brands. Their reliance on aggregation means less time is spent with one
source. They have a wider denition of what constitutes news content.
— High engagement with news but on their own terms
— They read news throughout the day, mostly through
Updated and Time-ller moments
— Scepticism around the superiority of traditional
news; open to alternative outlets
Mark has an interest in staying up-to-date with what is happening, but sees
traditional news brands’ coverage as one dimensional, often missing out
important information or headline stories. He uses a combination of self-
curation and social platforms to give him a balanced picture of the world.
Reddit is his main portal for accessing news, making it easy to consume lots
of stories without compromising integrity. Twitter is a great way to follow the
people actually making the news and to stay current. Podcasts are often his
equivalent of long reads, although he also likes to save longer articles to read
on his desktop later on. He is also a fan of investigatory journalism. Through
podcasts, he enjoys being able to get depth on a story efciently. He sees
local NPR radios as pleasantly objective, and values ‘quality’ publishers,
such as New York Times, Washington Post, Vice and Wall Street Journal.
Reddit allows for a high degree of self conguration while still leaning on like-
minded individuals to curate interesting stories. This combination of group-
mind and exibility is an exciting alternative to the rigid world of news brands.
Dedicated Updated Time-Filler Intercepted
Valued by this group but
to a lesser extent than a
Dedicated News Devotee.
As this group gets so much
content from so many
sources, deep-dives are
reserved for only the most
interesting stories.
Catching up on what
had happened overnight
was the most common
behaviour here. As with
their social feeds, getting
up-to-date rst thing in the
morning was a priority.
This was by far the highest
mode of news engagement
for this group. With a
plethora of different
methods and sources,
this segment had a large
number of options from
which to get their news.
Sharing is deeply
embedded in this
segment, and as such,
things shared by friends
on feeds prompted high
engagement. To a certain
degree, Reddit is the
ultimate expression
of this moment.
34 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Reddit is Fun App
When congured for news, Reddit is the ultimate aggregator,
creating a single stream of community-endorsed stories.
Reddit used with a routine similar to that of news apps.
Podcasts
An ideal way to consume high
density content and really
go in depth with an issue.
They’re compatible with more
menial tasks, which is an
added time saver.
I check the Apple News app, but I also get access to a bunch of other news articles
scrolling on social media or email. I’m subscribed to Bloomberg news, so I get
emails…I see NYT, Hufngton Post and other articles through social media;
the apps I use the most are Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
Maggie, 21-24, US
Mark, 31-35, US
[For] going to the gym or,
like, a long commute...I want
something that’s going to be
able to hold my attention
for a little bit longer.
Reddit for me is the portal into what’s happening,
not just in the United States, but around the world,
and it’s easy for me to weed out what I’m not going
to be interested in and it’s just a really easy way
to access the news. I think the agenda, in a lot of
ways, makes a lot of sense, but in many ways, we’re
also missing out on a lot of big stories that really
should be covered. Especially today, it’s very easy
for the news media to cover one piece of the story
or one particular story and there’s a lot that they’re
probably missing out.
News Habits & Behaviours 35
Jan 21 no data
Jan 22 11 min
Jan 23 7 min
Jan 24 40 min
Jan 25 no data
Jan 26 28 min
Jan 27 16 min
Jan 28 25 min
Jan 29 10 min
12 AM 12 PM
36 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
—
The Passive News
Absorber
As the name suggests, these people tend to let the news come to them.
They are more likely to get news from friends or picking up on background
radio and television than through direct consumption. Their main digital
connection with news brands is often around personal interest areas (often
sport) rather than the wider news. Consequently, there was little evidence
of direct news consumption on their digital tracking proles. For this reason,
we surveyed two individuals to esh out this detail.
— Lowest engagement with News of all groups
— Scepticism towards the superiority of traditional
news, and its ability to offer unbiased information
Joe is quite disinterested in news and foreign affairs. He focuses on enjoying
his hobbies and entertainment; generally picking up on news through
friends or social media, if the story is big enough. Over 70% of the time he
spends on his phone – roughly four hours each day – is spent on Snapchat
and Instagram, where big events or highly localised stories are likely
to make themselves visible.
While Instagram wasn’t the primary source of news, it t neatly into
‘time-ller’ news moments.
Richard interacts with the news primarily through more traditional mediums,
such as radio and television. He listens to LBC during his travel with work
and sometimes watches the news on TV. Beyond that, his touchpoints
are relatively sporadic, and mostly driven by sport, Instagram or intercept
moments that may take him to a news website. He is primarily informed
through less direct means.
The majority of content came digitally through the Sky Sports and Sky News
apps. Instances of looking at The Sun or The Express came directly through
searching Google and happened a single time during analysis.
Dedicated Updated Time-Filler Intercepted
This group did little to none
of this outside of where it
integrated into their lives.
Here, traditional media
played a much bigger role.
Television, radio and even
physical newspapers were
much more likely to be
mentioned.
We found very low evidence
of determined moments
like this. Again, routine
commutes and other
activities (like retrieving
a daily newspaper for
someone else) were the
best evidence of this.
Instagram and Twitter
played a big role in these
individuals’ lives. These
were congured to be a
cocktail of entertainment,
where news had to
compete along with other
forms of content.
Sharing news with friends
and family through
messages was common,
but often for comedic
effect.
36 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
“ Depending on the news, I mean, I don’t think you notice it so
much… Something that happens abroad, I mean, you can look at it,
but you might not take it in as much.”
Joe, 18-20, UK
Joe, 18-20, UK Richard, 25-30, UK
News Habits & Behaviours 37
No one-size-ts-all solution
This study didn’t explore the size of these
groups, but there is clearly a bigger opportunity to make
progress – in terms of engagement and building brand
relationships – with Dedicated News Devotees and
Heritage News Consumers than with Passive News
Absorbers and Proactive News Lovers.
But most of all, the impact of such a range of moments,
types of news users and other factors, notably platform
or medium, means that there is not going to be a
single solution for increasing loyal news engagement
with younger audiences.
Under-35s are looking for many different things, which on
a surface level sometimes may even seem contradictory.
