California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 5157, Permit

Please note: This is a draft version of the regulations and is intended as a quick reference. The official

copy of the regulations are available online at: https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5157.html

California Code of Regulations,

Title 8, Section 5157,

Permit-Required Confined Spaces

(February 2019)

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Subchapter 7. General Industry Safety Orders

Group 16. Control of Hazardous Substances

Article 108. Confined Spaces

§5157. Permit-Required Confined Spaces.

(a) Scope and application. This section contains requirements for practices and procedures to protect

employees from the hazards of entry into permit-required confined spaces. This section applies to

employers, as specified in section 5156(b)(1).

(b) Definitions.

Acceptable entry conditions means the conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow entry and

to ensure that employees involved with a permit-required confined space entry can safely enter into

and work within the space.

Attendant means an individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who monitors the

authorized entrants and who performs all attendant's duties assigned in the employer's permit space

program.

Authorized entrant means an employee who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit space.

Blanking or blinding means the absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct by the fastening of a solid plate

(such as a spectacle blind or a skillet blind) that completely covers the bore and that is capable of

withstanding the maximum pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond the plate.

Confined space means a space that:

(1) Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned

work; and

(2) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage

bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.); and

(3) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

Double block and bleed means the closure of a line, duct, or pipe by closing and locking or tagging two

in-line valves and by opening and locking or tagging a drain or vent valve in the line between the two

closed valves.

Emergency means any occurrence (including any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment) or

event internal or external to the permit space that could endanger entrants.

Engulfment means the surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided

(flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the respiratory

system or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by strangulation, constriction, or

crushing.

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Entry means the action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined

space. Entry includes ensuing work activities in that space and is considered to have occurred as soon as

any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening into the space.

Entry permit (permit) means the written or printed document that is provided by the employer to allow

and control entry into a permit space and that contains the information specified in subsection (f).

Entry supervisor means the person (such as the employer, foreman, or crew chief) responsible for

determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is planned, for

authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required by this section.

NOTE: An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an authorized entrant, as long

as that person is trained and equipped as required by this section for each role he or she fills.

Also, the duties of entry supervisor may be passed from one individual to another during the

course of an entry operation.

Hazardous atmosphere means an atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death,

incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury,

or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:

(1) Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL);

(2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;

NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust

obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.52 M) or less.

(3) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent;

(4) Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose is published in Group 14 for

Radiation and Radioactivity or a permissible exposure limit is published in section 5155 for

Airborne contaminants and which could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or

permissible exposure limit;

NOTE: An atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not capable of causing

death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to

its health effects is not covered by this provision.

(5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health.

NOTE: For air contaminants for which a dose is not published in Group 14 for Radiation

and Radioactivity or a permissible exposure limit is not published in section 5155 for

Airborne contaminants, other sources of information such as: Safety Data Sheets that

comply with section 5194, published information, and internal documents can provide

guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions.

Hot work permit means the employer's written authorization to perform operations (for example,

riveting, welding, cutting, burning, and heating) capable of providing a source of ignition.

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Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) means any condition that poses an immediate or delayed

threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an

individual's ability to escape unaided from a permit space.

NOTE: Some materials - hydrogen fluoride gas and cadmium vapor, for example - may produce

immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass without medical attention, but are

followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse 12-72 hours after exposure. The victim “feels

normal” from recovery from transient effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous

quantities are considered to be “immediately” dangerous to life or health.

Inerting means the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a noncombustible gas (such as

nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is noncombustible.

NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

Isolation means the process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely protected

against the release of energy and material into the space by such means as: Blanking or blinding;

misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or

tagout of all sources of energy; or blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages.

Line breaking means the intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has been carrying

flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at a volume, pressure or temperature

capable of causing injury.

Non-permit confined space means a confined space that does not contain or, with respect to

atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious

physical harm.

Oxygen deficient atmosphere means an atmosphere containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by

volume.

Oxygen enriched atmosphere means an atmosphere containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by

volume.

Permit-required confined space (permit space) means a confined space that has one or more of the

following characteristics:

(1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;

(2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;

(3) Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by

inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-

section; or

(4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

Permit-required confined space program (permit space program) means the employer's overall

program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for protecting employees from, permit space hazards

and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces.

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Permit system means the employer's written procedure for preparing and issuing permits for entry and

for returning the permit space to service following termination of entry.

Prohibited condition means any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the

period when entry is authorized.

Rescue service means the personnel designated to rescue employees from permit spaces.

Retrieval system means the equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets, if

appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.

Testing means the process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are

identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests that are to be performed in the permit

space. If electronic or thermal equipment is used to perform such tests, and the possibility exists of an

explosive substance or a hazardous atmosphere due to flammable gases and vapors, then the testing

equipment must be approved for use in such explosive or flammable conditions as required by section

2540.2.

NOTE: Testing enables employers both to devise and implement adequate control measures for

the protection of authorized entrants and to determine if acceptable entry conditions are present

immediately prior to, and during, entry.

(c) General requirements.

(1) The employer shall evaluate the workplace to determine if any spaces are permit-required

confined spaces.

NOTE: Proper application of the decision flow chart in Appendix A would facilitate

compliance with this requirement.

