MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered in

chapter 6 of the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide

extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar

with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

Basic in-text citation rules

In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as

parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses

after a quote or a paraphrase.

General Guidelines

 The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source

medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited

(bibliography) page.

 Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source

information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase

you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-

hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.

In-text citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last

name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the

text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may

appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but

the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For

example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful

feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

(Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the

information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named

Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works

Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967. Print.

In-text citations for print sources with known author

For Print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a

signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the

signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing

that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry in the Works Cited:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method.

Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print.

In-text citations for print sources by a corporate author

When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the name of the corporation

followed by the page number for the in-text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g.,

nat'l for national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of reading with overly

long parenthetical citations.

In-text citations for print sources with no known author

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of an author name.

Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a

longer work (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a page number.

We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has "more

readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study

environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming" 6).

In this example, since the reader does not know the author of the article, an abbreviated title of

the article appears in the parenthetical citation which corresponds to the full name of the article

which appears first at the left-hand margin of its respective entry in the Works Cited. Thus, the

writer includes the title in quotation marks as the signal phrase in the parenthetical citation in

order to lead the reader directly to the source on the Works Cited page. The Works Cited entry

appears as follows:

"The Impact of Global Warming in North America." Global Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web.

23 Mar. 2009.

We'll learn how to make a Works Cited page in a bit, but right now it's important to know that

parenthetical citations and Works Cited pages allow readers to know which sources you

consulted in writing your essay, so that they can either verify your interpretation of the sources

or use them in their own scholarly work.

Author-page citation for classic and literary works with multiple editions

Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information can help literary scholars,

who may have a different edition of a classic work like Marx and Engels's The Communist

Manifesto. In such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the edition is listed

in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a semicolon, and then the appropriate

abbreviations for volume (vol.), book (bk.), part (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph

(par.). For example:

Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).

Citing authors with same last names

Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from which a quotation is taken.

For instance, if two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials

(or even the authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation. For example:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12),

others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

Citing a work by multiple authors

For a source with three or fewer authors, list the authors' last names in the text or in the

parenthetical citation:

Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed in the United States (76).

The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States erodes Second Amendment rights"

(Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).

For a source with more than three authors, use the work's bibliographic information as a guide

for your citation. Provide the first author's last name followed by et al. or list all the last names.

Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun

violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4).

Legal experts counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that the current spike in gun

violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4).

Jones, Driscoll, Ackerson, and Bell counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument by noting that

the current spike in gun violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun laws (4).

Citing multiple works by the same author

If you cite more than one work by a particular author, include a shortened title for the particular

work from which you are quoting to distinguish it from the others. Put short titles of books in

italics and short titles of articles in quotation marks.

Citing two articles by the same author:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children ("Too Soon" 38),

though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to

better small motor skill development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye

Development" 17).

Citing two books by the same author:

Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6).

Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of writing is to "carry ideas and information from

the mind of one person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).

Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence, you would format your

citation with the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work,

followed, when appropriate, by page numbers:

Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy" (Elkins, "Visual Studies"

63).

Citing multivolume works

If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always include the volume number

followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only

cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)

. . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which Bible you're using (and

underline or italicize the title), as each version varies in its translation, followed by book (do not

italicize or underline), chapter and verse. For example:

Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox,

and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).

If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re using, list only the book,

chapter, and verse in the parenthetical citation.

Citing indirect sources

Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect source is a source cited in

another source. For such indirect quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually

consulted. For example:

Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social service centers, and they don't do

that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).

Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather

than citing an indirect source.

Citing non-print or sources from the Internet

With more and more scholarly work being posted on the Internet, you may have to cite research

you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the Internet should not be

used for scholarly work, some Web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating

in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must

reference the source in your Works Cited.

Sometimes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources

because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort

of parenthetical citation at all. For electronic and Internet sources, follow the following

guidelines:

 Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work Cited entry that corresponds to

the citation (e.g. author name, article name, website name, film name).