But things start to make more sense when we understand
the different roles news plays on the different platforms or
media, the moments in which it appears, and the impact
this then has on what young people want from the news.
It is therefore important that news content,
format and tone t the roles and moments they
are intended for. Otherwise, news brands run
the risk that experiences are not seamless or intuitive,
and younger audiences will disengage.
Mark, 31-35, US
Maggie, 21-24, US
I would say my favourite type
of news is videos that really lay
it out, like, Vice or News Tonight,
even. Just something that
really quickly gives you a visual
understanding of it, and a quick
snapshot of a bunch of different
things, instead of having to read
an article for 10 minutes.
My favourite kind of news
is long form, in-depth
news; I guess you would
call it investigative pieces.
News Habits & Behaviours 39 38 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
40 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Industry Insights 41
6 Industry Insights
A driving hypothesis behind
this research was that young people
are less engaged with the news,
and in particular with traditional
news providers.
In Section 3 we touched upon a number
of areas of interest from the industry conversation
that could be linked to this:
1. The relevance of the news agenda
for younger audiences: The wider
news agenda is broadly relevant,
but what dominates the headlines
feels narrow and repetitive
There is - or has been for recent years - a feeling of
endless coverage of the same topics, reported in the
same way. For example, for those we spoke to, Brexit
had seemingly been on the front pages for over a
year without anything substantial changing. They paid
attention to the big stories, when there was a signicant
shift, but the endless headlines were off-putting. ‘What
other important news stories might we have been
missing because of this?’ was a regular concern.
Young people tend to have a global outlook and often nd
that international stories are reported with a nationalistic
style, rather than an honest or local perspective, which
jars with their attitudes toward global content. Brands
like Al Jazeera were mentioned positively because it was
felt that they told stories in a more authentic way, using
local voices and perspectives.
Young people also have a strong appetite for coverage
of a broader range of topics in general, such as arts &
culture, activism, the environment and LGBTQ+. While
this kind of content is available, major news brands
should, and can be, even more diverse and inclusive.
Primarily, younger audiences are interested in human,
personal and real stories that inspire their goals in life,
which lends itself to wider coverage.
I think sometimes I like to feel a bit empowered or inspired.
So, I think [I like] amazing human stories and wellbeing,
how to help yourself feel better.
2. Negativity and the news:
The news is seen as overly negative,
but there’s more to it than this
As expected, young people do tend to view the news
as negative but this isn’t always as simple a story as
it sounds. ‘Negative’ in terms of the news can mean
different things to different people, which changes their
response to it and therefore the solution. For some,
negative stories are to be expected, and it doesn’t really
change their perception of news brands, which are
simply doing their job of reporting what is happening in
the world. However, there is still a sense among young
people that news brands are overplaying the negative.
This perceived negativity has a number of facets to it:
— Negative stories (violence, crime, hate), without
reference to the positive action surrounding it
— Perceived unfairness in targeting people,
particularly those in the public eye (politicians,
celebrities)
— Perceived favouring of certain groups,
particularly white middle class males, but this
depends on the issue
— Too many extreme opinions given equal voice,
often in the name of being balanced or impartial
It’s exactly that thing. They try and make it even, so much
so they’re completely skewing everything, by that one
person being constantly interviewed or constantly shared.
The Daily Mail is always on social media, trying to make
someone look bad. Someone put up something about
tennis players, the other day, and there were four of them
and Serena Williams had an awful picture and all the
others were all glammed up and had all their make-up
done. It was so blatantly trying to be against this one
person.
Anna, 21-24, UK
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Ellie, 18-20, UK
The relevance
of the news agenda
for younger audiences
The news not effectively
using new formats,
such as social media
Negativity
and the news
1
5
7
3
2
The state of trust
in the news
6
The feeling that there
is an overwhelming
amount of news
The tone of news feeling
misaligned with younger people
4
The state of opinions
in the news
42 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Industry Insights 43
4. The tone of news feels misaligned
with younger people: It is not
always relevant; it can swing
between extremes
Unsurprisingly, the tone of the news often doesn’t
strike the right note for younger audiences.
Exposure to so many different media and types
of content online comes with a diverse range of tones,
all suiting different spaces or moments.
In general, the tone of news items can at times
feel overly serious, institutional, dry, and technical
for younger people. This is especially inaccessible
when the reader has a limited education
or background knowledge and involvement on the topic,
as is more likely among younger readers.
At other times, the tone is too strident and focussed
on supercial attention-grabbing, sometimes
slipping towards ‘click-bait’ (this even applies
to more ‘reputable’ news brands).
This audience responds better to more human
approaches, stories, touches of informality,
honest opinions (real people, real points of view),
and comedy or entertainment.
But that comes into click bait again. They’ll write a
headline just to draw you in and then you get opinionated.
Then you’ll have something else on a completely different
opinion the next day...I feel like people are trying to have
opinions for no reason at the moment.
Usually it’s more light hearted, funny stuff. It’s rare
that a friend of mine will share a really serious article.
It will usually be something funny.
3. The state of opinions in the news:
People want genuine opinions,
not politicised interpretations
Younger audiences seem to see impartial news as an
unattainable ideal. It is seen as something worth striving
for, but it is not a given, or a must. At the same time,
young people don’t want to be told their point of view,
they want to explore a topic and have help in developing
their own point of view.
In this regard, most news is felt to be either fact-
focused and bland, or overly partisan, which drives
the interpretation of facts and events. This perceived
ideology-driven approach links back to some of the
different facets of negativity in the news.
Of course, there is a time and a place for sharing opinions
(Twitter and Reddit, most notably) and this human-led,
conversational and interactive style does resonate and
attract much attention. But under-35s have a desire to
be exposed to a variety of genuine opinions, and also to
interpretations that break away from the repetitive and
overly-simplied left / right divide. They are more driven
by the facts or authentic human situation of a story. The
value of traditional news brands to this audience is still
rooted in their history of quality journalism. While they
may enjoy delving into the highly opinionated comments
on a Reddit or YouTube trail, this doesn’t mean they want
traditional news brands to be behaving in the same way.
