An Inquiry into the Impact of India's App Economy

An Inquiry into the Impact of India’s App Economy

Rajat Kathuria

Sahana Roy Chowdhury

Mansi Kedia

Sugandha Srivastav

April 2015

INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 The App Revolution – An Opportunity for India .......................................................................... 2

2. The App Ecosystem ..................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Core Activities of the App Ecosystem .......................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Development ............................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Distribution.................................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.3 Demand ....................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 Drivers of the App Ecosystem ...................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1 Network Infrastructure ............................................................................................................... 8

2.2.2 Devices ........................................................................................................................................ 9

2.2.3 Operating Systems (OS) ............................................................................................................ 10

3. Impact Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Literature Review on employment and growth multipliers of the App Economy ..................... 10

3.2 Estimating the employment multiplier for India’s App Economy ............................................. 13

4. Survey Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 16

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 16

4.2 Who? The App Developer in India ............................................................................................ 17

4.3 What? The Preference of Users and Developers in India .......................................................... 18

4.4 Why? The Business of Apps in India .......................................................................................... 21

4.5 How? The Future of Apps in India ............................................................................................ 22

5. Case Studies .............................................................................................................................. 23

6. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ............................................................................... 27

Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 30

Appendix 1: .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix 2A: ......................................................................................................................................... 34

Appendix 2B: ......................................................................................................................................... 35

Appendix 3: ........................................................................................................................................... 36

Appendix 4: ........................................................................................................................................... 38

Appendix 5: ........................................................................................................................................... 39

5.3 eGov AppStore ................................................................................................................................ 41

5.4 Make My Trip ............................................................................................................................ 43

5.5 Micromax ........................................................................................................................................ 45

5.6 Samsung .......................................................................................................................................... 45

5.7 Vodafone India .......................................................................................................................... 47

5.8 Firefox OS .................................................................................................................................. 48

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes

Figure 1: The App Ecosystem ................................................................................................. 5

Figure 2: Selected Stakeholders across the Indian App Ecosystem .................................. 25

Table 1: Assumptions for different scenarios of the App Industry in the future ............ 14

Table 2: Multiplier Estimates under different scenarios ................................................... 15

Table 3: Estimates for change in employment for 50000 change in direct employment . 15

Table 4: No of app developers in cities................................................................................. 18

Table 5: Distribution of app developers in cities based on organization type .................. 18

Table 6: Number of Apps developed under each category ................................................ 19

Table 7: Number of developers by choice of operating system ......................................... 20

Table 8: Number of developers by choice of device ............................................................ 20

Table 9: Source of Financing for Application Developers ................................................. 21

Table 10: Choice of revenue models ..................................................................................... 22

Table 11: Barriers facing India’s app economy .................................................................. 23

Table 12: Intellectual Property Right (IPR) Protection in the App Industry .................. 23

Box 1: Truecaller........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Box 2: Studies estimating employment potential of the app economy .............................. 12

1. Introduction

With close to a billion mobile subscribers in India, around three-quarters of the population

have access to a mobile phone. Mobiles are arguably the most ubiquitous modern technology

in some developing countries, more people have access to a mobile phone than to a bank

account, electricity or even clean water. In India mobile communications have been the most

visible manifestation of the extraordinary digital accomplishments seen in the past decade—

from providing basic access to education and health related information to making cash

payments to crowd sourcing- the growing list firmly establishes us as a ‘mobile first’

economy. Legacy communications systems i.e. fixed line access have been virtually

supplanted by mobile systems in India and in the rest of the developing world, as opposed to

being supplemented by them in richer countries. Not surprisingly therefore many mobile

innovations—such as multi-SIM card phones, low-value recharges and mobile payments—

have acquired the soubriquet of ‘reverse innovation’, having taken root in developing

economies and spreading from there. Our work shows that new mobile applications that are

embedded in local realities have a much better chance of success in addressing development

challenges compared to applications transplanted from elsewhere. In particular, locally

developed applications are much more likely to address existential concerns such as digital

literacy and affordability, among others.

One positive fallout of the success of mobile communications has been the rapid

development of highly innovative bite sized software programmes called mobile software

applications or simply ‘apps’ resident on smart hand held devices. These apps use data-

stream either continuously or on a one-off basis to deliver information and perform specific

functions.

These functions enable gaming, social networking, navigation, utilities, health,

and education, among others, and are revolutionising the way phones are used. Apps differ

from traditional mobile value added services (MVAS) since they are palpably richer in

content, typically operate on smart devices and mostly depend on the internet to function

. It

is now convention to group SMS, MMS, call related services and data access as standard

services that lie outside the domain of what is classified as mobile application software or

apps.

That the rapid growth of apps can have a transformative impact on livelihoods and businesses

is supported by empirical evidence that is being carefully collected across the world.

making phones more powerful, apps, aided by high-speed networks and innovation can have

important productivity enhancing impacts throughout the economy. This new evidence on the

Kathuria, R. & Srivastav S. (2014) The Indian App Ecosystem. LirneAsia.The Ford Foundation. Retrieved

fromhttp://broadbandasia.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/The-Indian-App-Ecosystem-Final-

Report_afterEF2014.pdf

In connectivity constrained environments, developers are working on applications that are saved on a phone’s

secure digital card/ memory card with occasional need for internet based updates. For example, the Pink

Army Application developed by Mobile Harvest

TRAI (2012), Recommendations on Application Services. Retrieved from

http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/Recommendation/Documents/AS140512.pdf

For example, Qiang, Yamamichi, Hausman, and Altman, 2011, “ Mobile Applications for the Health Sector”,

ICT Sector Unit, World Bank and Qiang, Kuek, Dymond, and Esselaar, 2011, “Mobile Applications for

Agriculture and Rural Development”, ICT Sector Unit, World Bank among several other

‘app’ economy comes close on the heels of similar evidence for mobiles and internet that is

now firmly established as part of telecom folklore

It is useful to understand the value of a sound and competitive telecommunications system to

fully appreciate the route through which app impacts are created and transmitted. It has been

repeatedly shown that access to telecommunications improves productivity by, inter alia,

reducing information asymmetries and containing transactions costs. Because mobiles

substitute for fixed lines in developing economies, the growth impact of mobile phones is

higher than that for developed economies.

Evidence of the impacts of apps could be

expected to be along similar lines for developing economies. Unlike simple mobile

telephony, the app economy prospers only in the presence of an ecosystem rather than in

isolation.

The app economy shares complementarities with India’s well established IT software

services industry. The economic crisis of 2008 brought the industry under pressure and

companies resorted to layoffs and/or a slowdown in fresh recruitment. The challenge from

Chinese and Russian firms exacerbated the situation

. The upcoming app economy can

become a ready solution for graduating computer engineers/ experienced IT professionals in

India. With adequate training and orientation, India’s talented software engineers can be

absorbed in this steadily expanding sector. For the United States, apps are credited to have

created 519,000 jobs as of April 2012

. The purpose of this study is to estimate the direct,

indirect and induced employment multipliers for India’s app economy and to identify

constraints in the development, distribution and usage of apps. No other study has so far

attempted to capture the economic and social impacts of apps in India.

1.1 The App Revolution – An Opportunity for India

Origins of the ‘app economy’ can be traced back to the launch of the iPhone in 2007 followed

by the App Store in 2008. Since then, the global market for apps has been growing at

unprecedented rates. Analysts estimate app downloads have increased from $ 24.9 billion in

2011 to $ 81.4 billion in 2013. This number is expected to rise up to $ 310 billion by 2016

The App Store was one of the first commercially successful digital distribution platforms

because it challenged the monopoly of the ‘walled garden’ through which mobile operators

For India, every 10% increase in mobile penetration rate leads to 1.5% increase in GDP with evidence of

network effects which magnify the economic impact when the level of mobile penetration exceeds a critical

mass of around 25%. On the other hand, the corresponding growth impact of internet has been lower; for

every 10% increase in the number of internet subscribers, there is an estimated 1.08% point increase in GDP

for India. Globally, the relative magnitudes of growth dividends of different communication technologies

establish a sort of hierarchy of impacts, with fixed being the lowest and broadband being the highest. See

Kathuria and Kedia, 2012, “India: Impact of Internet”, ICRIER

Qiang and Rossotto, ‘Economic Impacts of Broadband, Information and Communications for Development

2009: Extending Reach and increasing impact’ World Bank 2009

http://www.thenavigatorsindia.com/Docs/Software%20Industry%20Trends%20in%20India.pdf

Mandel and Scherer, 2012, “The Geography of the App Economy”, CTIA The Wireless Association

Gartner and MobiThinking retrieved from http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-

stats/e#lotsofapps

controlled content. Mobile operators forced users to interface with their network for access

to apps and other value added services that were delivered on the operator’s network. Thus

operators were the gatekeepers, and content providers paid disproportionate amounts to

operators to feature their applications.

Competition triggered by technological advancements such as the development of Wi-FI

enabled smartphones and the emergence of special online stores allowed bypass of an

operators’ network. This weakened their grip on the app ecosystem. These developments

encouraged the shift from a telecom-operator controlled network to Wi-Fi as a means of

content delivery. This marked the inflexion point for the app revolution. On its part, Apple

permitted any developer from the public domain to design apps for the App Store and offered

a flat 70 percent of the total revenue to developers. By contrast, telecom operators had

adopted a 30:70 revenue share model in their favour. In 2011, Vodafone offered higher

revenue shares to developers to popularise apps. Content thus became more easily

discoverable and the App Store represented a one-stop-shop which interfaced between many

developers and buyers. The model of having a single platform to disseminate and facilitate

the payment of apps has been so successful that Apple’s competitors which include Google,

Nokia

, Research in Motion and Microsoft launched their own app stores.

Other

aggregators

such as Vserv provide app developers with fresh avenues for monetization.

Apple helped advance a paradigm in which mobile devices evolved from being simply tools

for text and voice communication to pocket personal computers. As users wished to do more

with their mobile devices, the supply of apps kept pace with the increasing and diverse

demand. There are apps now that help users learn new languages, read music, navigate cities,

share files, read the news, learn recipes, and record important health-related information

among many other things. The proliferation of apps across many verticals and functions

underlines why this sector is regarded as an ‘economy’ in itself. It is also indicative of the

high degree of competition that exists amongst developers. It also demonstrates the shift in

value from handsets to apps, as users place more value on mobile software than hardware.

India is a source of enormous demand for apps. Even though smartphone penetration is

estimated at just 10 percent of total mobile users,

India experiences 100 million downloads

per month

placing it amongst the top five regions for Google Play, the official Android

app store.

The number of 3G SIMS in India is also expected to increase from 35 million in

Nokia, now acquired by Microsoft encourages software development on Windows as compared to Symbian.

However, some app developers continue to work on Symbian. Please refer to Section 4 on survey data

analysis.

Kathuria, R. & Srivastav S. (2014). The Indian App Ecosystem. LirneAsia.The Ford Foundation. Retrieved

from http://broadbandasia.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/The-Indian-App-Ecosystem-Final-

Report_afterEF2014.pdf

Aggregators consolidate ad inventory - various apps and space therein as well as the mobile websites

Pappas A. (2013). App Economy Forecasts 2013-2016, Vision Mobile. Retrieved from

http://www.visionmobile.com/product/app-economy-forecasts-2013-2016/

Avendus Estimates

Law, Abhishek. "Developing India's app market." The Hindu [New Delhi] 1 Aug. 2012: The Hindu Business

Line. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.

App Annie Data

2012 to an impressive 272 million by 2017.

India also significantly contributes to app

development as roughly ten percent of apps worldwide are developed by Indians either based

abroad or at home.

In 2010, Indian service providers debuted in app distribution when

Bharti launched the Airtel App Central online store. The success however was limited due to

the uncompetitive revenue sharing contracts mentioned above. App distribution in India is

therefore, dominated by international app stores such as Android’s Google Play, Nokia’s Ovi

Store and Apple’s App Store. This is in sharp contrast to other Asian economies such as

South Korea and China where local app stores play an equal, if not greater role, in the

dissemination and payment of apps than their international counterparts.

India’s rapidly expanding middle class will inevitably make the switch from feature phones

to smartphones creating vast opportunities for new entrants.

Today, over half of Indian

smartphone users access the internet daily through their device and nearly all never leave

their homes without it.

This shows the growing importance of smartphones to Indian

society. Affordability of mobile data is another key factor driving this trend. According to

the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) India is one the cheapest countries for a

phone plan with data.