 You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page numbers based on your Web

browser’s print preview function.

 Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase in order to get the reader to

the appropriate entry, do not include URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as

when the name of the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or

Forbes.com as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.

Miscellaneous non-print sources

Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner, Klaus Kinski. During the

shooting of Fitzcarraldo, Herzog and Kinski were often at odds, but their explosive relationship

fostered a memorable and influential film.

During the presentation, Jane Yates stated that invention and pre-writing are areas of rhetoric

that need more attention.

In the two examples above “Herzog” from the first entry and “Yates” from the second lead the

reader to the first item each citation’s respective entry on the Works Cited page:

Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der Autoren, 1982. Film.

Yates, Jane. "Invention in Rhetoric and Composition." Gaps Addressed: Future Work in Rhetoric

and Composition, CCCC, Palmer House Hilton, 2002. Presentation.

Electronic sources

One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful and terrifying critique of

obsession and colonialism" (Garcia, “Herzog: a Life”).

The Purdue OWL is accessed by millions of users every year. Its "MLA Formatting and Style

Guide" is one of the most popular resources (Stolley et al.).

In the first example, the writer has chosen not to include the author name in-text; however, two

entries from the same author appear in the Works Cited. Thus, the writer includes both the

author’s last name and the article title in the parenthetical citation in order to lead the reader to

the appropriate entry on the Works Cited page (see below). In the second example, “Stolley et

al.” in the parenthetical citation gives the reader an author name followed by the abbreviation “et

al.,” meaning, “and others,” for the article “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” Both

corresponding Works Cited entries are as follows:

Garcia, Elizabeth. "Herzog: a Life." Online Film Critics Corner. The Film School of New

Hampshire, 2 May 2002. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.

Stolley, Karl, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006.

Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006.

Multiple citations

To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-

colon:

. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

When a citation is not needed

Common sense and ethics should determine your need for documenting sources. You do not

need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge.

Remember, this is a rhetorical choice, based on audience. If you're writing for an expert audience

of a scholarly journal, for example, they'll have different expectations of what constitutes

common knowledge.

MLA Formatting Quotations

When you directly quote the works of others in your paper, you will format quotations

differently depending on their length. Below are some basic guidelines for incorporating

quotations into your paper. Please note that all pages in MLA should be double-spaced.

Short quotations

To indicate short quotations (fewer than four typed lines of prose or three lines of verse) in your

text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author and specific page

citation (in the case of verse, provide line numbers) in the text, and include a complete reference

on the Works Cited page. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and semicolons should

appear after the parenthetical citation. Question marks and exclamation points should appear

within the quotation marks if they are a part of the quoted passage but after the parenthetical

citation if they are a part of your text.

For example, when quoting short passages of prose, use the following examples:

According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though

others disagree.

According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184).

Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)?

When short (fewer than three lines of verse) quotations from poetry, mark breaks in short

quotations of verse with a slash, ( / ), at the end of each line of verse (a space should precede and

follow the slash).

Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12).

Long quotations

For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, place quotations in a

free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, with the

entire quote indented one inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing. Only indent the

first line of the quotation by an additional quarter inch if you are citing multiple paragraphs.

Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting

verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your

essay.)

For example, when citing more than four lines of prose, use the following examples:

Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:

They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense,

so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or

else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on

quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in

recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

When citing long sections (more than three lines) of poetry, keep formatting as close to the

original as possible.

In his poem "My Papa's Waltz," Theodore Roethke explores his childhood with his father:

The whiskey on your breath

Could make a small boy dizzy;

But I hung on like death:

Such waltzing was not easy.

We Romped until the pans

Slid from the kitchen shelf;

My mother's countenance

Could not unfrown itself. (quoted in Shrodes, Finestone, Shugrue 202)

When citing two or more paragraphs, use block quotation format, even if the passage from the

paragraphs is less than four lines. Indent the first line of each quoted paragraph an extra quarter

inch.