I think in the past I’d want to have kept up with the
headlines more, and now it’s so politicised that I’m far
more interested in engaging with discussions on certain
areas. I suppose the only headlines I’d really be interested
in consuming would be world events.
What I don’t like about them is them trying to push their
own political stance or view too much. Trying to convince
someone to adopt their own beliefs.
Clive, 25-30, UK
Edward, 21-24, UK
Anna, 21-24, UK
Clive, 25-30, UK
5. The news not effectively using
new formats: News doesn’t
always feel in sync with the media
environment it’s in
With its vital role in society and cultural heritage, the
authority of traditional news brands remains prominent
among all audiences. But for younger audiences, news
brands’ behaviour either on their own websites or a third
party’s is not always in line with the content, format and
style of how users interact with each particular platform.
On social media, in particular, this also means a lack of
sensitivity to the role each platform plays in the person’s
repertoire of social media apps. A news item often
appears as though it hasn’t tried to adapt at all to the new
environment and therefore does not t the aesthetic, ow
and cues of the platform, so fails to get any attention. Or a
news piece on social media can appear as though its sole
aim is to get the user off that platform and onto the brand’s
website. We know that this audience’s goal is a seamless
online experience, so this too is usually unsuccessful.
At other times, news brands risk credibility by trying
too hard to t a certain platform, imitating the style of
other non-news brands that have had success there.
Similarly, on their own news websites, more innovative
formats targeted at younger audiences often risk going
too far or make predictable and not very engaging
assumptions about what the audience wants from
news. Here, traditional news providers can come across
like an ‘embarrassing parent’ by trying to be cool or
dumbing down content. Equally, though, if done well,
some of these formats have the potential to drive direct
engagement. This often means trusting the authority and
heritage of the traditional news brand.
Well, this is just annoying that all these media news
outlets are trying to dumb down... The thing for me
is when there’s an article and then there’s some visual,
kind of, fun, quirky, additions.
If the comic strip is the news I’d probably give up
on it. Is this trying to make young people interested
in what’s going on in the world?
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Adele, 25-30, UK
Short video
e.g. Vox’s videos
16
Integrated
experience
Feels real and
often raw to the
story
Explainers are
valued
BUT can be time
consuming and
too demanding
if want a quick
overview or
detailed analysis
Visual Stories
e.g. the BBC’s
Insta-stories
17
For some, it feels
too childish.
For others it
resonates, if it’s
on social media
Works when
it relies only
on images;
paragraphs show
lack of format
understanding
Seen to suit
simplicity: lists
or timelines etc.
Illustrated
formats
e.g. the BBC’s
illustrated
articles
18
Feels like
an exciting
alternative
to the standard
format of word
and photo
But can be too
much, or too hard
to follow
Best used
to support an
article, like an
alternative
to photos
Conversational
or ‘chat-boxes’
e.g. The
Guardian’s chat
format
19
Conversational
tone or
participation, e.g.
quiz, resonates
But execution
cannot disrupt
seamlessly
consuming
content
Can be
disorientating
or OTT
Conversation
captures value
of podcasts
Expander formats
e.g. the BBC’s
background
information
explainers
20
Highly valued due
to audience’s lack
of background
knowledge
Works best
when easy,
non-disruptive
Prefer expanders
that are on the
same page
Context dependent
(e.g. explaining
mid-term elections
had less appeal
in the US)
A deeper look into audience response to new
formats suggests that they still have potential.
However, these formats risk appearing inauthentic,
possibly due to misunderstanding the format
or the value of traditional news providers
16)
https://www.vox.com/2018/1/3/16845438/exercise-weight-loss-myth-burn-calories
17)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ampstories/moonmess/index.html
18)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/secret_lesbian_language
19)
https:///www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jan/11/the-internet-but-not-as-we-know-it-life-online-in-china-russia-cuba-and-india
20)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-c2d5bac7-3827-44d1-b5a0-8e6c637736b2
44 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
6. The state of trust in the news:
Fake news is not a problem but
a nuisance, and also a potential
opportunity for attribution
We didn’t nd, in our interviews, quite the crisis of
trust in the media that we often hear about among
young people. There is a general disbelief at some
of the politicised opinion thrown around, but there
is also a lot of appreciation of the quality of some
of the individuals’ favoured brands.
Fake news itself is seen as more of a nuisance than
a democratic meltdown, especially given that the
perceived scale of the problem is relatively small
compared with the public attention it seems to receive.
Users therefore feel capable of taking these issues
into their own hands. Concerns about their ability
to genuinely spot fake news are well grounded
but, importantly for traditional news brands,
young people are actively trying to do so.
Since trust issues and the fake news phenomenon have
been so well publicised, users are now looking more at
the source of a news item when on third party platforms,
particularly Facebook. This is driven by a desire to
consume news from a wide range of sources, as well as
the desire to avoid perceived politicised – or potentially
false – output from certain disagreeable or unknown
brands. The result is greater potential brand attribution
on these platforms, as well as a reliance on traditional,
‘reputable’ news brands, which are seen as providing
a guarantee for trusted information and, to an extent,
provide a heuristic for validation.
The term ‘fake news’;I’ve tried my hardest not to fully
ignore the topic.
If I see something like New York Times, Bloomberg,
Washington Post, I’m going to assume that it’s credible
and valid, but if I see something that’s on a news website
that I’ve never heard of before, I’m more likely to question
the source of the news.
Most places that I follow are quite established. You know,
they’ve been there a while. They are more trustworthy.
I think when new ones start popping up, that’s when you
nd it slightly harder to trust them.
I think I’m much more limited in the news that I access
now, because of this…I think the ones that you trust are
the traditional ones that have been around for a long time,
like the BBC, The Guardian, The Independent.
Ryan, 18-20, US
Luke, 21-24, UK
Maggie, 21-24, US
Ellie, 18-20, UK
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Maggie, 21-24, US
7. The feeling that there is an
overwhelming amount of news:
The news can feel like a chore
In Section 4, we revealed that the role of news for under-
35s is primarily individualistic, which means they are
slightly more detached from motivations around its role in
wider society. Combining some of the issues mentioned
above with current potential perceptions of the news
can contribute to the sense that consuming the news
sometimes feels like a chore, rather than something
people actively want to do.