India also represents an opportunity at the ‘Bottom of the Pyramid’ users due to the huge

potential demand for affordable smartphones and apps from this segment. Unlike developed

markets where the Android/Apple duopoly on the OS level is firmly established due to the

high penetration of Apple iPhones and Samsung smartphones, India offers space for other

operating systems, particularly those that are designed to operate on lower-end devices (OS

platforms such as Symbian still enjoy significant market share in India and the Firefox OS is

expected to gain traction).

Other platforms such as Android One are also targeted at

smartphone first timers, but yet to take off in India. There is a corresponding opportunity for

handset manufacturers to design and manufacture devices that can support apps at suitable

price-points for this segment. India has been acknowledged as a highly price sensitive market

that explains in part the dominance of the Android OS

. As stated above, India features

among the top five download regions for Google Play by number

However, by revenue it is

According to Analysys Mason 3G users in India will touch 272 million by 2017 from 35 million in 2012

Refer to http://www.telecomlead.com/3g/3g-users-in-india-to-touch-272-million-by-2017-from-35-million-in-

2012-analysys-mason-38292/ Web.Jan 20, 2014.

VisionMobile

Salz P. (2014) Apponomics. InMobi

As of 2013, there were 51 million smartphone users in India but this number is likely to mushroom to 104

million by the end of 2014. The shipment of smartphones increased by 166 percent (in quarter 2, 2013)

making India the fastest growing smartphone market in the world. Figures are from IDC.

Google Our Mobile Planet

The average phone plan with 500MB of data costs 85 USD in the United States whereas the same plan

costs, on average, only 10 USD in terms of US dollar Purchasing-power Parity (PPP) in a country like India

Saxena, Anupam. "Mozilla partners Spice and Intex to launch $25 Firefox phones in India." The Times of

India [New Delhi] 11 June. 2014: Web. 12 June. 2014.

According to IDC, Google's mobile operating system has a 91% market share in the country, giving it an

overwhelming lead over its competitors. Android totally dominates the market because it is used by all major

smartphone players in India. Local vendors like Micromax and Karbonn have adopted it. Android powers

phones costing Rs 3,000 to Rs 45,000 and that helps it attract a lot of consumers

App Annie Data

not among the top ten

thereby demonstrating the challenge of monetizing its large base of

downloads. Challenge, as the cliché suggests is another course to opportunity that in this case

can be exploited by handset manufacturers, OS companies and app developers alike, given

the sheer scale of the local Indian market.

That data will be the centrepiece of India’s second telecommunication revolution is a widely

held and an eminently justifiable view the promise of the app economy within this paradigm

needs therefore to be better understood. For example, how apps will contribute to India’s

employment, especially of its youth, is an important issue worthy of rigorous investigation.

The presence of a large, skilled pool of young software developers coupled with high growth

rates in the smartphone and data markets suggests that the Indian app economy has reached

the point of inflexion. According to experts familiar with apps, the next break-through

innovation in apps will be Indian.

2. The App Ecosystem

The app economy is part of the internet ecosystem which consists of network infrastructure,

devices, content and users. Apps are a subset of content and can add to the attractiveness of

the broadband network by providing services that are of considerable practical use. Since it is

part of a highly networked and interdependent ecosystem, the app economy cannot be viewed

in isolation. Its functioning depends on the existence of a robust network infrastructure,

appropriate devices and a supportive OS landscape. Its general purpose nature makes it

ubiquitous across several verticals of which healthcare, education, business and governance,

among others, generate considerable interest due to their ability to address pervasive supply

side bottlenecks.

Figure 1: The App Ecosystem

Source: Adapted from Kathuria and Srivastav

Ibid.

"Next Breakthrough App Will Come from India: Microsoft." The Economic Times [New Delhi] 3 April.

2014: Web. 12 June. 2014.

Figure 1 captures the different dimensions of an app ecosystem. The app economy consists of

three principal activities which are app development, distribution and demand represented by

the nodes of the pyramid. The three main factors that influence the core activities of the app

economy are network infrastructure, devices and the OS represented as different layers of the

pyramid. Each of these dimensions is discussed below.

2.1 Core Activities of the App Ecosystem

2.1.1 Development

Most app stores allow almost anyone to submit an app for consideration. While development

of an app could be inexpensive, the challenge lies in overcoming the last mile constraint to

reach the final user. App developers design apps either on a contractual basis (i.e. for specific

clients) or independently - either as free-lance developers or as start ups. According to Vision

Mobile’s Developer Segmentation model,

app developers are a heterogeneous lot-they can

be classified in terms of their main objectives. The first category of developers makes apps in

the pursuit of creativity. This category often includes the youth, free-lance developers and

hobbyists. The second category of app developers is motivated by revenue generation. This

category includes large gaming companies such as Rovio and Zynga as well as companies

such as Zomato which design apps keeping in mind a strategic business model. Such profit-

maximising developers engage in contractual app development which may be commissioned

by business enterprises. They typically comprise 42 percent of the developer population and

48 percent of the app economy revenues globally.

This group also represents the “mobile

internet only” or “mobile first” businesses. The final category of developers make, or get

made, apps for the purpose of extending a business. This category includes known names

such as Microsoft, Adobe, Make My Trip and The Economist among others who wish to

establish presence on mobile. There is an emerging overlap between the second and third

category of app developers. The activities of these different developers are supported by a

host of secondary services that include app analytics, mobile advertising, testing, API and

cloud computing services.

India has a vibrant developer community and locally hosts an estimated 75,000 developers.

VisionMobile, which conducts the most extensive quarterly app developer survey in the

world, found that after the US, the largest nationality of developers is Indian,

although

roughly half of them are based outside India.

Of those who operate within India, it is

unclear how many create apps that are ‘local’ in nature (in terms of language and catering to

local needs and tastes). The local market for apps is constrained by a restraining cycle in

which inadequate local content leads domestic users to consume international apps, which in

turn further discourages Indian developers to create and market local content.

Voskoglou C. (2013). Developer Segmentation 2013. VisionMobile. Retreived from

http://www.visionmobile.com/product/developer-segmentation-2013/

Voskoglou C. (2013). Developer Segmentation 2013. VisionMobile. Retreived from

http://www.visionmobile.com/product/developer-segmentation-2013/Ibid.

Industry estimates

VisionMobile: State of Developer the Nation Series.

Ibid.

Appendix 1 lists the ten most popular Facebook linked

app developers headquartered in

India by monthly average usage (MAU), as reported by Metrics Monk - an app analytics

firm.

Most of these apps are an extension of existing services to a mobile platform or

gaming apps. Also, the majority user base for these apps developed in India comes from

within India with one exception being Hashcube, for which users are primarily from the US.

2.1.2 Distribution

The second element of the app economy’s core activities is app distribution. Due to the vast

numbers of independent app developers, a platform that aggregates apps and facilitates

payment will enhance efficiency in distribution. It would also help in new app discovery.

Currently, Android and iOS control over ninety percent of the smartphone market share

globally.

Google Play hosts about 1300000 apps globally. The corresponding number for

Apple App Store is 1200000

. While Apple only allows the official App Store to function

on its devices, Google operates on an open source ecosystem that allows access to any app

store. In several Asian economies, particularly those where local content is in high demand,

telecom operator managed app stores running on Google’s Android OS play a big role in

facilitating dissemination and payment for apps. For example in South Korea, T-store, “the

home-grown Android app store run by the local mobile operator, SK telecom”

has a bigger

share than Google Play with 19 million registered users as of January 2013.

Another

appealing example of app distribution is the world’s first app store for government services.

Smart Apps Shop is an Emirati app store that runs on both the Android and iOS platforms. It

features over 100 apps that have been developed by UAE government agencies.

“MyGov”

is India’s initiative in this space.

International app stores continue to dominate the distribution of apps in India. An innovative

offline app distribution platform called Apps Daily addresses the current impediments of

inadequate connectivity and burdensome payments systems in the ecosystem. However, it is

unlikely to become the principal platform. Local app distribution platforms must attain

critical scale to incentivise app developers to create relevant content. The government has

Facebook-linked apps are those which are accessed or advertised via Facebook.

These statistics cover software developers who use the Facebook Platform (Facebook APIs) to design apps

that interact with Facebook features such as data storage and log in. To obtain demographic and geographical

data on Facebook-linked apps, Metricsmonk collects three data sets. The first data set consists of publicly

available data, such as app and publisher names, rankings, Facebook tiers and ratings. The second data set

consists of more specific user data which is obtained from multiple sources and verified using an algorithmic

approach. The third data set consists of historical data (Facebook historical real numbers) that provides

information on the conformation of the application ranking curve. Active users are then calculated based on

algorithms that regularly sample the data sets. The results are continuously verified against “real numbers” of

Metricmonk’s partners.

Gartner (Q2, 2013).

Statista, The Statistics Portal

Salz P. (2014) Apponomics. InMobi

Ibid.

Basu, Medha. “UAE launches world’s first smart government app store” Asia Pacific FutureGov. 31 March

2014: Web. 12 June. 2014. http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2014/mar/31/uae-launches-worlds-first-smart-

government-app-sto/

http://mygov.in/

taken a right step in this direction by launching its Mobile Seva Appstore

which has won the

UN Public Service Award 2014 under category 3 for “Promoting Whole of Government

Approaches in the Information Age”

2.1.3 Demand

The consumers of apps include enterprises, government agencies and individual users. Users

in India, like those globally show preference for communication, gaming and social

networking apps.

The average smartphone user in India has 17 apps on her device

compared to the average Android smartphone user in the OECD who has 26 apps and the

average Japanese user who has 41.

Although low, app usage in India is set to grow as

digital technology becomes pervasive and acceptable. .

The most popular age group for app users in India is 18-25.

Besides, there is a perceptible

gender skew since roughly 80 percent of the smartphone users are male, although it is likely

to become more equitable in the future.

Appendix 2A and 2B list the most popular

Facebook linked apps in the general and gaming categories respectively.

Messenger and Facebook are the top free apps in India for Google Play while Teen Patti and

Candy Crush Saga are the top grossing.

Social Networking and Entertainment are the

popular genres. Indians also have a unique appetite for astrology/devotional apps. Among

popular apps in India, some are completely focused towards the Indian market (e.g.

Truecaller). The popularity of OperaMini, a browsing app which compresses websites to save

users’ data costs, illustrates the price sensitivity of the Indian consumer.

The potential for India to leverage the app ecosystem to achieve certain developmental goals

is still underutilised as app usage is skewed towards entertainment, gaming and social

networking. Apps that focus on initiatives such as agriculture, health, and education have not

scaled adequately because the ecosystem is itself underdeveloped.

2.2 Drivers of the App Ecosystem

2.2.1 Network Infrastructure

A robust network infrastructure in terms of both coverage and capability is necessary

(although not sufficient) to support growth of the app based economy. Internet penetration in

India is 17.4 percent,

lowest among the BRICS (Brazil 50%, Russia 53%, China 42%,

https://apps.mgov.gov.in/index.jsp

Metrics Monk

Google, Our Mobile Planet, India

OECD (2013), “The App Economy”, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 230, OECD

Publishing.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k3ttftlv95k-en

Ibid.

Google, Our Mobile Planet, India

The data presented in these tables are limited to being Facebook linked, however they do capture the major

trend in India. Similar data from Google Playstore or the Apple App Store can further build on some of these

findings.

Metrics Monk

EMarketer Report, May 2014. Retrieved from http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1010893

South Africa 41%).

In particular, mobile broadband, at only 5 percent penetration

limits

scale. 92 percent of India’s subscribers access internet on wireless devices, the quality of

which is constrained by chronic spectrum shortage and deployment of dated wireless

technologies.

2G and 3G wireless services have shown deterioration in recent times,

and

4G is yet to mature. While there are apps that function offline, connectivity is vital for initial

downloads and for a significant number of apps that continuously depend on real time data

(e.g. WhatsApp, Skype, Facebook, Google Maps, Find my Friends etc.). The demand for

high bandwidth and therefore spectrum will increase as apps inevitably diversify to

education, healthcare and e-commerce. Moreover, with the introduction of HTML5, more

apps will be hosted on the cloud thereby necessitating a rise in mobile broadband coverage

and capability. The government recognises the need to improve internet connectivity through

deployment of the National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) that seeks to provide high speed

internet to over 238,000 gram panchayats.

A high speed fibre link to villages will help spur

uptake of 3G and newer generation technologies since backhaul vastly benefits from the

existence of a fibre based network. Meanwhile the market has stepped in to overcome the

weak network infrastructure through innovations such as dongles, community internet and

public hot spots etc. But ultimately connectivity on fibre is essential.

