1
Canadian submission
On international cooperation, technical assistance, preventive measures, mechanisms of implementation and final
provisions
For consideration at AHC 3
In preparing this submission, Canada is inspired by the important work that has been done within the United Nations (UN) on
cybercrime over more than twenty years under the auspices of the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal
Justice, in particular by the United Nations Intergovernmental Expert Group on Cybercrime, the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime through its Global Programme on Cybercrime and the United Nations Congresses on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.
In line with the UN General Assembly Resolution 74/247 and the AHC mandate to elaborate “a comprehensive international
convention on countering the use of information and communications technologies for criminal purposes” “taking into full
consideration existing international instruments”, Canada is of the view that the UN Conventions against transnational organized
crime (UNTOC), against corruption (UNCAC) as well as the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention)
provide good basis for the development of provisions for this convention on international cooperation, technical assistance,
preventive measures, mechanisms of implementation and final provisions.
As per UN General Assembly resolution 75/282 and in accordance with its past submissions to the AHC, Canada reiterates the
importance for the negotiations of the new convention to continue to be a transparent and inclusive process, ensuring civil society
and other relevant stakeholders have a meaningful opportunity to participate and contribute to both the negotiation of the
convention and its implementation.
International cooperation
International cooperation is vital in effectively combating the growing and changing global threat posed by cybercrime (cyber-
dependent and cyber-enabled crimes). In considering the most effective approach to the international cooperation elements of a
draft UN Cybercrime Convention, Canada draws on existing, well-established treaties such as UNTOC and the Budapest Convention.
These are important instruments containing robust measures of international assistance that have already proven to be effective in
fighting serious crime at a global level.
Canada supports the facilitation of both formal and informal international cooperation, including to obtain electronic evidence, for
the detection, prevention investigation and prosecution of the cybercrime offences covered by the Convention, with appropriate
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conditions and safeguards. Canada is still reflecting on the scope of the criminal offences for which electronic evidence may be
preserved, collected and shared - whether the scope should be broad as in the Budapest Convention, or more limited to apply only
to “serious crimes” as defined in UNTOC.
In identifying meaningful proposals for the international cooperation section of a UN Cybercrime Convention and considering the
cybercrime context itself, Canada relies on common and well-understood principles and standards in the areas of extradition,
mutual legal assistance, transfers of sentenced persons and other proven measures of assistance. Importantly, Canada is proposing
an international cooperation framework that would protect freedom of expression, opinion and association, as well as the right not
to be subjected to unlawful or arbitrary interference with privacy and the rights related to due process.
In the extradition context, Canada proposes broadening the grounds of refusal by expanding the list of discrimination set out in
UNTOC to reflect modern realities. Canada also proposes that the extradition provisions apply only to offences covered by the
criminalization provisions of this Convention. Canada advances the same position vis-à-vis the provisions related to the transfer of
sentenced persons, international cooperation for purposes of confiscation, disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property,
and the transfer of criminal proceedings.
In the mutual legal assistance context, Canada supports cooperation to the broadest extent possible, but in order to ensure the most
effective and efficient use of strained resources on international cooperation, is proposing the inclusion of a de minimis clause in
addition to the grounds for refusal set out in UNTOC.
Canada’s proposals attempt to balance the operational need for timely international cooperation with the need for strong
protections and safeguards to protect human rights and privacy interests. Canada looks forward to working with all other Parties to
establish international cooperation provisions that add value to our joint efforts to fight cybercrime, cyber-dependent and cyber-
enabled crimes, both domestically and internationally.
Cybercrime prevention
Effective cybercrime prevention measures are well informed and designed to reach the public, in particular groups that are most
vulnerable to cybercrime as well as other actors (governmental and non-governmental including private sector) who can both
benefit from information and educational material on cybercrime and contribute to the creation and dissemination of such
information and education material.
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UNTOC and UNCAC both contain provisions relating to crime prevention that can inspire the AHC in developing provisions designed
for the prevention of cybercrime. In particular, Article 28 UNTOC provides a good basis for developing a provision to facilitate the
collection, exchange and analysis of information on the nature of cybercrime. Similarly, Article 13 UNCAC provides a good model to
encourage the active participation of civil society and others to promote public awareness of cybercrime and to prevent cybercrime
at the national and international levels. Canada is also proposing that the convention’s crime prevention provisions encourage State
Parties to incorporate mainstreaming a gender-based approach to the development of crime prevention and education programmes
to ensure that the most vulnerable groups to cybercrime such as women, children and the elderly, are properly considered and
addressed. See proposed text in Annex for a public awareness provision with a gender mainstreaming approach.