In "American Origins of the Writing-across-the-Curriculum Movement," David Russell argues,

Writing has been an issue in American secondary and higher education since papers and

examinations came into wide use in the 1870s, eventually driving out formal recitation and oral

examination. . . .

From its birth in the late nineteenth century, progressive education has wrestled with the

conflict within industrial society between pressure to increase specialization of knowledge and of

professional work (upholding disciplinary standards) and pressure to integrate more fully an

ever-widerning number of citizens into intellectually meaningful activity within mass society

(promoting social equity). . . . (3)

Adding or omitting words in quotations

If you add a word or words in a quotation, you should put brackets around the words to indicate

that they are not part of the original text.

Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states, "some individuals [who retell urban

legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale" (78).

If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you should indicate the deleted word or words by

using ellipsis marks, which are three periods ( . . . ) preceded and followed by a space. For

example:

In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that "some individuals make a point of

learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs"

(78).

Please note that brackets are not needed around ellipses unless adding brackets would clarify

your use of ellipses.

When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a standard three-period ellipses; however,

when omitting one or more full lines of poetry, space several periods to about the length of a

complete line in the poem:

These beauteous forms,

Through a long absence, have not been to me

As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;

And passing even into my purer mind,

With tranquil restoration . . . (22-24, 28-30)

MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format

According to MLA style, you must have a Works Cited page at the end of your research paper.

All entries in the Works Cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.

Basic rules

 Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It

should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of

your paper.

 Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in

quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.

 Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.

 Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging

indent.

 List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article

that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page

as 225-50. Note that MLA style uses a hyphen in a span of pages.

Additional basic rules new to MLA 2009

New to MLA 2009:

 For every entry, you must determine the Medium of Publication. Most entries will likely

be listed as Print or Web sources, but other possibilities may include Film, CD-ROM, or

DVD.

 Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries. However, if your

instructor or publisher insists on them, include them in angle brackets after the entry and

end with a period. For long URLs, break lines only at slashes.

 If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that

you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in

italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database

name.

Capitalization and punctuation

 Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles (the,

an), prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone

with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

 New to MLA 2009: Use italics (instead of underlining) for titles of larger works (books,

magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)

Listing author names

Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's last name (or, for entire edited collections, editor

names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first

name:

Burke, Kenneth

Levy, David M.

Wallace, David Foster

Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names. A book

listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however,

include suffixes like "Jr." or "II." Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr." Here the suffix following the first or middle name

and a comma.

More than one work by an author

If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by

title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:

Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. [...]

---. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]

When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first

author of a group, list solo-author entries first:

Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer.

Heller, Steven, and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding Graphic Design.

Work with no known author

Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the

parenthetical citations in your paper. In this case, Boring Postcards USA has no known author:

Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. [...]

Boring Postcards USA. [...]

Burke, Kenneth. A Rhetoric of Motives. [...]

MLA Works Cited Page: Books

Basic Format

The author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format.

The basic form for a book citation is:

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium

of Publication.

Book with One Author

Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999. Print.

Book with More Than One Author

The first given name appears in last name, first name format; subsequent author names appear in

first name last name format.

Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn,

2000. Print.

If there are more than three authors, you may choose to list only the first author followed by the

phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names, or you may list

all the authors in the order in which their names appear on the title page. (Note that there is a

period after “al” in “et al.” Also note that there is never a period after the “et” in “et al.”).

Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the

Teaching of Composition. Logan: Utah State UP, 2004. Print.

Wysocki, Anne Frances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe, and Geoffrey Sirc. Writing

New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan: Utah

State UP, 2004. Print.

Two or More Books by the Same Author

List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A, An, and The.) Provide the

author’s name in last name, first name format for the first entry only. For each subsequent entry

by the same author, use three hyphens and a period.

