2
Your bibliography can include additional sources that you've read during your research but not
directly mentioned in your essay.
Key things to remember:
• Make sure you credit every source you use
• Check each of your footnote sources is mentioned in your bibliography
• You can list additional sources in your bibliography that don't have footnotes
Find out more from the online guide Reference with MHRA at:
https://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/resources-and-services/course-resource-help/english-
literature-and-creative-writing/reference-with-mhra
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1.2. How to set out quotations
Direct quotation from any source must be indicated as such and the exact reference given
within a footnote.
Prose quotations
Short quotations are those of fewer than forty words of prose. These can be integrated into
your text and should be enclosed in single quotation marks, for example:
Lynch emphasizes that ‘In the culture about which Shakespeare wrote, hands were felt to have
unique holy and sacramental powers’.
4
Corresponding footnote:
4
Kathryn L. Lynch, ‘“What Hands Are Here?” The Hand as Generative Symbol in Macbeth’, The Review of English
Studies, 39.153 (1988), pp. 29-38 (p.32).
Long quotations are defined as anything over forty words of prose. These should be separated
from the rest of your text and should not be placed in quotation marks. Place the number for the
note at the end of the quotation.
Prose quotations including the first line, can be indented, for example:
Bewell sums up Clare’s view of language:
Ecolect is thus inseparably fused with idiolect in his poetry, and, in resisting John Taylor’s
efforts to rid his poetry of dialect and provincialisms, Clare was struggling for the continuance
not just of a nature but also of the unique language in which that nature had long been
experienced and understood
5
Corresponding footnote:
5
Alan Bewell, ‘John Clare and the Ghosts of Natures Past’, Nineteenth-Century Literature, 65.4 (2011), pp. 548-78
(p. 570), doi:10.1525/ncl.2011.65.4.548.
Poetry quotations
Short quotations are those of no more than two lines of verse. You can integrate these into
your essay text. Put them in single quotation marks and if your quoted verse includes a line
division, this should be marked with a spaced upright stroke ( | ), for example:
‘I had seen birth and death | But had thought they were different’, muses Eliot’s Wise Man.