Article 39 UNCAC also provides a good starting point for the development of a provision that sets out a clear role for the private
sector, in particular communication service providers, in the early detection of cybercrime trends and potential criminal activity as
well as facilitating public reporting of cybercrime related incidents to law enforcement.
Technical assistance and capacity building
Technical assistance and capacity building provisions invite Member States to strengthen the capacity of law enforcement and other
relevant authorities to prevent, detect and combat cybercrime through technical assistance, training and capacity building provisions
modelled after UNTOC and UNCAC, with adaptations to reflect the specificities of cybercrime and with a particular emphasis on the
sharing of information and experience. Canada is proposing to ensure these provisions set out a clear role for the civil society and
other relevant non-governmental stakeholders in cybercrime prevention efforts, as well as in technical assistance and capacity
building related measures. Canada also believes that mainstreaming a gender-based approach to the delivery of technical assistance
and capacity building, as well as specific training on employing a gender-based approach to policy making, legislation, programming
and law enforcement are important and should be incorporated into these provisions. See proposed text in the Annex.
Implementation measures
The convention’s implementation measures could be modelled after UNTOC.
In addition, Canada proposes that implementation provisions of this convention invite State Parties to apply a gender mainstreaming
approach to identify the differential impacts of cybercrime on diverse communities, in particular women and children and the
elderly, and to consult with civil society, industry and other relevant non-governmental organizations when developing legislation
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and other measures to implement this convention to ensure broad-based support and to ensure that the measures contemplated
are responsive and relevant to their specific national needs.
Canada considers that the timely sharing of relevant information can contribute to strengthening the implementation of the
convention, and thus proposes that the convention build on UNCAC article 63 paragraph 6 to facilitate sharing of relevant
information between the Parties and with the public. Canada also proposes to include in the text of the convention provisions that
commit the States Parties to early, ongoing, and effective review of implementation of the Convention. Finally, Canada considers
that the UN Office on Drugs and Crime should serve as the Secretariat for the convention.
Final provisions
The convention’s final provisions could be modelled after UNTOC’s final provisions with minor adaptations.
Annex - Proposed text
NB: The textual references below to UNTOC and the Budapest Convention include only those articles or paragraphs to which Canada is
proposing modifications (with some text removed in strikethrough and other text added in bold). Otherwise Canada supports the inclusion of
the existing text of those provisions referenced in the “Sources and Rationale” column as a basis for negotiation.
Proposed t
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International Cooperation
General principles relating to international cooperation
The State Parties shall cooperate with each other, in accordance with
the provisions of this chapter, and through the application of relevant
international instruments on international cooperation in criminal
matters, arrangements agreed on the basis of uniform or reciprocal
legislation, and domestic laws, to the widest extent possible for the
purposes of investigations or proceedings concerning criminal
offences related to computer systems and data, or for the collection
of evidence in electronic form of a criminal offence.
Art
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23 Budapest Convention
This general provision applies to the entire international cooperation
chapter.
The purpose of this Convention is to promote international
cooperation in the collection of electronic evidence and the
prevention, investigation and prosecution of cybercrime.
As this overarching general provision speaks to the principle of
international cooperation, specific mention of other international
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Proposed t
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and
treaties, or arrangements based on uniform or reciprocal legislation,
is not required here. These more specific references appear in
provisions related to extradition mutual legal assistance set out
below.
Extradition
1. This article shall apply to the offences
covered by
this
Convention
as set out in the [articles on criminalization] or in cases where an
offence referred to in article 3, paragraph 1 (a) or (b), involves an
organized criminal group and the person who is the subject of the
request for extradition is located in the territory of the requested
State Party, provided that the offence for which extradition is
sought is punishable under the domestic law of both the requesting
State Party and the requested State Party.
(…)
8. States Parties shall, subject to their domestic law and in
appropriate circumstances, endeavour to expedite extradition
procedures and to simplify evidentiary requirements relating
thereto in respect of any offence to which this article applies.