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Print.

---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993. Print.

Book by a Corporate Author or Organization

A corporate author may include a commission, a committee, or a group that does not identify

individual members on the title page. List the names of corporate authors in the place where an

author’s name typically appears at the beginning of the entry.

American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 1998. Print.

Book with No Author

List by title of the book. Incorporate these entries alphabetically just as you would with works

that include an author name. For example, the following entry might appear between entries of

works written by Dean, Shaun and Forsythe, Jonathan.

Encyclopedia of Indiana. New York: Somerset, 1993. Print.

Remember that for an in-text (parenthetical) citation of a book with no author, provide the name

of the work in the signal phrase and the page number in parentheses. You may also use a

shortened version of the title of the book accompanied by the page number. For more

information see In-text Citations for Print Sources with No Known Author section of In-text

Citations: The Basics, which you can link to at the bottom of this page.

A Translated Book

Cite as you would any other book. Add "Trans."—the abbreviation for translated by—and follow

with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Trans.

Richard Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House, 1988. Print.

Republished Book

Books may be republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition. New editions are

typically revisions of the original work. For books that originally appeared at an earlier date and

that have been republished at a later one, insert the original publication date before the

publication information. For books that are new editions (i.e. different from the first or other

editions of the book), see An Edition of a Book below.

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. New York: Routledge, 1999. Print.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. New York: Perennial-Harper, 1993. Print.

An Edition of a Book

There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than

once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than the author (typically

an editor).

A Subsequent Edition

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed.

New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004. Print.

A Work Prepared by an Editor

Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title.

Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Margaret Smith. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998. Print.

Anthology or Collection (e.g. Collection of Essays)

To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "ed." or, for

multiple editors, "eds" (for edited by). This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a

particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology,

Reference, or Collection below.

Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah: Lawrence

Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Print.

Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns

Hopkins UP, 1997. Print.

A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection

Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The

basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows:

Lastname, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). City of

Publication: Publisher, Year. Page range of entry. Medium of Publication.

Some examples:

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers

One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2000. 24-34. Print.

Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the

University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New

York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24. Print.

Note on Cross-referencing Several Items from One Anthology: If you cite more than one essay

from the same edited collection, MLA indicates you may cross-reference within your works cited

list in order to avoid writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should

consider this option if you have several references from a single text. To do so, include a

separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's name as below:

Rose, Shirley K., and Irwin Weiser, eds. The Writing Program Administrator as Researcher.

Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1999. Print.

Then, for each individual essay from the collection, list the author's name in last name, first name

format, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page range:

L'Eplattenier, Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work on

WPAs." Rose and Weiser 131-40.

Peeples, Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and Weiser 153-

67.

Please note: When cross-referencing items in the works cited list, alphabetical order should be

maintained for the entire list.

Poem or Short Story Examples:

Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems. Ed. Philip Smith. New York: Dover,

1995. 26. Print.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories. Ed.

Tobias Wolff. New York: Vintage, 1994. 306-07. Print.

If the specific literary work is part of the author's own collection (all of the works have the same

author), then there will be no editor to reference:

Whitman, Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems. New York: Dover, 1991. 12-19.

Print.

Carter, Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected Stories. New York:

Penguin, 1995. 154-69. Print.

Article in a Reference Book (e.g. Encyclopedias, Dictionaries)

For entries in encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the piece as you would

any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher information. Also, if the reference

book is organized alphabetically, as most are, do not list the volume or the page number of the

article or item.

"Ideology." The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed. 1997. Print.

A Multivolume Work

When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the

work's title, or after the work's editor or translator.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

Print.

When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in

the work. Also, be sure in your in-text citation to provide both the volume number and page

number(s). (See Citing Multivolume Works on the In-Text Citations – The Basics page, which

you can access by following the appropriate link at the bottom of this page.)

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. 4 vols. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

Print.