2.2.2 Devices

In India the penetration of smartphones currently stands at a negligible ten percent but it is

increasing rapidly.

The penetration of smartphones facilitates the growth of the app

economy since apps require devices with advanced computing capabilities and features such

as Wifi connectivity, touch screens, GPS, web browsing, graphic displays etc. Given

technological advances, mobile devices can now function as a wallet, camera, television,

alarm clock, calculator, address book, calendar, newspaper, gyroscope, and navigational

device combined

. Price of smartphones is critical for greater penetration and there is no

doubt that device prices are declining while becoming more powerful at the same time.

Penetration is thus set to grow but the app economy also requires scale to become viable.

Thus demand-side policies ought to also take into account growth of broadband-enabled

services to be effective.

Devices play a major role in influencing app development since the latter have to conform to

the characteristics of the mobile device. In India, the device ecosystem is rather fragmented

as companies cater to a market of multiple price points and several different types of mobile

devices. The high degree of fragmentation can potentially create interoperability issues for

app developers as they must ensure that their app functions optimally across different screen

sizes and hardware characteristics. Local content development requires app developers to

ITU 2013

Ibid.

TRAI Performance Indicators Report, December 2013

DoT, National Broadband Policy, 2012. Delay in deployment of NOFN is well recognized.

According to IDC, smartphone shipments to India grew by 186% in Q1, 2014.

Maximisng Mobile World Bank 2012

collaborate with handset manufacturers and ensure that Indic scripts can be supported.

Smartphone manufacturers have responded to the local challenge and some progress is visible

towards leveraging the vast promise of local content and apps, although the full scope and

scale of these opportunities is yet to emerge

2.2.3 Operating Systems (OS)

The OS of mobile devices constitutes the software platform atop which apps operate.

developer has to ensure that apps are compatible with the targeted OS platforms. Since

Android has the widest reach it is a popular choice for developers althoughApple is a good

choice for revenue generation.

However, an app developer typically targets several OS

platforms. App distribution is closely linked to the OS landscape since OS managed app

stores are amongst the most popular. For users there is a potential lock-in due to the

switching costs associated with purchasing apps and learning to use them on a particular OS.

The incidence of lock-in is relatively more severe for Apple which operates a closed,

propriety system as opposed to Android which is open source.

The life cycle of an app is shaped by its lure at each stage, namely development, distribution

and consumption (demand). Each stage is inextricably linked to the supporting ecosystem

which consists of network infrastructure, mobile devices and OS platforms. Competition at

each node influences the life cycle of an app while policies provide the supportive

framework. This analytic structure allows us to explore the various levers of the app

ecosystem and how they interact with each other to deliver growth. The fragmentation that

arises from multiple operating systems and platforms continue to challenge India’s app

ecosystem.

3. Impact Analysis

3.1 Literature Review on employment and growth multipliers of the App Economy

Early studies estimated employment and growth effects of apps by primarily focusing on app

store sales and mobile advertising. With the app economy becoming more pervasive, a

realistic estimate of the impact must include spillover effects i.e. the jobs (and revenue) that

gets created outside app stores.

When this factor is included, the estimates show that within

the app ecosystem contractual development generates the most revenue, followed by app

stores. In 2013, Vision Mobile estimated that contract development was responsible for 56%

Micromax, an Indian device manufacturer has launched Micromax Unite 2 which supports 21 vernacular

languages

Kathuria, R. & Srivastav S. (2014) The Indian App Ecosystem. LirneAsia.The Ford Foundation. Retrieved

from http://broadbandasia.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/The-Indian-App-Ecosystem-Final-

Report_afterEF2014.pdf

Pappas A. (2014) Developer Economics Q1 2014: State of the Developer Nation, VisionMobile. Retrieved

from http://www.visionmobile.com/product/developer-economics-q1-2014-state-developer-nation/

According to Vision Mobile, revenue sources for the global App Economy in 2013 was majorly contributed

by contract development (Euro 27.8 bn), followed by non-app store subscriptions, licensing fees (Euro 10.5

bn), then app store sales (Euro 9.1 bn), in-app advertising (Euro 3.7 bn), and finally e-commerce sales (Euro

1 bn)

of the app economy revenue. Besides, 26% of app developers are engaged in developing apps

on commission

. Other revenue generating activities include in-app advertising, e-commerce

and other activities that support app development such as app analytics which are a small but

rapidly growing segment of the app economy.

Given the newness of the app economy and its linkages with several other industries,

estimating its employment impact using standard econometric approaches is difficult. The

app economy’s networked nature makes it clear that employment generated in this sunrise

sector is not limited to developers but more significantly spills over upstream and

downstream to telecom, internet service providers, mobile device manufacturers, etc. which

comprise the app ecosystem. CTIA – The Wireless Association and the Application

Developers Alliance published a report in 2012 estimating that the app economy in the US

has created 519,000 jobs as of April 2012.

CTIA used online want ads that were looking for

app economy skills. A list of key words

and phrases were put together to identify ads

related to app economy jobs. A sample based validation was carried out for the selected ads

to ensure that they truly represented app economy jobs. The study found that each ad

corresponded to roughly 7.2 core app economy jobs.

In addition, non-tech jobs were

estimated to be almost equal in number.

Replicating this methodology for India would be

impractical since there isn’t any comparable sophisticated source of information for

employment opportunities that could help isolate demand for app related jobs. Web based

companies like Naukri and Monster at best provide trends in the job market. Arriving at

results using data from these sources will result in a specious estimate.

The other estimate of employment attributable to apps is the ACT4Apps study for Europe

It shows that the app economy created 794,000 jobs in 28 EU countries, of which 529,000 or

two-thirds are direct jobs. The remainder includes a host of non-technology jobs such as

management, sales, customer service, accounts, finance, etc.This is in contrast to the US

where half the jobs are direct

. In the US study a multiplier of 1.5 was assumed to quantify

the spill over into other sectors. For the EU, the assumed multiplier is 0.66 and both these

might be underestimates as higher employment impacts have been estimated in other studies.

In particular, a survey based analysis by Mulligan and Card

finds that the EU app-developer

workforce stands at 1 million and the total app market employment is 1.8 million as per 2013

data reflecting a multiplier of 1.8.

Vision Mobile, Developer Economics Q1 2014, State of the Developer Nation, Retrieved from

http://www.visionmobile.com/product/developer-economics-q1-2014-state-developer-nation/

Ibid.

Mandel, M. and Schere J. (2012), “The Geography of the App Economy”, CTIA – The Wireless Association

and Application Developers Alliance

Some of these words included Android, Blackberry API, iOS, IpAd, IPhone, etc.

Core App Economy jobs correspond to Direct Employment in the App economy. It refers to job profiles

related to developing, maintaining, and supporting applications for different platforms.

Several limitations to this study have been identified, including sample size, time of survey, etc.

The European App Economy: Creating Jobs and Driving Growth, September 2013 by Vision Mobile and

Plum Consulting. Study sponsored by ACT4Apps

The findings of the ACT 4 Apps report is based on Vision Mobile’s Q3 2013 Developer Economics global

survey which consists of more than 6000 responses

Mark Mulligan and David Card (2014), “Sizing the EU App Economy” Gigaom Research

While estimating a multiplier based on a deep understanding of the sector is helpful, it still is

not compelling enough for policy action. The approach to quantifying the relationship

between ICT indicators such as broadband (Internet) and macro variables such as

employment (GDP) that are popular rely on either the input-output method or the

multivariate regression technique or both. Raul Katz,

for example uses both multivariate

regression modelling and input-output analysis to estimate employment multipliers for

broadband. International cross sectional studies usually deploy regression models,

but

those for regional economies use both input-output analysis and multi-variate regression

ICRIER’s studies on the growth dividend of increasing mobile and internet penetration for

India used the simultaneous equation regression technique to arrive at the growth

multipliers

In this study we use the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), an extension of the input-output

model to estimate the direct, indirect and induced employment multipliers of the app

economy in India. The methodology follows closely the methodology of Katz and

Crandall.

Please refer to Appendix 3 for details on methodology. Box 1 below explains how

Katz, Raul, and Stephan Suter. "Estimating the economic impact of the broadband stimulus plan." Columbia

institute for tele-information working paper (2009).

Gentzoglanis, A. (2007). International Competitiveness in the Telecommunications and ICT Sectors: A Cross-

Country Comparison. Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie and Koutroumpis,

P. (2009). The economic impact of broadband on growth: A simultaneous approach. Telecommunications

Policy, 33(9), 471-485.

See: Kim, Y., Kelly, T., & Raja, S. (2010). Building broadband: Strategies and policies for the developing

world. World Bank Publications and Ford, G. S., & Koutsky, T. M. (2005). Broadband and economic

development: A municipal case study from Florida. Review of urban & regional development studies, 17(3),

216-229.

Kathuria et al. (2009) “Impact of Mobile” ICRIER and Kathuria and Kedia-Jaju, (2012) “India: Impact of

Internet” ICRIER

See: Katz, Raul, and Stephan Suter. "Estimating the economic impact of the broadband stimulus

plan." Columbia institute for tele-information working paper (2009).

Katz, Raul L. "Estimating broadband demand and its economic impact in Latin America." Proceedings of the

3rd ACORN-REDECOM Conference Mexico City May. Vol. 22. No. 23rd. 2009.

Katz, Raúl L. "II. The contribution of broadband to economic development."Fast-tracking the digital

revolution: Broadband for Latin America and the Caribbean: 49.,. pdf (2003).

Crandall, Robert, Charles Jackson, and Hal Singer. "The effect of ubiquitous broadband adoption on

investment, jobs, and the US economy." Criterion Economics, LLC Released by New Millennium Research

Council. Available at http://newmillenniumresearch. org/archive/bbstudyreport_091703. pdf (2003).

Box 1: Studies estimating employment potential of the app economy

The Geography of the App Economy by CTIA (2012): This study estimated that the app economy in the US had created

519,000 jobs as of April 2012. Estimation of employment was based on existing research on job multipliers. The ratio

between core app economy jobs and indirect app economy jobs was also estimated using anecdotal data. The assumed

multiplier in this study from core app economy jobs to core plus indirect jobs was 2. The new studies on the US App

economy use multipliers that range between 2.4 and 3.4.

Creating Jobs and Driving Growth by Vision Mobile and Plum Consulting (2013): This study estimated that the app economy

created 794,000 jobs in EU (28 countries), of which two-thirds were direct jobs. This study also assumes a multiplier of 1.5 to

estimate spill over into other sectors. The authors acknowledge that as the app economy becomes more entrenched in

everyday businesses, spill over effects will increase, and the multiplier should accordingly be revised upwards.

Our study on estimating the employment potential of app economy in India is a departure from the studies mentioned above

that estimate total employment in the app economy by assuming multipliers. The focus of this study is to use an input output

model to estimate the multipliers for India’s app economy. The estimated Type I and Type II multipliers range between 1.2 to

7.2, given different business and policy environments.

this study is a departure from the existing literature on estimation of employment potential.

3.2 Estimating the employment multiplier for India’s App Economy

For the app economy the total employment can be viewed as the sum of three parts- direct

jobs, indirect jobs and jobs on the demand side. Direct employment arises due to making of

apps, indirect employment due to supply of associated inputs/services and induced

employment (due to increase in household incomes). In other words, the app economy can be

viewed as a source of employment opportunities on both the supply and demand sides. The

contribution to employment and entrepreneurship is important to assess because the app

economy is likely to drive India’s imminent data revolution and also a play a vital role in

creating efficiencies and lowering transaction and information costs. Direct Employment gets

created due to the development and maintenance of apps. Thus software engineers, user

interface developers, designers and any other IT professionals who are directly involved in

creating the app would qualify for this cohort. Indirect Employment is related to non-IT jobs

involving sales and marketing, customer relationship management and finance and accounts.

Moreover, specific apps such as those that offer location based services engage geo-

information engineers with specific expertise. Our survey however reveals that such content

is either available for free or for a nominal license fee. Induced Employment is a demand spill

over outside the industry driven by increased income of those engaged in the app economy.

Mathematically the employment multipliers can be represented as follows:

Type I





Type II





The estimates enable measurement of employment by reflecting the important cascading

effects that apps create by stimulating growth, entrepreneurship and productivity throughout

the economy as a whole.

The best way to understand the employment multipliers is to interpret them as the total

change in direct and indirect or direct, indirect and induced employment due to a unit change

in employment of the target industry, in this case the app economy. Since the evolution of

the app economy depends on several factors we construct four different scenarios to tease out

the employment numbers. These are – Business as Usual (BAU), Industry Matures (IM),

Government Intervention (GI) and Aggressive Government Intervention in a Mature Market

(AGI). These assumptions and results are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.