People have their own individual methods of cutting
through the general media noise (e.g. using aggregators
or social media, or taking a digital detox and even
avoiding the news all together). But, as we know, often
the news feels negative in different ways; it requires
effort to understand, is less engaging than other more
entertaining media content, and sometimes lacks
the seamlessness young people have come
to expect from the online world. They ‘get through
it’ because of an intangible sense that they have to,
rather than because they choose to.
If someone hadn’t read about Brexit at all until now and
then tried to pick it up and they’re seeing what’s going on,
they wouldn’t have a clue what it’s going to be like. You’d
have to look everything up from scratch and then it would
be even more of a chore.
Well, there’s so much bad news going on. You feel like it’s
something on your to do list, you know, you’ve got to try…
It does feel like a chore, denitely.
I feel like I do a lot of reading with school and stuff,
and sometimes it’s easy to feel, if I’m reading
an article, that it’s just another thing to read.
Chloe, 31-35, UK
Every news source you go to has
some kind of agenda, whatever
that might be, so there is bias
in the news. It’s really hard to x
a bias, isn’t it? No news source,
not even the BBC, is able
to completely show something
free of any prejudice or bias...
that’s the thing with reading
a lot of different sources.
Industry Insights 45
46 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Industry Insights 47
£
¥
€
$
Sam, 25-30, US Gabrielle, 18-20, US Ryan,18-20, US Ellie, 18-20, UK Victoria, 25-30, UK
Reduce Friction
The issue: It can
be annoying and
disruptive to the
online experience
when you suddenly
cannot access an
article you want
Consider: Pay
per article, but
avoid click-bait
as they expect
disappointment
You know, perhaps
payment would get
so easy as to just
say, ‘hey, you want
to read this one
article? It’s 5 cents’.
Smaller But More
Frequent
The issue: This
audience likes the
freedom to bring
variety to their
online experience
and budgets are
tight so money is for
right now
Consider: Payment
methods closer to
how people used to
pay for print every
day
If you were to
charge me $0.50 a
day, [not] when it’s
grouped into $10 a
week or a month or
whatever… I’d give
$0.50 every day. I
have so many coins.
More Options, More
Control
The issue: This
audience is used to
curating their online
world
Consider: Pay for
single sections
(sport), like Sky TV;
full access only for
the weekend; a daily
cap, or ‘Oyster card’
style top-up system
The Athletic is really
the only paid sports
subscription out
there right now…
Shared Accounts
The issue: Parents
can inuence
perceived value of
subscriptions, and
a perceived benet
of Netix / Spotify
subscriptions is
shared or family
accounts
Consider: Cheaper
per person or offer
more user exibility
and family deals
My mum got one
[Netix account],
but before that
I was using my
boyfriend’s brother’s
girlfriend’s, or
something. There’s
a long chain of us.
Brand Bundles
The issue:
Accessing multiple
news sources is
important
Consider: An
aggregator or top-
up system shared
across partner
brands
Wouldn’t it be good
if they have this
news app where
it has lots of
different things,
but all the ones I
can’t access, I don’t
pay for? Wouldn’t it
be good if you could
just pay there all
in one place?
Young people’s attitudes towards
paying for the news
What does this all mean for young
people’s willingness to pay for news? The New York
Times’s success in generating revenue from digital
subscriptions
21
‒and signs that this might be a wider
trend, at least in the US
22
‒means payment is a hot topic.
Ultimately, attitudes to payment uncovered in this
study were not particularly positive. But there are
some key occasions where young audiences
might be willing to pay for news:
— If they have a personal closeness to a brand and
what it stands for. This might not necessarily be
political or view-based, but led by journalistic
rigour and quality or style, or the brand’s approach
to forming points of view.
— If a brand provides unique content that they need
in order to learn and progress in their career.
— If a brand offers something unique
that they would struggle to get anywhere
else (personal interests, relevant specialist
knowledge e.g. sport or theatre).
— And, on occasion, if their parents paid
for their subscriptions (parental news legacy,
or a ‘worthy’ birthday present).
But this is true for only a select few (mainly Dedicated
News Devotees or possibly an Active News Lover).
Young people will pay for entertainment (Spotify, Netix,
Hulu etc.) but currently the overwhelming majority
won’t pay for news
23
. The reasons for this boil down to
a number of key themes:
— Mindset - News should be free: access to news
feels like a fundamental right and it should be
available for all, not just those who can afford it.
— Benet - Willing to pay for pleasure: budgets are
tight, if the news already feels like a chore, you
don’t want to have to pay for it too.
— Need - They have access already: many under-
35s have, by and large, grown up with unlimited
ways to access news for free.
— Usage - Payments don’t t consumption: this
audience values using multiple sources in a world
where nothing is impartial and fake news is a risk.
It is unrealistic to pay for them all and harder to
justify ‘the one’ they might be willing to pay for.
— Method - Perception that options are limited:
monthly subscriptions don’t t news habits and
expectations for this audience, yet are the only
method they are aware of.
Based on what we know about our young audiences’
preferences and behaviours, we have formulated some
provocations around payment methods:
48 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Strategic Options 49
7 Strategic Options
Guide To Producing Content
To Engage Younger Audiences
The study identied ve summary
challenges for news providers wishing to better
engage with under-35s. These are:
In order to consider potential strategic options for news
brands, a semiotic audit of popular media platforms
was carried out, using these ve summary challenges
as ‘lenses’ for the analysis. The aim was to analyse
and understand the variety of techniques (such as
tone of voice, layout, UX, and style) that brands use
to meet these challenges, and to use this as a basis
for generating questions that news brands can ask
themselves when producing content.
The analysis focused primarily on those sources that
respondents themselves shared and identied as
engaging (without necessarily being able to articulate
or analyse more deeply the reasons they found these
sources engaging). This source list was supplemented
with examples of recent content aimed at engaging
young audiences provided by the Reuters Institute,
as well as desk research.