If the volume you are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other volumes

as if it were an independent publication.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957. Print.

An Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword

When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the

author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should

not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the

name of the author of the introduction/preface/forward/afterward. Finish the citation with the

details of publication, page range, and item type (e.g., print, web, etc.).

Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. By Farrell. New Haven: Yale UP,

1993. 1-13. Print.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the full

name of the principal work's author after the word "By." For example, if you were to cite Hugh

Dalziel Duncan’s introduction of Kenneth Burke’s book Permanence and Change, you would

write the entry as follows:

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose. By

Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv. Print.

Other Print/Book Sources

Certain book sources are handled in a special way by MLA style.

The Bible

Give the name of the specific edition you are using, any editor(s) associated with it, followed by

the publication information. Remember that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include

the name of the specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the

chapter and verse(s). (See Citing the Bible on In-Text Citations: The Basics.)

The New Jerusalem Bible. Ed. Susan Jones. New York: Doubleday, 1985. Print.

A Government Publication

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the

national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that

serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the number

of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed. US government

documents are typically published by the Government Printing Office, which MLA abbreviates

as GPO.

United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the

Geopolitics of Oil. 110th Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 2007. Print.

United States. Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should Do

More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Washington: GPO, 2006. Print.

A Pamphlet

Cite the title and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without an

author. Pamphlets and promotional materials commonly feature corporate authors (commissions,

committees, or other groups that does not provide individual group member names). If the

pamphlet you are citing has no author, cite as directed below. If your pamphlet has an author or a

corporate author, put the name of the author (last name, first name format) or corporate author in

the place where the author name typically appears at the beginning of the entry. (See also Books

by a Corporate Author or Organization above.)

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. Washington: American College of

Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006. Print.

Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs. Sacramento: California Dept. of Social

Services, 2007. Print.

Dissertations and Master's Theses

Dissertations and master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Cite the work

as you would a book, but include the designation Diss. (or MA/MS thesis) followed by the

degree-granting school and the year the degree was awarded.

If the dissertation is published, italicize the title and include the publication date. You may also

include the University Microfilms International (UMI) order number if you choose:

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI

Comprehensive Campaign. Diss. Purdue University, 2002. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2004. Print.

Bile, Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a Dialectical

Partnership. Diss. Ohio University, 2005. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2006. AAT 3191701. Print.

If the work is not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the degree was

awarded:

Graban, Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony in the Oppositional

Discourse of Women from the Early Modern and Modern Periods." Diss. Purdue University,

2006. Print.

Stolley, Karl. "Toward a Conception of Religion as a Discursive Formation: Implications for

Postmodern Composition Theory." MA thesis. Purdue University, 2002. Print.

MLA Works Cited: Periodicals

Periodicals (e.g. magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals) that appear in print require the

same medium of publication designator—Print—as books, but the MLA Style method for citing

these materials and the items required for these entries are quite different from MLA book

citations.

For more information on citing periodicals, consult “Citing Periodical Print Publications” in the

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition (sec. 5.4, 136-48), or the MLA Style

Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd edition (sec. 6.5, 174-85).

Article in a Magazine

Cite by listing the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and

italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date of publication. Remember to abbreviate the

month. The basic format is as follows:

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages. Medium of publication.

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71. Print.

Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping Mar. 2006: 143-48. Print.

Article in a Newspaper

Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in a

newspaper. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition

of a newspaper), identify the edition following the date (e.g., 17 May 1987, late ed.).

Brubaker, Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington Post 24

May 2007: LZ01. Print.

Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed.: A1. Print.

If the newspaper is a less well-known or local publication, include the city name and state in

brackets after the title of the newspaper.

Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S.C. Democrats." Post and

Courier [Charleston, SC] 29 Apr. 2007: A11. Print.

Trembacki, Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette,

IN] 5 Dec. 2000: 20. Print.