(…)
14. Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as imposing an
obligation to extradite if the requested State Party has substantial
grounds for believing that the request has been made for the
purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that
person’s sex, race, religion, nationality, language, colour, sexual
orientation, mental or physical disability, ethnic origin or political
opinions or that compliance with the request would cause prejudice
to that person’s position for any one of these reasons.
Art
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16 UNTOC
with small adjustments to reflect cybercrime.
The UNTOC provides a solid basis for the article on extradition for
this Convention. Extradition through this Convention should only be
available in relation to the clearly established listing of offences for
which criminalization is required.
Paragraph 16(1): there is no need to refer to “organized criminal
groups” as this is particular to UNTOC.
Paragraph 8: In contrast to organized crime offences, cybercrime
offences may vary in severity from relatively minor to very serious
offences. As a result, this paragraph, taken from the UNTOC, should
be qualified since not all extradition requests in the context of
cybercrime necessarily merit expedited treatment.
Paragraph 14: Additional grounds have been added to reflect a
deeper understanding of what characteristics could make certain
persons or groups of persons more vulnerable in the passage of time
following the entry into force of UNTOC.
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Transfer of sentenced persons
Article 17 UNTOC
This provision would permit States Parties to enter into multilateral
or bilateral arrangements for the transfer of persons sentenced to
offences covered by this Convention, consistent with similar UN
treaties.
Mutual legal assistance
1.
States Parties shall afford one another the widest measure of
mutual legal assistance in investigations, prosecutions and judicial
proceedings in relation to the offences covered by this Convention as
provided for in article 3 [articles on criminalization] and shall may
also reciprocally extend to one another similar assistance where the
requesting State Party has reasonable grounds to suspect that the
offence referred to in article 3, paragraph 1 (a) or (b), is transnational
in nature, including that victims, witnesses, proceeds,
instrumentalities or evidence of such offences are located in the
requested State Party and that the offence involves an organized
criminal group seeks the collection of evidence in electronic form of
a criminal offence.
(…)
5. The transmission of information pursuant to paragraph 4 of this
article shall be without prejudice to inquiries and criminal proceedings
in the State of the competent authorities providing the information.
The competent authorities receiving the information shall comply
with a request that said information remain confidential, even
temporarily, or with restrictions on its use. However, this shall not
prevent the receiving State Party from disclosing in its proceedings
information that is exculpatory to an accused person. In such a case,
the receiving State Party shall notify the transmitting State Party prior
to the disclosure and, if so requested, consult with the transmitting
State Party. If, in an exceptional case, advance notice is not possible,
Art
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18 UNTOC
The UNTOC provides a solid basis for the overarching article on
mutual legal assistance for this Convention.
Paragraph 1: The provisions on mutual legal assistance should apply
to the offences covered in the Convention. Canada is reflecting on
the added-value and desirability of extending the measures for
mutual legal assistance to “the collection of evidence in electronic
form of a criminal offence” (taken from paragraph 25(1) Budapest
Convention) or limiting the scope of electronic evidence in relation to
“serious crimes” as per UNTOC.
Paragraph 5: As the requirement regarding exculpatory evidence is a
requirement impacting domestic evidentiary law, we propose that
this portion of paragraph 5 is neither required nor advisable.
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and
the r
eceiving State Party shall inform the transmitting State Party of
the disclosure without delay.
(…)
14. Requests shall be made in writing or, where possible, by any
means capable of producing a written record, in a language
acceptable to the requested State Party, under conditions allowing
that State Party to establish authenticity. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations shall be notified of the language or languages
acceptable to each State Party at the time it deposits its instrument of
ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this
Convention. In urgent circumstances and where agreed by the States
Parties, requests may be made orally, but shall be confirmed in
writing forthwith.
14bis. Each State Party may, in urgent circumstances, make requests
for mutual legal assistance or communications related thereto by
expedited means of communication, including fax or email, to the
extent that such means provide appropriate levels of security and
authentication (including the use of encryption, where necessary),
with formal confirmation to follow, where required by the requested
State Party. The requested State Party shall accept and respond to the
request by any such expedited means of communication.