Access and ease of use
Building habits
Relevance
Point of view
1. Access and Ease of Use
This type of content responds to audience frustration
around complex or lengthy news stories, particularly
those that require sufcient background information
or knowledge to engage with.
It breaks down complicated issues and makes
them easy to understand.
Examples:
A video and accompanying article by Vox, ‘How Marginal
Tax Brackets Actually Work’
24
quickly debunks popular
assumptions around increasing tax rates on wealth,
explaining a complicated policy issue efciently through
simple, effective illustrations.
A regularly-updated BBC guide, ‘Brexit: All you need to
know about the UK leaving the EU’
25
offers short, factual
answers to the most popularly asked questions around
the Brexit process (such as ‘Could Brexit be cancelled?’),
as well as an interactive ‘jargon buster’. The website is
designed so that readers can quickly skim to the areas that
interest them, or study in depth relevant policy documents.
Key questions for news brands
producing content in this space:
— How can complex information be
presented in bite-sized ways?
— How can we make news feel less
like a chore?
— How can we ensure that illustrations
and animations enhance rather than
disrupt the user experience?
— How can we help people with limited
time easily navigate or skim lengthy
content?
— How can mainstream brands
leverage their authority to clarify
complicated issues?
— What can we do to prevent more
innovative formats from overcomplicating
the news experience?
— How can we make long-running stories
with lots of background information
feel accessible?
— Can we harness technology to
personalise the content they need
(showing explanatory boxes or simpler
language just to those that need them)
1
2
4
5
3
Third party spaces
24)
www.vox.com/2019/1/18/18187056/tax-bracket-marginal-video
25)
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887
50 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Strategic Options 51
Key questions for news brands
producing content in this space:
— How can we tell the story through
the medium the platform provides,
rather than forcing our own
medium into the platform?
— Can the same story be broken
into different versions (Instagram
photo-timeline, a Twitter thread,
and a longform article)?
— How can photography play to the
creative rules of Instagram rather
than traditional photojournalism?
— How can we ensure the user feels
like they’re receiving real content
rather than an advertisement?
— How can our content enhance
the experience of the platform?
— How can we consistently
communicate our signature style
on different platforms?
— How can we leverage audiences’
increased desire for reputable
sources?
3. Building habits
The decline of traditional, habitual
forms of news consumption presents a major
challenge for news brands.
Content in this space encourages and facilitates habitual
consumption by its audience, in two ways:
1. Attempting to restore traditional news habits
2. Generating new forms of habit anchored
in contemporary life (e.g. reading on public
transport)
Examples:
The Espresso app, by the Economist, provides daily
news briengs via a series of ‘short reads’. Each
story requires around three scrolls on a phone, and
always ends on an interesting quote – functioning as
a kind of ‘snack’ that can be consumed on-the-go.
Tortoise News () has invested signicant amounts of
money in a ‘slow news’ platform, which it says will combat
supercial content with in-depth investigative pieces.
The brand aims to re-introduce committed engagement
with the news through its unique content proposition, as
well as live interactive events.
2. Third Party Spaces
Audiences feel that news content on third party
platforms have not been designed for how they use the
platform, are often trying to get them off the platform and
onto another (‘click-bait’), and/or feel inauthentic to the
news brand, unsuccessfully mimicking content that is
native to the platform.
Content that succeeds in ‘third party spaces’ feels
authentically part of the platform where the audience
encounters it, while still managing to cue brand
awareness. This content enhances rather than detracts
from the user’s experience of the platform.
Examples:
Netix’s Twitter account
26
features discussions of newly
hosted content and TV-related news with short, auto-play
subtitled videos. The tweets allow users to engage with
Twitter as normal while keeping abreast of the brand.
The Instagram account History Cool Kids
27
features
eye-catching, Instagram-style photography with short
historical anecdotes in the captions. Its popularity
suggests that news brands might experiment with
formats other than traditional photojournalism in order to
better engage with the ways users enjoy the platform.
It should be recognised that much of this is dependent
on platforms offering sustainable monetisation models
and better attribution. Until these issues are properly
addressed news brands are likely to continue to under-
invest in truly native content (beyond marketing) and it will
be hard to engage younger consumers in the platforms
where they spend most of their time.
Key questions for news brands
producing content in this space:
— How do we create dedicated
news occasions in a busy
and fragmented world?
— How do we t both content and format
to contemporary news moments?
— How can we use reminders/notications
in ways that encourage rather than deter
users?
— How can we create experiences
that are as personal, relevant and easy
as Facebook and Netix?
— How can we build habitual engagement
with our brand on third party platforms?
— How can we become the go-to
for updates?
— How can we take advantage of different
needs at different times of day?
— What does ‘habit’ look like for different
types of newsreaders?
26)
www.twitter.com/netix
27)
www.instagram.com/historycoolkids/?hl=en
28)
www.tortoisemedia.com
52 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Strategic Options 53
Key questions for news brands
producing content in this space:
— How can we broaden our agenda
without risking our traditional audience?
— How can we facilitate a more democratic
and participatory relationship
with audiences?
— What tweaks can we make to remind
our audiences that they have a stake
in the issues?
— How can we marry our brand authority
with user-generated content?
— How can we tell global stories
that feel ‘ground-up’ for a worldly
and interconnected audience?
— How can we inspire young audiences
around the possibility of change
and positive action?
— How can we deliver innovative formats
that feel authentically youthful?
— How can our tone feel more human
and honest?
Key questions for news brands
producing content in this space:
— If we want to deliver opinion,
how do we ensure it feels considered
and substantiated?
— How do we offer a variety of opinions
without misrepresenting the facts or
the degree of support behind them?
— How do we interact with opposing
views in a way that feels intelligent
and fair?
— What role do we want to maintain in
relation to supercial ‘hot topics’?
— How can the opinions we showcase
facilitate our audience to develop
their own perspective rather than
adopt a ready-made one?
— How can we ensure that we engage
with divergent or unpopular views
in ways that feel respectful rather
than exploitative?