Table 1: Assumptions for different scenarios of the App Industry in the future

Scenario

Assumptions

Business as

Usual

(BAU)

 50% of the expenditure on Electrical Machinery including PC/Laptops and other

peripherals including software and mobile handsets

can be attributed to apps

based on the expected domestic revenue share of IT services and software in the

industry in 2014

 10% of expenditure on communication including mobile and fixed line

can be

attributed to apps. This is based on the data revenue currently accruing to mobile

service providers as reported by TRAI

Industry

Matures

(IM)

 70% of the expenditure on Electrical Machinery including PC/Laptops and other

peripherals including software and mobile handsets can be attributed to apps

under this scenario. This is assuming increased smart phone penetration will drive

at least 50% of the hardware revenue in the industry to depend on apps, in

addition to IT services and software as assumed in the BAU scenario

 Improved revenue sharing between service providers, content aggregators, app

developers and cheaper data packages can drive the adoption of data services.

Share of data in revenue from expenditure on communication has therefore been

assumed to increase up to 30% under this scenario

Government

Intervention

(GI)

 The expenditure on Electrical Machinery including PC/Laptops and other

peripherals including software and mobile handsets is unlikely to cross 70% of the

total and is hence kept unaltered from the IM scenario

 Active government intervention in developing infrastructure, focusing on e-

government services, liberalizing m payment regimes can further increase data

revenue from mobile services. It has been assumed at 50%, given the prevailing

share in some developed markets. However, in mobile first developing countries

this share could rise much more in the future.

Aggressive

Government

Intervention

in a mature

industry

(AGI)

 The expenditure share on software, IT services and hardware is kept unchanged (

similar to the IM and GI scenario)

 The share of expenditure on data services in total communication revenue is

increased to 90%. This is an aggressive estimate.

The Type I and Type II estimates for the app economy under the Business as Usual (BAU)

and Industry Matures (IM) scenarios are lower than the multiplier estimated by NASSCOM

for IT-ITES for 2014. In the Strategic Review for 2104, NASSCOM estimates a multiplier of

4. In our model, 4 is roughly the median estimate. Government intervention in the form of

favourable IT policies could be expected to push impacts toward the upper limit of 7.2 as

estimated in our aggressive scenario. Rapid innovations in the mobile space have been

disruptive resulting in lower entry barriers and generating new opportunities for small firms

and entrepreneurs. This suggests that bigger impacts are possible under favourable conditions

in the future,

Our Type I estimates also inspire confidence since these are similar in orders of magnitude to

the multipliers estimated in the vast literature on the impact of internet broadband.

Categorised under S56 of the Consumer Expenditure Survey SAM (2007-08) and NSSO (2009-10)

Reported by NASSCOM in its Strategic Review Report 2014

Categorised under S68 of the Consumer Expenditure Survey SAM (2007-08) and NSSO (2009-10)

Table 2: Multiplier Estimates under different scenarios

Multiplier

Business As

Usual (BAU)

Industry

Matures

(IM)

Government

Intervention

(GI)

Aggressive Government

Intervention in a Mature

Industry (AGI)

Type I multiplier

(direct + indirect)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.9

Type II multiplier

(direct + indirect +

induced)

2.9

4.4

5.3

7.2

The CTIA estimates the number of app developers at about 500,000 in the US and over

700,000 for the EU. Given its well known prowess in the IT space, India is slowly catching

up with the developed world.

In order to interpret our multiplier estimates and understand

their practical implications, we determine multiplier benefits using our current estimates of

employment within the app industry (75,000). In the absence of a readily available forecast

on employment in the app industry, we project increases in the estimated workforce using

revenue estimates for the industry. According to Gartner, the size of India’s app economy is

estimated to increase from 974 crore in 2014 to Rs 2,065 crore in 2016. Gartner has also

forecasted the growth smartphone/ mobile device penetration in India to increase at a

compounded annual growth rate of 42 percent for the period 2012 to 2016. Using the latter,

we independently extrapolate the size of India’s app economy at Rs 1,964 crores for 2016.

Based on this narrow range of estimates for the size of India’s app economy, we project

employment in this industry to range between 1,51,230 and 1,59,010 by 2016. Therefore, the

direct increase in employment attributable to India’s app economy is expected to range

between 76,230 and 84,010 jobs from 2014 to 2016. The multiplier effects for increase in

employment for all business and regulatory scenarios are tabulated below (these are likely

overestimates

). The multiplier effects could result in an increase in employment within the

industry by up to 8 times during the period from 2014 to 16.

Table 3: Estimates for increase in employment between 2014 and 2016

The numbers outside (in) parentheses reflect the multiplier benefits if direct employment

increases to151230 (159010)

According to studies by Katz et al. (2008, 2009a, 2009b), Liebenau et al. (2009), the Type I multiplier range

between 1.38-1.83, and Type II multipliers from 1.93 to 3.42

See: Liebenau, J., Atkinson, R., Kärrberg, P., Castro, D., & Ezell, S. (2009). The UK's digital road to recovery

Computer World July 2013 India to overtake US on number of software developers by 2017

http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9240676/India_to_overtake_U.S._on_number_of_developers_by_20

Technological advancements, productivity increases and firm constraints on expenditure may limit the rise in

employment even when revenue rises. Accordingly, the growth rate in revenue is likely to be higher than that

for employment

Business

As Usual

(BAU)

Industry

Matures

(IM)

Government

Intervention

(GI)

Aggressive

Government

Intervention in a

Mature Industry (AGI)

Increase in

employment

using Type I

multiplier

91476

(100811)

106722

(117613)

121968

(134415)

144837

(159618)

Increase in

employment

using Type II

multiplier

221067

(243627)

335412

(369641)

404019

(445249)

548856

(604867)

Admittedly it is difficult to say which of the scenarios will be realised or how much the app

economy will exactly contribute to employment. It seems clear however that the sector is and

will continue to be a net generator of jobs. It could, for example, in our most optimistic

scenario generate close to 604867 jobs in India, almost eight times the current level of

employment. The rate of growth in this industry suggests that these numbers may not be

unachievable. For example in the United States alone, the mobile app industry provided an

estimated 752,000 jobs in 2013 and in the EU it accounted for 1 million jobs in 2014. As

adoption of mobile technology increases and apps become pervasive, new jobs to support

sales will also grow. The labor market can also benefit from the ability of mobile apps to

improve efficiency and lower costs in matching job candidates and employers. As direct

employment in the industry increases, the multiplier effects will benefit overall employment

in the economy.

4. Survey Analysis

4.1 Introduction

In addition to estimating multipliers using secondary data we also collected and analysed

primary data on app developers in India. The principal objective of the survey was to

supplement findings from secondary research and to analyse emerging trends in India’s app

economy based on the app economy framework discussed above. Data from developers was

collected using an online survey, a method ideally suited for the target population

. The

scope of bias in our survey is thus limited, since the cohort of app developers has native

access to the online platform. We reached out purposively to 2000 individuals

through

email and social media sites. The respondents included a mix of individual app developers

and both small and big companies engaged in app development. Our survey differs in

objective from other existing surveys in this field that have essentially focused on nature of

smartphone usage, popularity of different app categories etc. For India this is the first

organized survey that attempts to profile app developers and their artefacts while also trying

to understand the constraints in the working of the app eco system.

We are grateful to the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) for facilitating the online survey

under this project

These 2000 respondents were from IAMAI’s database of app developers

The app developer survey was conducted over two months in 2013, with a response rate of

over 25 percent. We received 515 responses of which 61 had to be omitted due to incomplete,

erroneous and/or irrelevant information. The analysis is reported in four sections as below:

a) Who? The App Developer in India

b) What? The Preference of Users and Developers in India

c) Why? The Business of Apps in India

d) How? The Future of Apps in India

The first category highlights the demographics of app developers in India, including the

organizational set up. The second category identifies preferences for apps, platforms and

devices. The third category brings out popular business/revenue models and associated

marketing initiatives. The final category lists the perceived challenges and feeds into our

policy recommendations.

4.2 Who? The App Developer in India

App development is a relatively new phenomenon in India and has seen rapid rise since it

inception. India’s app developers run into hundreds of thousands and are overwhelmingly

young - 75 percent of the respondents are below 35 years of age. ‘App whiz-kids’ - teenagers

involved in the development of gaming, entertainment and utility apps - are becoming prime

property in India. This has encouraged a trend wherein students and independent

professionals engage in app development on a part-time basis. While some of these app

developers progress to establish organised businesses with the aim of generating profit, others

continue to operate as independent developers or hobbyists.

The vast majority of app developers in India are male. In our survey of 454 developers, only

35 respondents were female reflecting the gender bias.

On the demand side 80 percent of

smartphone users in India are male reinforcing the male dominance.

Geographically the

respondents were all based in India except one developer of Indian origin residing in

Malaysia. The well known and established IT cities in India are attractive for app developers

because they provide with easy access to infrastructure, skill and a ready market for products.

Table 4 shows the concentration of app developers in the cities of Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi

NCR, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad. A larger percentage of developers in such IT cities make

apps on a full-time basis as compared to developers in other cities. From the survey data

presented below in Table 5 we find that Bangalore, Mumbai, and NCR have the maximum

number of companies (organized business operations) engaged in app development. Cities

like Ahmedabad, Hyderabad and Chennai host many small teams of app developers as well

as self-employed app professionals. In most of the other cities such as Bhubaneshwar,

Cochin, Coimbatore, Gandhinagar and Kota, app development is done primarily on a part-

time basis and is not the primary source of income. This could be the result of limited

Shyamsunder, A. Carter, N. (2014). High Potentials Under High Pressure in India’s Technology Sector.

Catalyst Research Centers.

Ibid

monetization options that make app development an unsustainable livelihood for many.

Monetisation will be discussed in greater detail in Section 4.5

Table 4: No of app developers in cities

City

No. of Developers

Primary Occupation

Ahmedabad

Bangalore

Mumbai

Delhi NCR

Hyderabad

Chennai

Pune

Indore

Kolkata

Others

Table 5: Distribution of app developers in cities based on organization type

City

Self Employed

Small Team

Company

Ahmedabad

Bangalore

Mumbai

Delhi NCR

Hyderabad

Chennai

Pune

Indore

Kolkata

Others

4.3 What? The Preference of Users and Developers in India

The demand for apps in India is varied. This heterogeneity is driven by the differences in

income, education and infrastructure facilities available in different parts of the country. The

advance of high-end feature phones, smartphones and low cost tablets represents the

beginning of an indisputable shift towards greater data consumption. For example between

2012 and 2013, the number of smartphones in urban India increased by 89 percent to reach

51 million.

This is especially important in light of the fact that globally the growth rate of

Nerurkar, Sonal . "Teens drive Indian smartphone sales, study finds." The Times of India. 8 Sept. 2013. Web.

20 Jan. 2014. <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Teens-drive-Indian-smartphone-

sales-study-finds/articleshow/22406572.cms>.

smartphones is projected to decelerate from 2013 onwards through to 2017 (while India

should see the reverse).

Much of the increase in smartphone consumption is driven by consumers aged 16-18

. Pew

Research results for the United States show that youth are heavy consumers of data.

User

preference for gaming, entertainment and social networking is reflected in the types of apps

being developed. The popularity of international apps is evident in the survey data. The

average download of ‘Indian’ apps is very low. Only 14 of the 454 developers has crossed the

hundred thousand download mark, of which only 5 surpassed the one million milestone.

These numbers do not pertain to a single app, but to the cumulative number of downloads

across all the apps created by each developer, supporting the thesis of low visibility of apps

developed domestically.

In our sample of 454 developers, entertainment apps including gaming and social networking

are the dominant categories reflecting demand side preference. . Utilities, health and

education are the other important categories. Table 6 below provides the number of apps

developed under each category. The list does not include lifestyle and enterprise apps which

are exceptions. One forceful result of our survey is the focus of app developers on foreign

app demand in preference to producing locally-relevant content - as the latter is less

profitable.

Each respondent in our sample has developed an average of 38 apps.

Of these

13 have developed 100 or more apps and these are the larger professional app companies.

After excluding extreme values, the average number of apps developed by each respondent

falls to 17.