A Review

To cite a review, include the title of the review (if available), then the abbreviation "Rev. of" for

Review of and provide the title of the work (in italics for books, plays, and films; in quotation

marks for articles, poems, and short stories). Finally, provide performance and/or publication

information.

Review Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Rev. of Performance Title, by

Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical day month year: page. Medium of publication.

Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Rev. of

Radiant City, dir. Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times 30 May 2007 late ed.: E1. Print.

Weiller, K. H. Rev. of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media

Representations, ed. Linda K. Fuller. Choice Apr. 2007: 1377. Print.

An Editorial & Letter to the Editor

Cite as you would any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial" or "Letter"

to identify the type of work it is.

"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal east. ed. 24 Oct. 2003: A14. Print.

Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007: 7. Print.

Anonymous Articles

Cite the article title first, and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of

periodical.

"Business: Global Warming's Boom Town; Tourism in Greenland." The Economist 26 May

2007: 82. Print.

"Aging; Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare." Women's Health Weekly

10 May 2007: 18. Print.

An Article in a Scholarly Journal

In previous years, MLA required that researchers determine whether or not a scholarly journal

employed continuous pagination (page numbers began at page one in the first issue of the years

and page numbers took up where they left off in subsequent ones) or non-continuous pagination

(page numbers begin at page one in every subsequent issue) in order to determine whether or not

to include issue numbers in bibliographic entries. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research

Papers 7th edition (2009) eliminates this step. Always provide issue numbers, when available.

Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of

publication.

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's

Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50. Print.

Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in

DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-53. Print.

An Article in a Special Issue of a Scholarly Journal

When an article appears in a special issue of a journal, cite the name of the special issue in the

entry’s title space, in italics, and end with a period. Add the descriptor “Spec. issue of” and

include the name of the journal, also in italics, followed by the rest of the information required

for a standard scholarly journal citation.

Web entries should follow a similar format.

Burgess, Anthony. “Politics in the Novels of Graham Greene.” Literature and Society. Spec.

issue of Journal of Contemporary History 2.2 (1967): 93-99. Print.

Case, Sue-Ellen. “Eve's Apple, or Women's Narrative Bytes.” Technocriticism and

Hypernarrative. Spec. issue of Modern Fiction Studies 43.3 (1997): 631-650. Web. 10 Feb.

2010.

MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications. Thus, when including the medium of

publication for electronic sources, list the medium as Web.

It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information, when possible. It

is good practice to print or save Web pages or, better, using a program like Adobe Acrobat, to

keep your own copies for future reference. Most Web browsers will include URL/electronic

address information when you print, which makes later reference easy. Also, you might use the

Bookmark function in your Web browser in order to return to documents more easily.

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations. Because Web addresses are not

static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on

the Web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA explains that most readers can find electronic

sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines.

For instructors or editors who still wish to require the use of URLs, MLA suggests that the URL

appear in angle brackets after the date of access. Break URLs only after slashes.

Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. S. H. Butcher. The Internet Classics Archive. Web Atomic and

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 13 Sept. 2007. Web. 4 Nov. 2008.

‹http://classics.mit.edu/›.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If publishing information is unavailable for entries that require publication information such as

publisher (or sponsor) names and publishing dates, MLA requires the use of special

abbreviations to indicate that this information is not available. Use n.p. to indicate that neither a

publisher nor a sponsor name has been provided. Use n.d. when the Web page does not provide a

publication date.

When an entry requires that you provide a page but no pages are provided in the source (as in the

case of an online-only scholarly journal or a work that appears in an online-only anthology), use

the abbreviation n. pag.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA

style. Not every Web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as

much of the following information as possible both for your citations and for your research

notes:

 Author and/or editor names (if available)

 Article name in quotation marks (if applicable)

 Title of the Website, project, or book in italics. (Remember that some Print publications

have Web publications with slightly different names. They may, for example, include the

additional information or otherwise modified information, like domain names [e.g. .com

or .net].)