4. Relevance
Audiences have consistently said that
they struggle to engage with news that feels distant
and unrelated to their lives. News in this space
is made to feel relevant to readers’ lives through
both form and content.
Examples:
Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
29
questioning
ethics experts on campaign nance laws became the
most-watched political video on Twitter, and was
mentioned by several respondents. Her massive
popularity among our study audience suggests that her
brand of youthfully combative politics inspires people
who otherwise feel disconnected to that world.
User-powered Citizen
30
, popular with NY audience,
alerts users to crimes and emergencies within their
neighbourhood. Amateur videos lmed on-app have
later been broadcast on mainstream news, facilitating a
more personal relationship between user-generated
content and news brands.
5. Point of View
The audiences in the study expressed concern
that news brands often force their own ideology on the
reader. In contrast, news brands in this space enable
the audience to develop their own point of view – not
necessarily by avoiding opinion, but by presenting
multiple opinions, or offering considered rather than
polemic evaluation of the news.
Examples:
The Guardian, The Internet
31
is an unusual multimedia
article that emulates people’s experience of the internet
in countries shaped by censorship or slow connections.
Audiences found the experimental formatting engaging
and informative, and said that it helped them develop
a perspective on internet freedom and access.
Trans YouTube star Contrapoints
32
: regularly gains
over 1 million viewers with 20 min+ videos discussing
contemporary news and politics. Combining
creative theatrics with sharp analysis, especially on
contemporary internet debates/trends, audiences
appreciate the fact that she thoughtfully considers her
opponents’ arguments.
29)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=h810bO-4LIs
30)
appitunes.apple.com/us/app/citizen/id1039889567?mt=8
31)
www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jan/11/the-
internet-but-not-as-we-know-it-life-online-in-china-russia-cuba-and-india
32)
www.youtube.com/channel/UCNvsIonJdJ5E4EXMa65VYpA
54 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Conclusions 55
8 Conclusions
This study shows that young
people are less likely to go directly to
news apps and websites, and spend
much of their time online with social
media and entertainment services.
Against this background, it has proved
hard to attract attention to traditional
news content—which is often seen as
a chore—or to news brands that often
feel irrelevant to their personal lives.
But none of this means that young people aren’t interested
in news and information. Keeping up to date with a wide
range of issues remains important for their identity,
for their ability to connect and for their chances
of career and life progression. But the expectations
of both Gen Z and young Millennials are signicantly
different from older groups. News needs to deliver
value to them as individuals, not just for society.
It needs to support their desire to progress in life as well
as entertain and engage them.
In response, traditional news brands will need to change
both the format, the tone and the agenda of what they
do. They’ll need to provide not just ‘what you should
know’ but also what is useful, interesting and fun to know.
But young people do not want traditional news brands
to lose or disconnect with their authority and credibility.
They do not want the news media to dumb down.
There are no one-size-ts-all solutions for how to reach
a group of people who have so many different interests
and aspirations. But, based on the ndings from this
study, we propose three key ways in which traditional
media needs to change:
Even if the media adopts these suggestions, there is no
guarantee of success. Our segmentation work suggests
that a signicant proportion of young people in the US and
UK will be hard to engage given their low interest in news.
Building brand loyalty with these more ‘passive’ groups
will be tough, though it is possible that they will become
more engaged as they take on greater responsibility and
enter a different life-stage. But other groups like the News
Devotees and Heritage Consumers, and to an extent the
Proactive News Lovers, offer more opportunities to build
dedicated and direct moments for news as well as an
ongoing connection throughout the day.
Achieving this will require a relentless focus on the needs
of younger audiences, but also a deep understanding of
the motivations that underpin behaviour. We hope this
report will contribute to this process.
The experience of news should feel
as easy and accessible as Facebook
and Netix. This is partly about
the way the content is written
and presented – with clearer
language and more explanatory
content – but also about how
relevant and interesting content
is surfaced without having to work
for it. Instant, frictionless access,
recommendations that feel relevant
and useful, and the right tone of voice
will be critical to building loyalty
and trust with these groups.
The way the news media covers
stories may need to change.
Young people are often put off by
relentlessly negative news. They
don’t want the media to shy away
from serious or difcult stories,
but as part of the mix they want
stories that can inspire them about
the possibility of change and
provide a path to positive action.
They are tired of media agendas
and stereotypes, but are not
looking for blandness or balance
for balance’s sake. Younger
audiences respond to stories
with a ‘point of view’ as well
as human stories told from a
ground up perspective. Authenticity,
fairness, diversity and inclusiveness
are the kind of values that resonate
with under-35s. At the same time,
journalism in the future needs to
give young people more of a stake
in stories and their outcomes.
News brands need to tell stories
in ways that t the expectations
of young people, and the moments
when they are open to news.
This means creating more formats
that are native to mobile and social
platforms as well as incorporating
these ideas into their own websites
and apps. Visual formats, as well
as on-demand audio podcasts,
resonate strongly with young people
because they have become integral
to how they spend time on their
mobile phones in general, and how
they share and discuss content.
1
2
3
Luke, 21-24, UK
You know, if someone hadn’t
read about Brexit at all until
now and then tried to pick
it up they wouldn’t have a clue
what it’s going to be like. You’d
have to look everything up from
scratch, and then it would be
even more of a chore.
How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media 57 56 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Appendix 59 58 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
9 Appendix
Appendix 1: Locations & Sample
London, UK
New York, USA
Both market leaders for digital news media and key
countries of interest for the Reuters Institute and many
of its partners.
The sample was broken down into four age brackets
that roughly aligned with Generation Y (Millennials) and
Generation Z (Gen Z).
Flamingo spoke to two people within the age brackets
in both locations, making sure to cover a 50:50 split of
gender, university educated or non-university educated,
and light or heavy news readers.
Other factors that were taken into account for the
sample were a proportional representation of political
standpoints and a range of primary news brands. We also
spoke to two people in each location who paid
for an online news subscription.