Table 6: Number of Apps developed under each category

E-

Commerce

Agriculture

Health

Education

Social

Networking

Entertainment

Productivity

E-

governance

Navigation

Utilities

Refere

nces

Total

number of

developers

Skewed revenue sharing models biased against content providers is one of the main reasons

why Indian app developers focus on international app stores such as Apple App Store or

Google PlayStore that offer a flat 70 percent of the total revenue to developers. This

adversely affected development of India-specific apps and even popular apps such as Saavn

International Data Corporation projections

Nerurkar, Sonal . "Teens drive Indian smartphone sales, study finds." The Times of India. 8 Sept. 2013. Web.

20 Jan. 2014.

Smith, Aaron. "Smartphone Ownership — 2013 Update ." Pew Research

Center (2013): http://pewinternet.org/. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.

For example, the Indian app development firm Sourcebits, despite having been founded in India is now

headquartered in San Francisco.

This is based on the response of 84 developers, other respondents chose not to provide information on the

number of apps developed.

and Zomato have expanded abroad. Saavn’s musical lexicon includes both Indian sub-

continental and Western music and Zomato is spreading to list restaurants in Turkey, UAE,

UK and Brazil. There are signs though that the Indian market is adapting to these

developments. AppsDaily is an innovative distribution channel for uniquely Indian apps

(discussed above). Furthermore, Vodafone has recently released its beta app store with an

internationally competitive 70-30 revenue sharing model. If other players follow suit, it could

ensure development of localised content.

The other dimension essential to diffusion of apps among Indian users is the choice of

platform/ operating systems and devices that support it. Survey results confirm the

dominance of Android followed by iOS. Windows OS is a close third. The others categories

include Samsung’s Bada and Tizen OS, Web OS and Mac OS. Table 7 below provides the

data on number of app developers by platform.

The choice of operating systems is closely

tied to devices. India’s smartphone penetration though low at present, is rising rapidly as

manufacturers are introducing new models at lower prices. Moreover, local manufacturers

such as Micromax, Karbonn, and Lava are competing with global leaders such as Samsung,

by launching smartphones and tablets at affordable prices. Accordingly, most developers are

targeting apps that can be supported on smartphones and tablets. A small group of Java

developers is focusing on the market for feature phones. Table 8 below provides data on

choice of devices that support apps. The ‘others’ category includes smart watches, smart TVs

and desktop apps which are rare.

Survey results indicate an Android dominated future for the app economy in India for two

apparent reasons. One, Android devices are more affordable and two, the Android ecosystem

is open allowing OEMs such as Samsung and HTC to manufacture mobile devices that use

the Android OS. The drawback is the resulting fragmentation in screen sizes, resolution limits

and hardware traits. Because of this, “developing apps that work across the whole range of

Android devices can be extremely challenging and time-consuming.”

Moreover, Indian app

developers need to recognise the existence of an active market for used phones and thus the

appeal of ‘backward compatibility’ i.e. an app that can work across old devices as well as

new ones and also function across both old and new versions of operating systems will stabd

a better chance of success.

Table 7: Number of developers by choice of operating system

OS Type

Android

iOS

Blackberry

Windows

Java

Others

Number of

developers

Table 8: Number of developers by choice of device

Device Type

Smartphones

Feature phones

Tablets

Others

Only 232 developers responded to this question.

"Android Fragmentation Visualized (July 2013)." Android Fragmentation Report July 2013. Web. 20 Jan.

2014.

Total No. of developers

195

128

4.4 Why? The Business of Apps in India

Apps need an ecosystem to thrive. One major challenge for app developers in India is to

transform a good idea into commercial success. The present rate is not encouraging. Most

developers try to optimize their odds of becoming profitable for example by choosing the

platform with the highest installed user base. Other factors driving the OS choice are

familiarity with the development environment and the cost of development. On the whole,

app development is not considered to be a remunerative business opportunity. 17 percent of

respondents who answered the question on choice of revenue model indicated that they did

not have a specific revenue generation plan. While some developers are engaged in

contractual development, there are few developers who self finance their project and do not

actively market or promote their app. The business of app development in India seems to be

at a stage in which it could be characterised as one based on a ‘hit and trial’ philosophy.

Self financing is common in the industry. Only 7 and 13 developers approached banks or

venture capitalists for financing. Funding an app developer is not an investor’s primary

choice. Recognising the market failure and the utility of apps, the Department of Electronics

and IT and Department of Telecommunication have both instituted funds to encourage

mobile technology ventures and app development in India.

One can argue on the efficacy of

the use of limited public resources for app development, but not the fact that app

development in India needs a boost. The industry is still very young and ‘unorganized’ and is

largely dependent on own and informal sources for financing. Table 9 below presents the

source of financing for app developers.

Table 9: Source of Financing for Application Developers

Self

Bank Loan

Informal Sources

Venture

Capital

Others

Number of

app

developers

Most apps in India are distributed either by app stores or on the developer’s websites.

Almost 70 percent of the respondents use app stores. In rare cases developers email their app

to a target group of users. Developers spend up to 85 percent of their development cost on

marketing. Other avenues for marketing include social networking websites, promotions in

magazines and cross promoting new apps on an existing app. Popular revenue generation

DoT has set up a 1000 crore app development centre called Application Development Infrastructure and 700

crores under the National E-Governance Plan have been allocated for mobile technology ventures

models include advertising, in-app purchasing, freemium and pay per download. Table 10

provides the choice of revenue models for app developers in India.

The vast majority of apps in India are ‘free’ for the consumer. This means that revenue

generation for the developer is either through advertisements or through royalty. In cases

where the consumer pays for the app, the modal price range is between Rs 50 – 100.

Interestingly, Apple and Google Playstore initially priced most of their apps at $1, which

translates to roughly Rs 60 at the prevailing exchange rate.. Although the rupee depreciated to

almost 69 in 2013, the price for paid apps remains within the Rs 50 -100 range. As stated

earlier, a large number of Indian app developers sidestep the unfavourable local conditions by

catering to the international market -localised content suffers as a result. For the few local app

stores that exist, revenue sharing does not favour local app development. Another outcome of

the circumstances for developers has led to their focus on specific clients thereby reducing

their search for profitability.

Table 10: Choice of revenue models

Pay per

download

In-app

purchasing

Freemium

Subscription

Royalty

Advertising

Number of app

developers

The potential for apps is well established, but its business case is still quite weak. In our

survey only 82 developers have successfully recovered their investments. Of these, 24 were

profitable within a year, 15 between 1-2 years, while the others took much longer.

It is

worrying that most developers treat app development as a sunk cost. For apps to become a

business opportunity for the wider developer community, a mature and localised ecosystem is

necessary that is sympathetic to the needs of the developer community.

4.5 How? The Future of Apps in India

India’s app ecosystem functions in an environment that is inimical to growth. Our survey

respondents highlighted several constraints- absence of skilled manpower, high cost of

development, limited or no access to finance- as major impediments to growth. Table 11

below provides survey responses on the barriers. A few other challenges include high cost of

user acquisition, hyper competition driven by independent and freelance developers and the

high cost of marketing. Industry stakeholders are concerned by the clutter in the developer

market, although this could sort itself as the industry evolves and underperforming and

uncompetitive developers gradually weed out. In terms of monetization, the challenge is

related to the preference for free apps and a user base that is limited in terms of their

familiarity with the mobile and internet ecosystem. More than 50 percent of the respondents

feel that the preference for free apps damages the revenue potential of this industry.

Moreover, given users’ price sensitivity, developers have to offer much more to the Indian

Most respondents did not answer this question

consumer to drive willingness to pay. This reinforces the case for developing content in

Indian languages and localizing the ecosystem as a whole.

Table 11: Barriers facing India’s app economy

Skilled Manpower

Access to Financing

High Cost of Development

Others

Number of

developers

Since the industry thrives on innovation, protection of intellectual property is important to

developers. The balance between protection and sharing of innovation is part of a larger and

often tendentious debate on open source versus proprietary software development.

We do

not attempt to deconstruct that debate here; merely report that 70 percent of respondents are

of the view that intellectual property protection is a concern for app developers. However,

not all have taken steps to protect intellectual property. The lack of seriousness could be

associated with poor revenue potential from apps. Among those who have, some obtained

copyrights/patents, while others worked with individual checks on in-app piracy using code

morphing, copy protection, server–based checks, or both etc. Table 12 below provides the

number of app developers who have adopted different IP protection measures.

Table 12: Intellectual Property Right (IPR) Protection in the App Industry

Measures for IPR

Number of

developers

Have obtained Copyright/ Patents

Have provided for In-app checks

Have not taken any steps

Although our survey comprised a small sample, the findings complement the secondary data

analysis and are a useful supplement to the case studies. Developers highlighted the well

known challenges with a view to help unlock the potential in India’s app market. These

include a focus on local content, an improved landscape for local developers, increased

smartphone and broadband penetration, a concerted effort to boost digital literacy, awareness

and an environment that supports innovation. The focus on the easy to tap urban market

which typically demands popular international content must inevitably segue to semi-urban

and rural areas for the app economy to prosper riding primarily on local content.

5. Case Studies

Case studies supplemented the analysis and findings of the primary survey and in particular

sought to identify the micro-channels through which larger macroeconomic impacts (direct,

indirect and induced) get created. Referring once again to the framework developed in

section 2, representative stakeholders were selected from each constituent of the app

ecosystem. Figure 2 reproduced for convenience buckets stakeholders across the ecosystem,

Hippel, Eric von, and Georg von Krogh. "Open source software and the “private-collective” innovation

model: Issues for organization science." Organization science 14.2 (2003): 209-223.

although some operate across multiple segments. Refer Appendix 4 for a list of all

stakeholders consulted for this project and Appendix 5 for details of each case study.

Figure 2: Selected Stakeholders across the Indian App Ecosystem

Source: Author

A strong verdict of the extensive consultations with app developers including Times internet,

Get It Info Media, Bellurbis and Mobile Harvest is that Indian app developers typically

concentrate on coding. The emphasis on aesthetics, user-interface and interaction design is

lacking. The normative view is that this needs to change if Indian apps aim to become

internationally competitive.

The need to create locally relevant content was also a recurrent theme in our interactions. Not

only can we unlock latent demand as a result, but also expand employment opportunities

beyond English language content. A bigger market for local content could create good

externalities even larger than those estimated in this report.

Mobile Harvest for example

faces challenges of a young and relatively fragmented local market. While the market

potential is massive, achieving scale, a crucial attribute for success in networked sectors, is a

primary challenge.

Although preliminary, our case studies also indicate that other benefits

of apps in general and local content in particular can provide social cohesion and extension of

communications to low income users which have large multiplier effects throughout the

economy.

Distribution is dominated by international app stores in India. With a nascent e-commerce

industry and poor credit/debit card penetration, telecom operators tend to play a larger role in

the distribution of apps. For example, Samsung Apps has partnered with local telecom

operators (Vodafone India) to enable carrier-billing. A unique physical app distribution

platform that has emerged in India and spread to other countries is AppsDaily, a local

IAMAI, Local Language Report, 2013.

Ibid.

innovation whose success is built on existing gaps in the local operating environment. While

the physical channel will continue to exist, stakeholders such as Vodafone, Samsung and

Blackberry are of the justified view that scaling up needs regulatory intervention to ease

digital payment mechanisms that enables widespread digital distribution of apps.

The pattern of app downloads and user profiles have been discussed extensively in section 2.

While the largest proportion of demand comes from gamers a growing proportion is now

coming from enterprises and government agencies who wish to use technology and mobility

solutions for greater transparency and efficiency. Accordingly, eGov app store that we

analysed is home to some apps that are becoming popular among users, such as e-

procurement, e-heatlh, etc. The use cases suggest how these apps have streamlined processes

and increased efficiency manifold. Details on demand and efficiency gains are available in

Appendix 5.3. On the other hand Make My Trip presents a case of service extension. It is

especially of value to last minute travellers, who find such applications convenient.

Devices form a fundamental component of the app ecosystem. In the first quarter of 2014,

India witnessed 186 percent increase in the shipment of smartphones.

With smartphones

entering the market at price points that are disruptive (e.g. Micromax covered in the list of

case studies), there is an upsurge in app demand. Our survey highlights the lack adequate

network infrastructure -telecom operators and infrastructure providers have a fundamental

role to play in this regard as does the role of a predictable and strong regulatory environment.

Operators in India and elsewhere view apps as a threat to their existing business model.

However, with the inevitable technological advancement operators will have to adapt to the

new reality of greater data use. In case of conflict between regulation and technology, the

balance of convenience is to favour innovation in public interest. A perspective of Indian

telecom operators towards the app economy was presented by Vodafone India (Refer

Appendix 5.7)

Telecom infrastructure is necessary for the app economy to take off but at the same time our

consultations suggest that access to infrastructure is certainly not the only thing that matters.