(…)
19. The requesting State Party shall not transmit or use information or
evidence furnished by the requested State Party for investigations,
prosecutions or judicial proceedings other than those stated in the
request without the prior consent of the requested State Party.
Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the requesting State Party
from disclosing in its proceedings information or evidence that is
Paragraph 14: We suggest replacing the last sentence in paragraph
14 with the more detailed and modern text on urgent requests set
out in paragraph 25(3) of the Budapest Convention with minor
additions in bold.
Paragraph 19: For the reasons provided in relation to paragraph 5
above, we propose the deletion of the last three sentences of this
paragraph.
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Proposed t
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and
exculpatory to an accused person. In the latter case, the requesting
State Party shall notify the requested State Party prior to the
disclosure and, if so requested, consult with the requested State
Party. If, in an exceptional case, advance notice is not possible, the
requesting State Party shall inform the requested State Party of the
disclosure without delay.
(…)
21. Mutual legal assistance may be refused:
(a) If the request is not made in conformity with the
provisions of this article;
(b) If the requested State Party considers that execution of
the request is likely to prejudice its sovereignty, security,
ordre public or other essential interests;
(c) If the authorities of the requested State Party would be
prohibited by its domestic law from carrying out the action
requested with regard to any similar offence, had it been
subject to investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings
under their own jurisdiction;
(d) If it would be contrary to the legal system of the requested
State Party relating to mutual legal assistance for the request
to be granted;
(e) If the use of resources required to execute the request
are not justified in light of the minor nature of the alleged
criminal conduct.
Paragraph 21: Given the potential range in the degree of severity of
cybercrime offences and the already overstrained MLA resources in
some Parties, we propose the inclusion of a de minimis clause.
Similar de minimis grounds of refusal are found in other instruments,
such as paragraph 8(1)(g) of the Revised Scheme Relating to Mutual
Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters within the Commonwealth,
which reads: “by reason of the trivial nature of the alleged offending
or the low value of the likely penalty or any property likely to be
forfeited or confiscated, the requested country would not have made
a similar request to another country in connection with a like
criminal matter arising in the requested country.”
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Expedited preservation of stored computer data
Article 29 Budapest Convention
This article would provide for international cooperation in obtaining
expeditious preservation of stored computer data. Computer data is
highly volatile and easily subject to being deleted, altered or moved,
rendering it impossible to trace a crime to its perpetrator or
destroying critical evidence. Some forms of computer data are stored
for only short periods of time before being deleted. Thus, a
mechanism is required in order to ensure temporary preservation of
such data pending the lengthier and more involved process of
executing a formal mutual legal assistance request.
Expedited disclosure of preserved traffic data
Article 30 Budapest Convention
This article would provide for the expedited and limited disclosure of
a service provider related to a third party state not contemplated by
the initial mutual legal assistance request. Obtaining this information
early on would permit the Requesting Party to make another mutual
legal assistance request to the appropriate State.
Mutual legal assistance - stored computer data
Art
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31 Budapest Convention
This article would provide for international cooperation between
Each Party (requesting/requested) to have the ability to, for the
benefit of another Party, search or similarly access, seize or similarly
secure, and disclose data stored by means of a computer system
located within its territory.
Mutual legal assistance regarding the real-time collection of traffic data
1
.
The State Parties
shall
may
provide mutual
legal
assistance to each
other in the real-time collection of traffic data associated with
specified communications in their territory transmitted by means of a
computer system. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2, This
assistance shall be governed by the conditions and procedures
provided for under domestic law.
Art 3
3
B
udapest Convention
Paragraph 1: The assistance covered by this article is a form of
mutual “legal” assistance.
The provision of expedited preservation of stored computer data
(article 29 BC) and mutual legal assistance in respect of stored
computer data (article 31 BC) are both framed as discretionary
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and
2
.
Each State Party
shall
provide such assistance at least with respect
to criminal offences for which real-time collection of traffic data
would be available in a similar domestic case.
provisions, the mutual legal assistance regarding the real
-
time
collection of traffic data, which is more invasive, should also be
framed in a discretionary manner even when such collection is
available domestically. Hence, the proposed deletion of “subject to
the provisions of paragraph 2”.