Appendix 2: Digital Tracking Data
More information on all digital tracking data here:
https://bit.ly/2Pf73ro
Appendix 3: Participant Map
Gen Z
Age
brackets
18-20
21-24
Gen Y
25-30
31-35
Brand-led
Self-led
Low Consumption High Consumption
Luke
21-24, UK
Instagram
[Memes] +
Twitter [Sport]
Courtney
21-24, US
NYT & WP Web
Apple News
Richard
25-30, UK
Sky Sports
Instagram
Yariel,
18-20, US
Podcasts
Ellie
18-20, UK
BBC News
(App, Radio)
Michelle,
31-35, US
CNN App
Gabrielle
18-20, US
WSJ App
Edward
21-24, UK
Daily Mail App
Chloe
31-35, UK
BBC News App
Sam
25-30, US
Economist App
Rudy
18-20, UK
The Guardian
App
Clive,
25-30, UK
Daily Mail App
Anna,
21-24, UK
The Guardian
App
Alex
31-35, UK
BBC News App
Joe 18-20,
UK
BBC News &
Sky News App
Ryan
18-20, US
Twitter
The Athletic
Maggie
21-24, US
Apple News
Facebook
Mark
31-35, US
Reddit App
Instagram
Amy
25-30, UK
Instagram
WhatsApp
Romaire
31-35, US
CBS Sports App
CNN Web
Virginia
25-30, US
Apple News
NYT
Reads Financial
Times / Bloomberg
for work daily
Reads Financial
Times for
studies daily
Buys Daily Mail
everyday for Grandma,
looks through it.
Name,
Age, loc.
Most Used App
Second Most
Used App
Participant
Data Key
60 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media Appendix 61
[The Guardian] is a newspaper that does more or less
align with my politics. The things it highlights or brings
up are things that I want to know about. You know,
I’m not the typical Vice reader, who’s like young,
and drinks a lot, really cool and edgy. I’m not that person.
I’m not The Times, either. It just feels like it’s more the
things I’m interested in. It has a real focus on culture,
whereas in some other newspapers and publications,
they don’t have that. For example, Dolly Alderton writes
sometimes in The Guardian. She also used to write in the
Times. I like the way she writes. It’s an anecdotal way
of writing... It has ‘A letter to,’ where people write a letter
to their dead dad or something, I like to consume those,
it’s not fun, but human level things… I feel like at least
it’s trying to do something good for the world. It doesn’t
always get it right.
In terms of, just, pure aesthetics, I think the way the [BBC]
app looks, I just like the way its set out, I like the colour
and set out of it, the headlines always seem to be quite
concise, like it doesn’t feel like a misleading headline,
so it’s a decent headline, and eye-catching headline, but
it’s not one that you would sit there and go ‘oh, I’ve been
misled by that headline’…I don’t nd it is telling me their
opinion as opposed to just telling me what the actual
news story is.
I was particularly interested in looking at international
news from, like, not a western, biased perspective.
So, for those purposes I really liked Al Jazeera, because
I feel like it spoke of the United States news in a way
that wasn’t highly biased, and it was just the facts laid
out. Even for national news, using Al Jazeera as an
outsider’s perspective to read it.
New York Times and Washington Post are usually
reliable. Obviously, something like the Wall Street
Journal is usually ne.
Quotes on different formats
Video
I’m on Instagram, for example, and there are videos on
there, that could send me to a link to somewhere else…
It depends what I’m looking for, but if I’m scrolling that
could be anything from a post on Facebook to a video on
Instagram to an article on BBC News or something. So, it
sort of depends where I am and what I’m looking for.
I would say video [is my favourite type of news]. Basically,
snippets of TV but not actually accessed through TV but on
digital… I don’t like how this one [Vox exercise] is made…
I would watch the video if this woman was just there and
some experts, but not with some stupid, archival bits and
stupid music.
I like the fact I can watch a video and then stop the video
and then it’ll save my place in case I want to go back to
that video.
Visual story-telling with images
Okay, that’s cool, like a Snapchat story. I think it’s better
for young people so they don’t have to read as much and
get confused. It’s really short. It’s not paragraphs. I like
that. Then whenever you click you can share it to social
media and that. That’s interesting…. You could probably
put it on Snapchat as well where we’ll get it easier.
The text feels quite BBC Bitesize… But really helpful for a
quick top up of knowledge… This would be great if it was
about a self-assessment tax return.
Comic strip
Adele: If the comic strip [long form article as comic strip]
is the news I’d probably give up on it. Is this for trying to
make young people be interested in what’s going on in the
world?
Clive: That’s annoying… Feels like it goes on forever.
Yes, look at The Guardian, cartoon-like story. It’s, like,
‘What is this?’ I would not even start this if I came across
this. The New York Times had a great one this summer
about climbing Everest. I think that’s what it was, and it
had cool 3D videos embedded into it, great infographics, it
had some awesome testimonials. But there’s a difference
to this, which, to me, is hard to read...
Expander formats
Clive: Yes, I agree. I think this is very good for a younger
audience.
Adele: It starts educating them in a different world of
what’s going on.
Clive: I remember growing up with news and just thinking
I’ve got to look up so much stuff that I don’t understand.
And if it was there, then I’d hope it wasn’t biased in any
way.
Clive: It’s almost like a dictionary or thesaurus and you just
click on a word and it comes up with that, it’s quite cool.
I like that because you’re not too daunted by the whole
article. You can educate yourself and if there’s gaps of
information missing for you personally…
Because honestly, if you saw the whole article, this huge
long thing, you might not read it.
Appendix 4: Further Quotes
Quotes on brand perception
Daily Mail is my go-to…It would probably be someone
that is antagonising, looking for a problem, but straight
forward, to the point…It’s quite funny, cos you have
certain personalities, like Piers Morgan, that sometimes
argue between each other, between different points of
view. It can be quite comical day to day… It’s something to
unwind with. I am very sceptical of what they write, at the
same time. I think they’re one of the rst to come out with
a breaking headline, which always sparks my interest.
But it’s not always accurate.
[The Daily Mail is] Funny, outgoing, someone who doesn’t
take themselves too seriously. But also someone who
might curb the truth, who may tell a few porky pies to get
attention…I really like the tone. Light-hearted and easy
to understand, which is really important for things like
politics and natural disasters. Tells stories in an easy way.