On the contrary, research highlights the vital importance of complementary skills and other

infrastructure-literacy, competitive distribution platforms, congenial environment for

development, among others as being important enablers. Unless these are in place, the

potential benefits of apps will be suffocated. There is no benefit in developing a superb app

unless it can reach the final consumer at an affordable price in a language that he

understands.

Cost and connectivity are barriers but interesting innovations by local entrepreneurs using

offline technology such as USB (universal serial bus) to deliver content to users who can

afford smartphones helps overcome the initial connectivity issues. Eventually however

connectivity will be crucial.

IDC

Operating systems (OS) in the final piece in the app economy puzzle. As reflected in the

survey, Google’s Android followed by Symbian and Microsoft are the popular OS in India.

The choice of OS is linked to the device. Samsung, Micromax and Karbonn, three very

popular handset companies in India, all use the Android OS (although Karbonn is about to

release a dual-OS phone that also runs Windows). Symbian which primarily runs on Nokia

devices also enjoys sizable market share although it is decreasing. Since there will be large

numbers of first time smartphone users entering the Indian market, there is huge potential for

new entrants to capture market share in India. Firefox, a web-based OS, is one such example,

struggling with finding its place in the Indian app market. (Refer Appendix 5.8 for details on

Friefox OS in India)

6. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

The emergence of apps embedded in mobile devices that go beyond providing basic access

leads us to hypothesize that apps could potentially have a large impact on the economy and

on livelihoods. Emerging markets such as India are the driving force behind rising trends in

app downloads. India is among the top three countries for Google Play downloads in the

world. Apps provide opportunities for software developers, information aggregators and

users. By becoming content providers, users have an opportunity to participate in and even

shape the social and economic transformation. In the recent Indian elections for the 16

Lok

Sabha social networks became a vibrant platform for user generated content especially the

young Indian voters. Some State governments in India have embraced the potential for

mobile phones to improve public services for citizens and promote accountable and

transparent governance. Apps will further enhance the delivery model. For other verticals

such as agriculture, health and financial inclusion, apps need to be designed locally and this

offers exciting opportunities for developers. For a dynamic sector that apps is today, it is

imperative to customize to local circumstances and to assess impacts regularly. This study

breaks new ground in this respect and hopes that estimating growth and employment effects

of apps becomes custom in the future.

Previous research in this genre has unambiguously established productivity impacts of greater

mobile and internet penetration due to the accompanying reductions in information

asymmetries and declining transactions costs. Evidence of the impacts of apps could be

expected to be along similar lines especially since India suffers huge service deficits in

several areas including education and healthcare. ‘Apps for development’ could be an

attractive and practical option for India to embrace, besides apps for e-commerce, gaming

and entertainment that will in any case be driven by the market.

The app economy is credited to have generated half a million jobs in the USA in 2013 and

another 700,000 in the EU. According to 2013 data, the EU app economy accounts for 22

percent of the global production of app related services and products. Indians constitute the

second largest nationality for app developers (the first is Americans), and hence it is worth

documenting the direct, indirect and induced employment effects of the app economy in

India. This study uses scenario based analysis to estimate the potential for employment in the

app economy under different business and policy environments.

Apps currently account for 75,000 jobs in India. Using our estimates for increase in

employment (between 2014 and 2016) the multiplier effects have been estimated under

different business and regulatory scenarios. The minimum estimated increase in direct and

indirect employment for the app economy is 91476, while the maximum is 159618. If we

include changes in induced employment, these numbers rise up to 221,067 and 604867

respectively. Thus the aggregate number of jobs that apps could create in India during the

period 2014-16 lies between 91476 and 604867, the upper limit being close to eight times the

current levels of employment. If direct employment increases at a faster rate, the multiplier

effects will result in massive benefits to overall employment in the economy.

India needs technology to overcome everyday problems. The economic benefits can be huge.

And apps can be an important cog in that wheel. Connectivity to the internet holds enormous

promise with smart cities, agriculture, health and education, to name a few applications,

seeking to democratize the benefits of technology. While estimating employment potential of

apps is the central piece of this study, the primary survey and case study analysis have

supplemented these findings to package the trends, patterns and challenges of this industry.

The case studies present underlying benefits of apps, although it would need another study to

robustly estimate their productivity impacts throughout the economy.

It is a fact that India’s market is split by many factors including language, income, access,

awareness and digital literacy among others and therefore we need to address both the supply

and demand side challenges of the ecosystem. Supply side bottlenecks include deficiency of

spectrum and inadequate backbone networks and distribution platforms; on the demand side

the main constraints are lack of affordable mobile devices and broadband services, digital

literacy as well as limited local applications and content. As an illustration the success of

mobile payments worldwide would not have been possible without the easing of entry

barriers such as the falling cost of smartphones and affordable and adequate access to the

internet.

Telecom operators and infrastructure providers have a fundamental role to play in harnessing

the potential of India’s app economy by providing adequate infrastructure. Telecom

infrastructure is necessary for the app economy to take off but at the same time our research

suggests that access to infrastructure is certainly not the only thing that matters. Even though

the bond between mobile operators and users is loosening due to the fact that mobile devices

can now directly connect to the internet, operators in India will still remain important if not

key to unlocking the potential of the app economy. Their vast reach makes them ideal as

distribution networks and payment channels for apps-for this they need to constructively

work with app developers. This is now fortunately beginning to happen.

The absence of successful revenue models and poor levels of commercialization still stand in

the way of entrepreneurial aspirations and employability in the industry. The employment

potential of this industry can be realized with revenue sharing increased in favour of the

developer and regulatory costs of carrier billing lowered. If policy intervention allows for

liberal payment regimes, affordable and ubiquitous access to internet, the gains from this

industry can be maximized.

Our research also highlights the need for skilled app developers that focus beyond trouble

shooting to produce aesthetically designed apps. The quality of developers must be improved

along with increase in quantity. Training in product development and creative designing will

enhance the growth of this industry in India. There is also a demonstrated need for seed

funding for entrepreneurs who are trying to break into the local market. While, the

government has already launched a Rs 1000 crore application development fund, the market

itself needs to find ways to support the development of apps, including those meant for

improving access to services, such as health and education.

The rapid growth of apps worldwide presents a rare opportunity for India with its unique

characteristics and huge service deficits. We know that access to mobile and internet

networks can have a transformative impact on livelihoods and businesses. By making phones

more powerful, smartphone applications or apps, aided by high-speed networks and

innovation can create jobs and also have important productivity enhancing impacts

throughout the economy as a whole. This new evidence on the ‘app’ economy comes close on

the heels of similar evidence for mobiles and internet that is now firmly established as part of

telecom folklore. With a few enabling policy interventions, apps can further enhance the

‘value’ of mobile access in a manner that was almost unthinkable only a few years ago. It is

encouraging that the Prime Minister acknowledges the role of technology and apps in his

recent policy initiatives, including the 1000 crore Self Employment and Talent Utilisation

(SETU) incubation program that will support start ups in the technology area.

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Appendix 1: Ten most popular Facebook linked App Developers headquartered in India

(by Monthly Average Users)

Source: Metrics Monk, Last Accessed on March 23

, 2015

Rank

Developer

Most

Popular App

of the

Developer

Monthly

Average

Users

(MAU)

Headquarter

City

App Category

Country

with

Maximum

Users

% of

Users in

the most

popular

Country

India times

723385

Gurgaon,

NCR

Infotainment and

Ecommerce

(extension of online

service)

India

83.2

Myntra

558338

Bangalore

Ecommerce

(Extension of online

service)

India

HashCube

Sudoku

Quest

85253

Bangalore

Gaming

United

States

28.0

NDTV

Convergence

NDTV

84625

Delhi

Local News &

Infotainment

India

86.5

authorSTREAM

authorGEN

Technologie

75398

Chandigarh

(Another

office in

United states)

Productivity

India

55.6

ChaYoWo

Games

Cricket

Master

Blaster

56689

Kochi

Gaming

India

49.5

RJ Softwares

Wordosaur

Crossword

Game

9827

Kolkata

Gaming

Data not

available

Data not

available

Oneindia.in

Oneindia

13052

Bangalore

Local News &

Infotainment

India

63.4

ibibo web(p) Ltd

Games365.i

2838

Gurgaon,

NCR

E-Commerce,

Travel

(Lifestyle)Entertain

ment & Gaming

Data not

available

Data not

available

Shufflr

Bangalore

Infotainment (Video

Sharing)

Philippines

9.5

Appendix 2A: Top Facebook linked apps consumed by Indians (by Monthly Average

Users)

Rank

Applicatio

Monthly

Average

Users

App Category

Developer

Headquarter

Country with

Maximum

number of Users

% of Users in

the most

popular

Country

Facebook

2552261

Social

Networking

Facebook

California

India (via

Samsung Mobile)

16.3

United States (via

Microsoft)

13.6

Truecaller

2005332

Utilities,

Communication

(Phone

Directory)

True

Software

Scandinavia

Stockholm

India

55.1

Gaana

1145464

Entertainment,

Music

Times

Internet

Gurgaon,

NCR

India

87.4

YouTube

1089921

Communication

(Utilities)

Youtube

(Google)

California

United States

20.9

Astrology

714537

Lifestyle, Others

(Astrology)

Kudos

Media

London

United States

52.7

Trip

Advisor

667479

Lifestyle, Travel

TripAdvisor

, LLC

Massachusett

United States

34.0

Skype

644091

Utilities, Other

Chat

Skype

Communica

tions

Luxembourg

United States

11.3

Saavn

637645

Entertainment,

Music

Saavn, LLC

New York,

United States

India

70.6

Opera

Mini

612524

Entertainment,

Other

Opera

Software

ASA

Oslo, Norway

India

27.8

Source: Metrics Monk Last Accessed on March 23

, 2015

Appendix 2B: Top Facebook linked gaming apps consumed by Indians (by Monthly

Average Users)

Rank

Application

MAU

App Developer

Headquarter

Country with

Maximum number

of Users

% of Users in the

most popular

Country

Candy Crush Saga

8513804

King.com.

London Delhi

United States

16.8

Teen Patti

3978832

Octro, Inc

Delhi, India

India

97.7

Subway Surfers

2245046

Kiloo Games

Aarhus,

Denmark

United States

12.0

Indian Rummy

1009151

Octro, Inc

Delhi, India

India

97.4

Criminal Case

998852

Pretty Simple

Paris

Brazil

16.7

8 Ball Pool

946425

Miniclip.com

Neuchatel,

Switzerland

Indonesia

15.6

Farm Heroes Saga

725652

King.com

London

United States

14.1

Pet Rescue Saga

542854

King.com

London

United States

16.5

Clash of Clans

483153

Supercell

Finland

United States

20.1

Bubble Witch

336148

King.com

London

United States

16.6

Source: Metrics Monk, Last Accessed on March 23

, 2015

Appendix 3: Social Accounting Matrix and the Mathematical formulation of the

Leontief Inverse Matrices and Type I and II multipliers

The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is a square matrix, where each row and column

represents receipt and expenditure respectively

. It has an endogenised household sector that

illustrates the flow from production to income, which then leads back to demand. The SAM

framework extends the input-output (I-O) model by including information on income

distribution and final demand.

SAM models are typically used to estimate the impact of a policy for an effective change in

demand/output/employment in any sector, capturing the feedback effect of consumption.

Unlike the input-output model, SAM is used to estimate the induced demand effect (or the

Keynesian multiplier) of developmental policies.

100

The SAM used in this report comprises of seventy eight sectors and has been adopted from

Pradhan et al. (2013).

101

In order to isolate the employment multiplier for India’s app

economy we consider the rise in the demand for two sectors - Electrical Machinery and

Communication. Among others constituents, the former includes PC/Laptop, and other

peripherals including software and mobile handsets while the latter includes consumer

expenditure on mobile and fixed lines charges.

102

The employment per unit output for each sector has been taken from the NSS 2009-10 data

on industrial employment which corresponds with SAM 2007-08. The output data is

converted into employment figures using this vector of employment levels. The mathematical

formulation of the Leontief inverse matrices and Type I and II multiplier, are provided below

Since demand from electronics and expenditure on communication cannot entirely be

attributed to the app ecosystem, we estimate the employment multipliers using a fraction of

the total demand in the two sectors.