Mutual legal assistance regarding the interception of content data
The State Parties shall provide mutual
legal
assistance to each other in
the real-time collection or recording of content data of specified
communications transmitted by means of a computer system to the
extent permitted under their applicable treaties and domestic laws
Art
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34 Budapest Con
vention
As the provision of co-operation for interception of content is an
emerging area of mutual assistance practice, the provision would
defer to existing mutual assistance regimes and domestic laws
regarding the scope and limitation on the obligation to assist.
Confiscation and seizure (to be included in the procedural measures chapter)
Article 12 UNTOC
In relation to confiscation and seizure, article 12 of UNTOC contains
distinct provisions for domestic law that are required for
international cooperation for freezing, seizure and confiscation
(articles 13 and 14 UNTOC). Article 12 could be incorporated into the
procedural measures chapter of the Convention. Together these
provisions achieve a balance between specificity as to elements that
States must have in place, while allowing for the differences between
the various legal systems.
International cooperation for purposes of confiscation
Article 13
UNTOC
Suggest mirroring the provision of Article 13 of UNTOC. Together
with articles 12 and 14 UNTOC these provisions achieve a balance
between specificity as to elements that States must have in place,
while allowing for the differences between the various legal systems.
Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property
(…)
3. When acting on the request made by another State Party in
accordance with articles 12 and 13 [the article on confiscation and
Article 14
UNTOC
Article 14 of UNTOC contains provisions for international cooperation
for the purposes of the disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime
that could be incorporated into this Convention. Together with
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and
seizure and the article on international cooperation for the purposes
of confiscation] of this Convention, a State Party may give special
consideration to concluding agreements or arrangements on:
(a) Contributing the value of such proceeds of crime or
property or funds derived from the sale of such proceeds of
crime or property or a part thereof to the account designated
in accordance with article 30, paragraph 2 (c), of this
Convention and to intergovernmental bodies specializing in
the fight against organized crime;
(b) Sharing with other States Parties, on a regular or case-by-
case basis, such proceeds of crime or property, or funds
derived from the sale of such proceeds of crime or property,
in accordance with its domestic law or administrative
procedures.
articles 12 and 13 UNTOC, these
provisions achieve a balance
between specificity as to elements that States must have in place,
while allowing for the differences between the various legal systems.
Paragraph 3 (a): We propose its exclusion given that not all States
are able to contribute the value of proceeds of crime to a special
fund.
24/7 Network
Art
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3
5
Budapest Convention
Mirrors the provision of the
Budapest Convention by providing the necessary tools for law
enforcement and prosecutors to combat cybercrime, including the
rapid response to collect information and data in electronic form.
Joint investigations
Article 19 UNTOC
Article 19 UNTOC provides for joint investigations in a manner that is
respectful of the sovereignty of States and the distinct requirements
of States in entering into joint investigation arrangements.
Transfer of criminal proceedings
Art
icle
21 UNTOC
Article 21 UNTOC provides for the possibility of the transfer of
criminal proceedings without imposing such transfers. This flexibility
accounts for the diversity in criminal justice systems.
Law enforcement cooperation
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1. States Parties shall
cooperate closely with one another, consistent
with their respective domestic legal and administrative systems, to
enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement action to combat the
offences covered by this Convention. Each State Party shall, in
particular, adopt effective measures:
(a) To enhance and, where necessary, to establish channels of
communication between their competent authorities,
agencies and services in order to facilitate the secure and
rapid exchange of information concerning all aspects of the
offences covered by this Convention, including, if the States
Parties concerned deem it appropriate, links with other
criminal activities;
(b) To cooperate with other States Parties in conducting
inquiries with respect to offences covered by this Convention
concerning:
(i) The identity, whereabouts and activities of persons
suspected of involvement in such offences or the
location of other persons concerned;
(ii) The movement of proceeds of crime or property
derived from the commission of such offences;
(iii) The movement of property, equipment or other
instrumentalities used or intended for use in the
commission of such offences;
(c) To provide, when appropriate, necessary items or
quantities of substances data for analytical or investigative
purposes;
Article 27 UNTOC
Article 27 UNTOC provides a useful framework for law enforcement
cooperation that needs only be adapted to the cybercrime context.
Paragraph 1 (c): A reference to data for analytical or investigative
purposes is included.