I like BuzzFeed. They have cute videos. I feel like, when I
think of BuzzFeed I don’t think of their more serious stuff,
I think of ‘We told three people to try really long nails
for a week, and this is what happened.’ I don’t really
take it too seriously.
I like CNN simply because it’s convenient. When I wake
up in the morning I open CNN and it has a news brieng
and I see everything that’s going on. It’s easy to stay
up-to-date on current events.
What’s great about NPR is not only do they have really
great local sources for news, you feel like you’re getting
a great view of what’s happening locally, especially at NYC,
they really cover all of the issues. But when you hear about
stories from something happening in Texas, you hear
from the Texas NPR reporter, and it’s not really a political
stance, it’s more about the actual news. It’s what’s
happening without a political slant. [New York Times has]
a really great standard of reporting, great reporters,
they break a lot of stories, just the overall setup of the
website and the actual newspapers. Really professional
and, what you expect from a newspaper… It really comes
down to the reporter and the journalism level; you feel
like they’re actually embedded with the story, they’re living
the story. They’re not just seeing the story happen,
you know, 100ft away.
Clive, 25-30, UK
Ed, 25-30, UK
Courtney, 21-24, US
Michelle, 31-35, US
Mark, 31-35, US
Clive, 31-35, UK
Alex, 31-35, UK
Alex, 31-35, UK
Maggie, 21-24, US
Victoria, 25-30, UK
Courtney, 21-24, US
Amy, 25-30, UK
Ruby, 18-20, UK
Sophie, 21-24, UK
Adele & Clive, 25-30, UK
Sam, Christopher & Ryan, 25-30, US
Adele & Clive, 25-30, UK
Michelle & Temple, 31-35, US
62 How Young People Consume News and The Implications For Mainstream Media
Contributors
Footnotes
Authors
Lucas Galan, Jordan Osserman, Tim Parker, Matt Taylor
Contact details
lucas.galan@amingogroup.com
tim.parker@amingogroup.com
matthew.taylor@amingogroup.com
Design
Kate Gorrell, Nina Ziegler
This report is published under Creative Commons 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Chatbox conversation styles
The thing for me, if there’s an article and then there’s
some visual, kind of, fun, quirky, additions, there’s just,
like, a ne line. Actually, the line isn’t that ne. This is very
different to the other article that was an actual article.
I think it also, it cheapens the content.
Yes, exactly. It cheapens it down too much.
I don’t need the news to be my friend, basically.
It doesn’t need to talk to me like, ‘Hey, you know what’s
happening in India right now?’ It can just be like,
‘Hey, this is what’s happening in India.’
Instagram
I can post videos easily, I can keep up with my friends.
It’s easy to use. The stories allow you to slide through
what you want to watch really quickly, or you can watch
everyone’s story. It’s accessible.
Instagram stories
Its nicely presented… very big visual… I mean, you could
read about this after a couple of drinks and get through
it just ne… Yes, it’s, like, ‘lling time’ news.
Michelle & Temple, 31-35, US
Michelle & Temple, 31-35, US
Chloe, Victoria, Monica, 25-30 & 31-35, UK
Ryan, 18-20, US
Michelle, 31-35, US
Conversational
It depends on the issue. There are some things that could be
put in the rst person and there are others that should not.
Bullet point summaries
They have the bullet points and then they have the actual
story. But then you’re just re-reading them if the story’s
shorter, it’s pretty much the bullet points with meat, you
know, so, I don’t need this. I really don’t.
1)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2016.1199705
2)
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/626087/IPOL_STU(2018)626087_EN.pdf
3)
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/bbc-fake-news-research-paper-nigeria-kenya.pdf
4)
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019, http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/
5)
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/bbc-fake-news-research-paper-nigeria-kenya.pdf
6)
Semiotic analysis looks at cultural artefacts such as media, advertising, packaging, art and other content groups them together based on aesthetic and then
unpicks the socio-cultural meaning behind them
7)
https://charlesduhigg.com/the-power-of-habit/
8)
http://philosophizethis.org/
9)
https://amingogroup.com/case-studies-1/2019/4/29/efphbdwddc6yx3xnik7ryq1cbkwti0
10)
https://www.icpas.org/information/copy-desk/insight/article/digital-exclusive/generation-z-connected-creative-driven
11)
https://gallery.mailchimp.com/66b0246cac91df38f350bf102/les/a8a4f758-2abe-4cfc-b9af-ede7a005461e/Flamingo_Gen_Z_Redening_Authority_report.pdf
12)
As used by the Reuters Institute in the Digital News Report 2019: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/les/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_1.pdf
13)
As used by the Reuters Institute in the Digital News Report 2019: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/les/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_1.pdf
14)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205436.2016.1199705
15)
See Appendix .3 for the mapping of each respondent
16)
https://www.vox.com/2018/1/3/16845438/exercise-weight-loss-myth-burn-calories
17)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ampstories/moonmess/index.html
18)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/secret_lesbian_language
19)
https:///www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jan/11/the-internet-but-not-as-we-know-it-life-online-in-china-russia-cuba-and-india
20)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-c2d5bac7-3827-44d1-b5a0-8e6c637736b2
21)
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/08/business/media/new-york-times-earnings-subscriptions.html
22)
http://media.digitalnewsreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/digital-news-report-2018.pdf
23)
The Digital News Report 2019: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/les/2019-06/DNR_2019_FINAL_1.pdf
24)
www.vox.com/2019/1/18/18187056/tax-bracket-marginal-video
25)
www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-32810887
26)
www.twitter.com/netix
27)
www.instagram.com/historycoolkids/?hl=en
28)
www.tortoisemedia.com
29)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=h810bO-4LIs
30)
appitunes.apple.com/us/app/citizen/id1039889567?mt=8
31)
www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2019/jan/11/the-internet-but-not-as-we-know-it-life-online-in-china-russia-cuba-and-india
32)
www.youtube.com/channel/UCNvsIonJdJ5E4EXMa65VYpA
Appendix 63