The system of produce for each sector X can be written using the equation below

Refer World Bank Social Accounting Matrices and SAM–Based Multiplier Analysis, “Tool Kit for

Evaluating the Poverty and Distributional Impact of Economic Policies, Round (2003). Retrieved from

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPSIA/0,,contentMDK:20481

426~menuPK:1108016~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:490130~isCURL:Y,00.html

100

See: Pyatt, Graham, and Jeffery I. Round. "Accounting and fixed price multipliers in a social accounting

matrix framework." The Economic Journal (1979): 850-873.

Buvinich, Manuel J. Rojas. "The evaluation of rural development projects using the social accounting matrix

approach." Revista Brasileira de Economia 46.4 (1992): 555-594.

Auerbach, Alan J., and Yuriy Gorodnichenko. Fiscal multipliers in recession and expansion. No. w17447.

National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

Khan, Haider A., and Erik Thorbecke. "Macroeconomic effects of technology choice: Multiplier and

structural path analysis within a SAM framework." Journal of Policy Modeling 11.1 (1989): 131-156.

101

Pradhan, B. K, M.R. Saluja and A. K. Sharma (2013), A Social Accounting Matrix for India 2007-08, IEG

Working Paper No. 326

102

Refer to the concordance between SAM 2007-08 sectors and NSSO 2009-10 given in Pradhan, Basanta K.,

M. R. Saluja, and Yashobanta Parida. "A Social Accounting Matrix for India, 2005-06." Research in Applied

Economics 6.1 (2014): p176-p201.

X = AX+Y; (1)

where A is the input coefficient matrix and Y is exogenous final demand

To find the Type I employment multiplier, first we find the aggregate impact on output. We solve for

change in production of each industry given a marginal change in demand for a sector

dX = (I-A)

-1

dY = B dY (1’)

where B is the Leontief inverse, the coefficient matrix which measures the total output of sector i that

is required as input to produce one unit of output of sector j, accounting for the aggregate chain effects

of the direct and indirect requirements.

Now we close the I-O model by endogenizing the household sector to incorporate the induced effect,

the system under (1) becomes:

X = AX+Y (2)

where A is augmented input coefficient matrix with endogenous household sector and Y is exogenous

final demand

dX = (I-A)

-1

dY = B’ dY (2’)

where B’ now measures the total output of sector i that is required as input to produce one unit of

output of sector j, accounting for the aggregate chain effects of the direct, indirect and induced output

requirements.

To convert output into employment estimates, a vector of employment levels per unit output is

required, say W. The direct employment effect of a unit rise in demand for sector i’s produce would

be denoted by W

. One unit increase in the final demand of sector j’s produce generates the N sectoral

aggregative effect of direct and indirect employment as:





  











(3)

And for the aggregative effect of direct, indirect and induced employment:





  











(3’)

Thus, Type-I employment multiplier for a unit rise in sector j’s final demand is given by:

 















(4)

And Type-II multiplier, where we use coefficients of matrix B’ instead of B:

 















(4’)

Changes in aggregate employment driven by changes in demand for the app ecosystem can

be determined by multiplying the multiplier estimates to the fraction attributed to apps.

Appendix 4: List of Stakeholder Consultations

1. AppsDaily

2. Qualcomm Ventures

3. Qualcomm

4. ShepHertz

5. MakeMyTrip

6. Times Internet

7. Get It Info Media

8. MCarbon

9. Spice Global

10. Mobile Harvest

11. Unicel Tech

12. Amazon

13. Samsung

14. Bellurbis

15. Blackberry

Appendix 5: Case Studies

5.1 Mobile Harvest Solutions

103

Introduction

Mobile Harvest Solutions is an app development company that designs literacy neutral apps

to bring benefits of social networking and connectivity to those who are not proficient with

reading and writing. Having a development agenda, Mobile Harvest tailors its literacy neutral

apps to meet the needs of specific groups such as farmers, healthcare workers especially

women in rural India. Dubbed as an oral Wikipedia (where information is provided in

vernacular languages), one of Mobile Harvest’s more recent projects has been in

collaboration with UN Women, the Ministry of Science and Technology and Tekes, a Finnish

Funding Agency for Technology Innovation, to design apps that, inter alia, inform women of

government programmes and disseminate information related to family planning.

The Mobile Harvest interface is intuitive and minimalistic in nature. Launched as a pilot

project for farmers in Andhra Pradesh in 2012, the flagship Mobile Harvest app saw 1300+

media files uploaded within a month where farmers shared best practices on farming.

Information uploaded/accessed through this app was organized pictorially into groupings

such as irrigation, weather, pests, prices etc. to facilitate easy use.

Challenges

A challenge for the company is in exploiting domestic demand to the fullest. Low digital

literacy and awareness constrains the potential demand base of the Indian app economy. The

test for Mobile Harvest has been in scaling up and getting adequate funding for its ventures.

The UN Women venture lasted one year and saw a revenue of 12,60,000 INR. However, it

only managed to capture 30 monthly average users. The Indian app market, from the user-

side, is still young and highly fragmented. Venture capital firms in India seem to be targeting

the low-hanging fruit (low-risk infotainment/social networking apps for urban customers).

This makes Mobile Harvest’s novel endeavour all the more tricky.

To reach out to rural customers the requisite network infrastructure needs to be in place and

app companies like Mobile Harvest will need support of telecom operators, who have the

widest access to India’s rural prepaid segment, and OEMs who can pre-install certain apps on

their devices. The support of telecom operators will be particularly useful in facilitating the

billing of app services to those who do not have formal bank accounts/credit or debit cards.

Opportunity and Impact

The opportunity lies in the large untapped market. A study revealed that in rural India 43

percent of non-users of the internet said they would adopt the medium if it were provided in

103

This case study is based on a consultation the authors had with the founder of Mobile Harvest Solutions.

the local language.

104

In urban India, 13.5 percent of non-users said that local language

content would inspire use of the internet.

105

Given that most of this access would be through

mobile devices, the potential of apps like Mobile Harvest which operate in the vernacular

becomes evident. The impact of such apps could be significant but currently private funding

for such projects is conspicuous by its absence-these are driven mainly by NGOs,

governmental organisations and development finance agencies which while good for

individual efforts are not quite effective in establishing scale.

5.2 AppsDaily

106

Introduction

AppsDaily is India’s home-grown app distribution platform which accounts the unique

challenges of the Indian app ecosystem. To circumvent the unfavourable mobile payment

regulation and cater to India’s digitally lay segment, AppsDaily established physical retail

outlets from where apps can be purchased using cash. The physical payments method has

gained toehold in India due to low debit/credit card penetration. Flipkart, a leading e-

commerce firm in India introduced cash on delivery for customers not owning credit cards or

those who were reluctant to use them. Like AppsDaily, Flipkart has been palpably successful.

In addition, AppsDaily with its physical attendant takes ‘pressure’ out of the process of

downloading apps and provides a comfortable alternative to the do-it-yourself model, which

is ill-suited to countries where large segments of the population are unfamiliar with digital

payments. AppsDaily has gained immense popularity as it addresses and exploits the current

gap in the market- low credit card penetration and low digital consciousness. Moreover, by

having stores with a physical attendant, AppsDaily has made the process of obtaining apps

easier. Such indigenous business model innovation is needed in the Indian app market, which

has its unique set of constraints, to increase creation and distribution of localised apps.

Challenges

Due to the envisaged risks, the RBI has taken a cautious approach towards enabling mobile

payments. There is a limit on the transaction amount and number of transactions a user can

make per day. Due to security concerns, password copying is not allowed and generally, the

failure rate of e-transactions is high due to weak network structure and the design of payment

gateways. This constrains the revenue generation potential of India’s app economy.

Opportunity and Impact

AppsDaily addresses these issues by enabling cash payments for apps. Its model has met with

success in India as over 1 million apps have been sold, over 10,000 outlets have been

104

IAMAI, Local Language Report, 2013.

105

Ibid.

106

This case study comes from Kathuria, R. & Srivastav S. (2014) The Indian App Ecosystem. LirneAsia.The

Ford Foundation. Retrieved from http://broadbandasia.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/The-Indian-App-

Ecosystem-Final-Report_afterEF2014.pdf and is based on a consultation the authors had with the CEO of

AppsDaily.

established and its reach extends across 140 cities.

107

AppsDaily can install apps on a variety

of devices including Micromax, Samsung, Nokia, HTC etc. It has launched pilot programmes

in Australia, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia.

5.3 eGov AppStore

108

Introduction

As a part of the government’s vision to enhance efficiency, transparency and effectiveness of

public services using digital technology, DeitY and NIC launched the eGov AppStore in May

2013. eGov AppStore aims to propel the National e-Governance plan by providing a common

platform, where all apps are certified and from where government-to-government services

can be distributed across India. The apps are hosted on the National Cloud and are

customised such that they can be used by government agencies/departments at the Centre and

State level. The government believes that this will help in the deployment of e-governance

services across the nation and save different agencies the time and cost associated with

developing similar apps from scratch. While the eGov AppStore is in its preliminary stage,

where most apps are awaiting productization, DeitY has already released information on

which apps have been rated highly as per initial reviews (see table below).

109

Top Apps on India’s e-Governance AppStore

App Name

Purpose

State

Government eProcurement System of NIC

Generic

Delhi

e-Hospital

Health

Tripura

Xtended Licensing and Laboratory Node

Food & Drugs

Gujarat

eOffice Digital Signing Tool (PDF Files)

Generic

Delhi

Public Distrubution System Common Application Platform

Food & Consumer

Affairs

Delhi

eMunicipalities Suite for Urban Local Bodies

Urbanisation

Maharastra

eGranthayala: A Digital Agenda For Library

Library and Informatics

Services

Delhi

Cooperative Core Banking Solution

Banking

Delhi

District and Subordinate Courts Software

Legal

Maharastra

Opportunity and Impact

As table 15 shows, the Government eProcurement System of NIC (GePNIC) is the top rated

app. It aims to bring greater transparency and simplicity to the process of government

procurement. The app seeks to establish a one stop shop for all services related to government

procurement and help both the bidders and organizers of tenders. In the state of Jammu and

Kashmir, GePNIC is widely used across major departments under the Mission Mode Project.

107

See Official AppsDaily website: www.onwardmobility.com

108

Statistics and information obtained from the official website: http://apps.nic.in/about-us

109

Official website: http://apps.nic.in/about-us

This includes the Departments of Policy, Housing and Urban Development and Health and

Medical Education.

Second on the list of rated apps, is e-Hospital, an integrated Hospital Management

Information System, which has been adopted in Tripura. E-Hospital helps to digitalise

hopsital processes such as patient registration and is a store-house of information on patients,

past records, diseases, prescriptions etc. For example, e-Hospital provides doctors with

statistics on common diseases in the catchment area of the hospital in question.

110

Impact

analysis of e-Hospital has shown tht the app has streamlined hopsital processes and increased

efficiency manifold (see table below).

Efficiency Gains due to e-Governance Healthcare App

Service/Facilities

In Manual System

Using e-Hospital@NIC

Patient Registration

1 minute 15 seconds per

new patient

35 seconds per new patient

Follow-Up Re-

Registration with

UHID)

15-30 minutes per patient

15 seconds per patient

Billing & Cash

Collection

2 - 4 hours per patient

30 seconds

Laboratory

Investigation report for

OPD patient

1 to 2 days

Same day in most cases

Radiology Investigation

Report for OPD Patient

1 to 2 days

Same day in most cases

Emergency Services

such as Ambulance,

Blood Bank, OT etc

Unmanaged and available

only at specific service

delivery counters.

Managed and available at all care points

Dietary Service

Unmanaged diet

distribution among patient

as per diet scale

Managed diet distribution among patient as

per diet scale & linked with inventory system

of raw materials

Inventory Service

Unmanaged with wastage

of valuable stocks

Reduced waste - no stockpiling or expired

products

Blood Bank

Manual- inefficient

Increase in blood utilization

*Donor's information shared and

disseminated helping donor deferral process

and avoiding repeat of expensive tests.

*Centralize Blood inventory information -

saves time, cost and makes blood banking

productive.

Care Planning by

Physicians

Care planning is event

based and time consuming

EMR of a patient helps physician in better

care planning and monitoring

Data shows that in terms of uptake, Delhi and Tamil Nadu have, thus far, adopted the greatest

number of e-governance apps (figure below). Since this initiative is in its initial stages, these

figures must be interpreted with caution.

110

http://tsu.trp.nic.in/ehospital/benefit.html

Source: eGov AppStore Official Website

Once the eGov AppStore gains maturity and scale, it will be augmented to include apps

developed not only by the Centre and States but also private players. It will consist of a

complete ecosystem replete with funding, charge back, formal contract formation, SLAs etc.