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(d) To facilitate effective coordination between their
competent authorities, agencies and services and to promote
the exchange of personnel and other experts, including,
subject to bilateral agreements or arrangements between the
States Parties concerned, the posting of liaison officers;
(e) To exchange information with other States Parties on
specific means and methods used by organized criminal
groups cybercrime perpetrators and their accomplices,
including, where applicable, routes and conveyances and the
use of false identities, altered or false documents or other
means of concealing their activities, the use of illicit
encrypted platforms, cybercrime tactics, techniques and
procedures, as well as operational indicators of compromise
and concern;
(f) To exchange information and coordinate administrative
and other measures taken as appropriate for the purpose of
early identification of the offences covered by this
Convention.
3. States Parties shall endeavour to cooperate within their means to
respond to transnational organized crime committed through the use
of modern technology.
Paragraph 1 (e): The reference to organized crime groups is replaced
by “cybercrime perpetrators and their accomplices” to capture a
broad range of perpetrators.
Paragraph 3: Is redundant.
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Technical assistance and Capacity Building
Law Enforcement and other personnel training
Proposed text:
Sources and
1. Each State Party shall, to the extent necessary, initiate, develop or
improve specific training programmes for its law enforcement
personnel, including central authorities, prosecutors, investigating
magistrates and customs personnel, and other personnel charged
with the prevention, detection and control of the offences covered by
this Convention. Such programmes may include secondments and
exchanges of staff. Such programmes shall deal, in particular and to
the extent permitted by domestic law, with the following:
(a) Methods used in the prevention, detection and control of
the offences covered by this Convention;
(b) Routes and techniques Modus operandi used by persons
suspected of involvement in offences covered by this
Convention, including in transit States, and appropriate
countermeasures;
(c) Monitoring of the movement of contraband;
(d) Detection and monitoring of cybercrime, including child
sexual abuse and exploitation material, the use of illicit
encrypted platforms, ransomware, network intrusions,
and other malware-based threats the movements of
proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other
instrumentalities and methods used for the transfer,
concealment or disguise of such proceeds, property,
equipment or other instrumentalities, as well as methods
A
rt 29 UNTOC
Article 29 UNTOC provides a solid basis for a law enforcement
training provisions with appropriate adaptations to reflect the
cybercrime context. This provision is designed to enhance the skills of
practitioners and central authorities and to support the sharing of
information and experiences to facilitate investigations, prosecution
and international cooperation in fighting cybercrime.
Paragraph 1: A reference to training for central authorities is
included given the critical role they play in international cooperation.
Paragraph 1 (d): Specific references to certain types of cybercrime,
including technology-as-target cybercrime or cyber-dependent crime
types is included for illustrative purposes.
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Preventive measures
Public awareness
Proposed text:
Sources and Rationale:
1.
Each State Party shall
endeavour to develop, facilitate and
promote national and international public awareness
programmes, public information campaigns and policies aimed at
the prevention of cybercrime. Such information may be
disseminated, where appropriate, through the mass media and
Inspired by
UNTOC
paragraphs
31(1)
,
(5)
and (7).
This provision would encourage and facilitate public information,
awareness and education on cybercrime.
used in combating money
-
laundering and other financial
crimes;
(e) Collection of electronic evidence;
(f) Control techniques in free trade zones and free ports;
(g) Modern law enforcement equipment and techniques,
including electronic surveillance, controlled deliveries and
undercover operations;
(h) Methods used in combating transnational organized
crime committed through the use of computers,
telecommunications networks or other forms of modern
technology cybercrime; and
(i) Methods used in the protection of victims and witnesses;
and
(j) Methods for incorporating gender mainstreaming into
policy making, legislation and programming.
New Paragraph 1(j): is designed to incorporate the gender
mainstreaming lens.
16
shall include measures to promote public participation in
preventing and combatting cybercrime.
2. State Parties should apply a gender mainstreaming approach to
assist in identifying differential impacts of cybercrime on diverse
communities in particular women and children and the elderly in
the development and implementation of these programmes,
information campaigns and policies. This includes developing
and providing programs and campaigns specifically designed for
segments of the population most vulnerable to cybercrime and
for social workers, educators and other professionals interacting
with them.
3. State Parties shall endeavor to assist one another in developing
and implementing the programs, campaigns and policies
referred to in paragraph 1 including by sharing educational
materials and programs.