 Any version numbers available, including revisions, posting dates, volumes, or issue

numbers.

 Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.

 Take note of any page numbers (if available).

 Medium of publication.

 Date you accessed the material.

 URL (if required, or for your own personal reference; MLA does not require a URL).

Citing an Entire Web Site

It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and

information available on one date may no longer be available later. If a URL is required or you

chose to include one, be sure to include the complete address for the site. (Note: The following

examples do not include a URL because MLA no longer requires a URL to be included.)

Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of

institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if

available). Medium of publication. Date of access.

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008.

Web. 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May

2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for

the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the

course title. Remember to use n.d. if no publishing date is given.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England. Purdue U, Aug. 2006. Web. 31 May 2007.

English Department. Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009. Web. 14 May 2009.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the

information covered above for entire Web sites. Remember to use n.p. if no publisher name is

available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.

"Athelete's Foot - Topic Overview." WebMD. WebMD, 25 September 2014. Web. 6 July 2015.

Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 6 July

2015.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city

where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, the

medium of publication, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo

National del Prado. Web. 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive. Web.

22 May 2006.

If the work is cited on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, the

medium of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a

username, use that username for the author.

brandychloe. "Great Horned Owl Family." Photograph. Webshots. American Greetings, 22 May

2006. Web. 5 Nov. 2009.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the Web magazine in italics,

publisher name, publication date, medium of publication, and the date of access. Remember to

use n.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given.

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make

Websites. A List Apart Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in

quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year

of publication.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are

citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication)

that does not make use of page numbers, use the abbreviation n. pag. to denote that there is no

pagination for the publication.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future

Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal 6.2 (2008): n. pag.

Web. 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal

in print, including the page range of the article. Provide the medium of publication that you used

(in this case, Web) and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin

Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6 (2000): 595-600. Web. 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite articles from online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other

subscription services just as you would print sources. Since these articles usually come from

periodicals, be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited: Periodicals page,

which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page. In addition to this information,

provide the title of the database italicized, the medium of publication, and the date of access.

Note: Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing

institution (name and location). This information is no longer required by MLA.

Junge, Wolfgang, and Nathan Nelson. “Nature's Rotary Electromotors.” Science 29 Apr. 2005:

642-44. Science Online. Web. 5 Mar. 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical

Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web. 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom

to message was sent, the date the message was sent, and the medium of publication.

Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message to the author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-mail.

Neyhart, David. "Re: Online Tutoring." Message to Joe Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000. E-mail.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title

of the posting in quotation marks, the Web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting

date. Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access. Include screen names as

author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name

in brackets. Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown, use the abbreviation n.p.

Editor, screen name, author, or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site.

Version number (if available). Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor

or publisher). Medium of publication. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?”

BoardGameGeek. BoardGameGeek, 29 Sept. 2008. Web. 5 Apr. 2009.

A Tweet

MLA posted guidelines on their website for how to cite a tweet on a Works Cited page. Begin

with the user's name (Last Name, First Name) followed by his/her Twitter username in

parentheses. Insert a period outside the parentheses. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in

quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of

posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a

period. Include the word "Tweet" afterwards and end with a period.

Brokaw, Tom (tombrokaw). "SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this

campaign." 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m. Tweet.

Purdue Writing Lab (PurdueWLab). "Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will

be open next week." 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m. Tweet.

YouTube Videos

The MLA does not currently prescribe a citation style for YouTube videos. Based on MLA

standards for other media formats, we feel that the following format is the most acceptable for

citing YouTube videos:

Author’s Name or Poster’s Username. “Title of Image or Video.” Media Type

Text. Name of Website. Name of Website’s Publisher, date of posting. Medium. date retrieved.

Here is an example of what that looks like:

Shimabukuro, Jake. "Ukulele Weeps by Jake Shimabukuro." Online video clip.

YouTube. YouTube, 22 Apr. 2006. Web. 9 Sept. 2010.