5.4 Make My Trip

111

Introduction

Make My Trip has launched two apps named ‘Make My Trip’ which facilitates hotel and

transportation bookings and ‘Route Planner’ which calculates the best method of getting from

one Indian city to another. Make My Trip views apps as an extended method of service

delivery. Its apps are free to download and are primarily centred on delivering information.

Make My Trip believes that since India is a ‘mobile first’ economy, mobile apps will enable

Make My Trip to expand its base of consumers by reaching out to more people. This strategy

is reflected in the platforms which Make My Trip targets – the Make My Trip app can be

downloaded on all major platforms (of which Android is most used) and the Route Planner is

designed specifically for the low-cost Nokia Asha. The Make My Trip app does not have an

overt monetization model but is viewed by the company as a long-term investment that will

expand the reach of Make My Trip services. The flagship app relies on bookings made by

consumers.

111

This case study is taken from

111

Kathuria, R. & Srivastav S. (2014) The Indian App Ecosystem.

LirneAsia.The Ford Foundation. Retrieved from http://broadbandasia.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/The-

Indian-App-Ecosystem-Final-Report_afterEF2014.pdf and is based on a consultation the authors had with Make

My Trip.

Apps by State Number of Apps

Delhi

Tamil Nadu

Haryana

Maharashtra

Tripura

Punjab

Kerala

Gujarat

Challenges

Make My Trip’s development team consists of around 100 employees of which 25 are

devoted to mobile phone services. While aspects of the apps are developed in-house, other

elements such as, making the app functional across multiple platforms, are outsourced to

companies. In Make My Trip’s experience, it was difficult to access personnel who specialize

in interaction design. The process of finding a suitable company to whom parts of the app

development process could be outsourced was not easy (a total of 42 companies had to be

consulted before reaching a decision). While a paucity of skilled IT professionals in India is

unlikely, their accessibility may be limited due to the high price of their services. Companies

such as Sourcebits have experienced IT professionals but charge around 50 lakh rupees for

their services. This is out of reach for many parties.

A challenge at the user-end is that the growth of mobile transactions is constrained because of

certain mobile payment regulations. Due to the requirement of the One Time Password (OTP)

delivered by SMS, users have to exit the Make My Trip app, view their OTP and re-enter in

order to complete a transaction. This process is lengthy and increases the rate of failed

transactions. A parallel ecosystem constraint is the low penetration of credit and debit cards

in India which prohibits a large proportion of users from engaging in online shopping. When

asked if Make My Trip could consider routing payments through telecom operators, it was

found that due to the high price of trips, telecom operators would be wary of facilitating the

payment and taking on the associated risk.

Simplification of the mobile payment while maintaining its integrity is a challenge that needs

to be addressed while simultaneously improving credit card penetration and financial

inclusion, both long term goals in the field of vision of the policy maker.

When asked if language is an issue which may prohibit app adoption, Make My Trip

highlighted that there are people who, although not formally literate, are English aware. Make

My Trip has ensured that it can cater to this segment of the population by using a Natural

Language Processing program which interprets informal interjections, wrong spellings, and

phonetic typing to decipher what English-aware people are trying to convey. However, from

a long-term perspective, Make My Trip acknowledged that local language content is needed

to increase the penetration of mobile apps throughout India.

Parallel ecosystem adjustments, such as increasing wireless broadband penetration, are

equally important to ensure that apps can deliver rich content, perform optimally and that

users have a positive experience.

Opportunity and Impact

Despite the challenges, the Make My Trip app has experienced two million downloads and

20 percent of total hotel bookings are done via mobile devices. It has been found that a large

proportion of bookings made via the mobile app are same day/next day bookings reflecting

that the app has managed to tap into a new group of last-minute customers who would have

previously been unable to make such bookings if it were not for the mobile app.

5.5 Micromax

112

Introduction

Micromax the second largest smartphone company in India and the tenth largest mobile

phone manufacturer in the world has disturbed the handset market and challenged incumbents

such as Samsung and Nokia, by offering affordable variants. Micromax aims to democratise

technology by providing smartphones that are at par with high-end handsets but offered at a

fraction of the price. This low margin and high volume strategy has helped Micromax

consolidate its presence in most South Asian countries, home to extremely price sensitive

consumers.

Challenges

A particular challenge for Micromax is to market itself as an ‘aspirational’ brand rather than

simply an affordable one. Currently, Micromax appeals to low- and middle-income groups

but wishes to expand its presence across higher-income segments as well. To this end,

Micromax has engaged in a number of first time innovations such as the thirty day battery

back-up, dual sim dual standby phones, and universal remote control mobile phones etc.

which make it a serious competitor to incumbent OEMs.

Opportunity and Impact

Being an Indian company, Micromax is contributing to the development of the Indian mobile

manufacturing ecosystem. While it is well known that Micromax’s R&D and design occurs in

India, it is less known that 100 percent of Micromax’s LEDs and tabs are also manufactured

locally. The company has also started making phones in India at a new facility in Rudrapur.

Therefore, Micromax represents an innovative Indian OEM which makes mobile devices

with many first time innovations at highly competitive prices. Micromax aims to expand its

services across the globe to become an international player.

5.6 Samsung

113

Introduction

Samsung, India’s most popular handset vendor illustrates the case of how shifting value

distribution is forcing OEMs to reorient their strategies towards content as value migrates

from mobile hardware to software. While Samsung enjoys 32 percent market share in terms

112

Information obtained from official website http://www.micromaxinfo.com/ and stakeholder interactions.

113

Case study based on consultation with Samsung and data-based inference.

of value in the Indian mobile market,

114

it is acutely aware of the global trend of the

commoditization of smartphones.

115

Challenges

Fierce competition from start up brands means that smartphones are becoming increasingly

homogeneous. This poses a serious challenge for brands like Samsung. Evidence shows that

the distribution of value between smartphones and apps is shifting in favour of the latter,

albeit from low starting levels. Apps are envisaged to contribute 33 percent by 2016 as shown

by figure below.

116

Therefore, a part of Samsung’s long-term strategy to diversify into apps

and other value added services.

Global Share of Combined App Economy and Handset Revenue

117

Source: VisionMobile and Portio Research

Opportunity and Impact

Samsung’s venture in the app space has been helped by its strength in the device segment.

Samsung’s official app store, Samsung Apps, comes pre-installed on every Samsung device.

To ensure that its app store is competitive against the app stores of competitors Google and

Apple, Samsung has partnered with Vodafone India and Aircel to enable carrier billing for

purchases made on its app store. In India, where mobile payments are cumbersome and

credit/debit card penetration meagre, this move will be act to galvanise purchase of apps. It

will also differentiate Samsung’s app store from Google Play and Apple’s App Store which

currently do not host this feature.

Another indication of Samsung’s intent to diversify towards software is the launch of its new

OS Tizen. In emerging markets such as India where there are large numbers of first time

smartphone users, a new OS like Tizen has greater chance to capture market share. Among

the first Tizen smartphones will be launched in India and Russia, thereby illustrating the

114

IDC Data

115

Pappas A. (2013). App Economy Forecasts 2013-2016, Vision Mobile. Retrieved from

http://www.visionmobile.com/product/app-economy-forecasts-2013-2016/

116

Ibid.

117

Ibid.

18%

21%

24%

28%

33%

82%

79%

76%

72%

67%

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

App Economy Handset Market

importance of the Indian market to Samsung’s strategy. Further initiatives such as Club

Samsung, an entertainment store selling Indian music, movies, songs etc., attest to the fact

that Samsung sees good prospects in the Indian smartphone market for content and apps. It is

interesting to note that Samsung is bundling hardware and content as a means to keep its

hardware competitive. For example, users of the smartphone, Grand 2, get discounts for Club

Samsung.

5.7 Vodafone India

118

Introduction

Vodafone India, one of India’s largest telecom operators is engaging with the new reality of

increased data consumption and app usage. With its 52 million data customers, Vodafone

India is poised to become the Group’s top contributors in the next few years. Accelerated data

performance is one of the top reasons for its 13 percent year-on-year growth reported in early

2014.

Challenges

Chat and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) apps such as WhatsApp and Skype have the

potential to eat into operator revenue by diverting customers away from SMS and calling. On

the other hand, they can also increase revenue by augmenting data consumption. With the

shift towards chat and VoIP apps appearing inevitable, several telecom operators have

recognised the need to ride the wave and capitalise on the opportunity presented by the app

economy rather than pushback. Moreover with average revenue per user (ARPU) reaching a

plateau, data presents potential to bolster revenue. To be sure, operator revenue from data

services has remained constant at ten percent for the last decade.

119

This represents an

untapped segment of the market which can be exploited to the advantage of telecom operators

with the help of useful and easily accessible apps.

Opportunity and Impact

Vodafone India, itself a beneficiary of increased data consumption, has decided to ride the

app economy wave by launching its own app store, VStore. VStore is internationally

competitive as it offers app developers 70 percent of the total revenue generated by the app.

This is an important development in the Indian app market as hitherto, telecom operators

offered as little as 30 percent to the developer. This was at odds with the international

revenue sharing norm of 70-30 (where 70 percent went to the developer) and made Indian

app distribution platforms uncompetitive. VStore seems to be amongst the first telecom-

operator managed app distribution platforms that, thanks to international competition, has

corrected for this earlier failing.

118

Statistics and information collected from the official website: https://www.vodafone.in/pages/index.aspx

119

TRAI Data

VStore currently hosts 10,000 apps and games of which some are free and others are priced

between Rs. 5 – 150. The store’s most salient feature is that it has the option of carrier billing

where app purchases are either deducted from the prepaid balance or charged to the postpaid

bill. This feature is likely to gain traction in the Indian market as credit/debit card penetration

is only 21 percent.

120

As mentioned earlier Vodafone India has also extended its carrier

billing services to other app distribution platforms such as Samsung Apps. These

arrangements show Vodafone India’s growing interest in the app economy. With 125 percent

year-on-year increase in data traffic, it is in Vodafone India’s strategic interest to promote

apps that will be an important feature of India’s second data-centric telecom revolution.

5.8 Firefox OS

Introduction

Firefox OS - Mozilla has entered the mobile space by launching the Firefox OS for

smartphones. Mozilla’s strategic interest lies in emerging markets where there are many first-

time smartphone users. It is believed that there is potential for the Firefox OS to gain market

share since only one in four individuals around the world has a smartphone. While the upper

segments of the market are saturated by sophisticated smartphones, there is potential at the

bottom of the pyramid. This is why Mozilla will launch a 25 USD (1500 INR) smartphone,

running the Firefox OS in India and Indonesia.

Low price points have the potential to trigger mass adoption. By bundling the Firefox OS

with affordable handsets, Mozilla has the capability to break into price sensitive markets such

as India. Mozilla has partnered with Intex and Spice to ensure that the smartphone attains

scale. The company is also using chips made by the Chinese manufacturer, Spreadtrum.

Given that the Firefox OS smartphone would be competitively priced one expects it to expose

the world of apps to more people in India.

The Firefox OS is different from other platforms in the sense that it is purely web-based.

Apps are not native to the device. This helps the Firefox OS have adaptive search and real-

time content display (which makes downloads a thing of the past). It also means that the OS

and its apps can adapt fairly easily to any device, regardless of screen size or other hardware

specifications. However, the challenge with a web-based OS is that connectivity to the

internet is crucial. Unlike other platforms, the Firefox OS loses much of its capabilities if the

smartphone is ‘offline.’ This could be problematic in countries with weak network

infrastructure.

Challenges

Nevertheless, if the requisite network coverage and capability are in place, the Firefox OS

and its ultra-cheap handset could have a transformative impact. The Firefox Marketplace

(Mozilla’s app store), is actively seeking to develop engaging content to further incentivize

users to buy its device. Attracting developers to make apps for a new OS is hard when large

120

RBI Data, 2011

incumbents such as Google and Apple have app stores that enjoy massive scale and a high

installed base.

However, through partnerships with local companies in developing markets, Mozilla seems

to be catching the attention of those who see enormous potential in the low-end segment.

Like other app stores, the Firefox Marketplace abides by global revenue sharing norms and

gives 70 percent of all app purchases and in-app purchases to developers.

Opportunities and Impact

For India, the introduction of the Firefox OS smartphone could help spread app usage at the

lower end of the distribution. As stated above, connectivity to the internet is essential for the

OS to function normally. If the Mozilla smartphone is successful, one could expect large

groups of new smartphone users in the market, creating new demand and increasing impacts.