(2) If the workplace contains permit spaces, the employer shall inform exposed employees and

other employees performing work in the area, by posting danger signs or by any other equally

effective means, of the existence, location of and the danger posed by the permit spaces.

NOTE: A sign reading “DANGER -- PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, DO NOT ENTER”

or using other similar language would satisfy the requirement for a sign.

(3) If the employer decides that its employees and other employees performing work in the area

will not enter permit spaces, the employer shall take effective measures to prevent all such

employees from entering the permit spaces and shall comply with subsections (c)(1), (c)(2),

(c)(6), and (c)(8).

(4) If the employer decides that its employees will enter permit spaces, the employer shall

develop and implement a written permit space program that complies with this section. The

written program shall be available for inspection by employees and their authorized

representatives.

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(5) An employer may use the alternate procedures specified in subsection (c)(5)(B) for entering a

permit space under the conditions set forth in subsection (c)(5)(A).

(A) An employer whose employees enter a permit space need not comply with

subsections (d) through (f) and (h) through (k), provided that:

1. The employer can demonstrate that the only hazard posed by the permit

space is an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere;

2. The employer can demonstrate that continuous forced air ventilation alone is

sufficient to maintain that permit space safe for entry;

3. The employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports the

demonstrations required by subsections (c)(5)(A)1. and 2.;

4. If an initial entry of the permit space is necessary to obtain the data required

by subsection (c)(5)(A)3., the entry is performed in compliance with subsections

(d) through (k);

5. The determinations and supporting data required by subsections (c)(5)(A)1.,

2. and 3. are documented by the employer and are made available to each

employee who enters the permit space under the terms of subsection (c)(5) or

to that employee's authorized representative; and

6. Entry into the permit space under the terms of subsection (c)(5)(A) is

performed in accordance with the requirements of subsection (c)(5)(B).

NOTE: See subsection (c)(7) for reclassification of a permit space after

all hazards within the space have been eliminated.

(B) The following requirements apply to entry into permit spaces that meet the

conditions set forth in subsection (c)(5)(A).

1. Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an entrance cover shall be

eliminated before the cover is removed.

2. When entrance covers are removed, the opening shall be promptly guarded

by a railing, temporary cover, or other temporary barrier that will prevent an

accidental fall through the opening and that will protect each employee working

in the space from foreign objects entering the space.

3. Before an employee enters the space, the internal atmosphere shall be

tested, with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, for the following conditions

in the order given:

a. Oxygen content,

b. Flammable gases and vapors, and

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c. Potential toxic air contaminants.

4. There may be no hazardous atmosphere within the space whenever any

employee is inside the space.

5. Continuous forced air ventilation shall be used, as follows:

a. An employee may not enter the space until the forced air ventilation

has eliminated any hazardous atmosphere;

b. The forced air ventilation shall be so directed as to ventilate the

immediate areas where an employee is or will be present within the

space and shall continue until all employees have left the space;

c. The air supply for the forced air ventilation shall be from a clean

source and may not increase the hazards in the space.

6. The atmosphere within the space shall be periodically tested as necessary to

ensure that the continuous forced air ventilation is preventing the accumulation

of a hazardous atmosphere.

7. If a hazardous atmosphere is detected during entry:

a. Each employee shall leave the space immediately;

b. The space shall be evaluated to determine how the hazardous

atmosphere developed; and

c. Measures shall be implemented to protect employees from the

hazardous atmosphere before any subsequent entry takes place.

8. The employer shall verify that the space is safe for entry and that the pre-

entry measures required by subsection (c)(5)(B) have been taken, through a

written certification that contains the date, the location of the space, and the

signature of the person providing the certification. The certification shall be

made before entry and shall be made available to each employee entering the

space or to that employee's authorized representative.

9. Any employee who enters the space, or that employee's authorized

representative, shall be provided an opportunity to observe the pre-entry

testing required by subsections (c)(5)(B)3. and 6.

(6) When there are changes in the use or configuration of a non-permit confined space that

might increase the hazards to entrants, the employer shall reevaluate that space and, if

necessary, reclassify it as a permit-required confined space.

(7) A space classified by the employer as a permit-required confined space may be reclassified as

a non-permit confined space under the following procedures:

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(A) If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric hazards and if all

hazards within the space are eliminated without entry into the space, the permit space

may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the non-atmospheric

hazards remain eliminated.

(B) If it is necessary to enter the permit space to eliminate hazards, such entry shall be

performed under subsections (d) through (k). If testing and inspection during that entry

demonstrate that the hazards within the permit space have been eliminated, the permit

space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the hazards

remain eliminated.

NOTE: Control of atmospheric hazards through forced air ventilation does not

constitute elimination of the hazards. Subsection (c)(5) covers permit space entry where

the employer can demonstrate that forced air ventilation alone will control all hazards in

the space.

(C) The employer shall document the basis for determining that all hazards in a permit

space have been eliminated through a certification that contains the date, the location

of the space, and the signature of the person making the determination. The

certification shall be made available to each employee entering the space or to that

employee's authorized representative.

(D) If hazards arise within a permit space that has been declassified to a non-permit

space under subsection (c)(7), each employee in the space shall exit the space. The

employer shall then reevaluate the space and determine whether it must be reclassified

as a permit space, in accordance with other applicable provisions of this section.

(8) When an employer (host employer) arranges to have employees of another employer

(contractor) perform work that involves permit space entry or confined space entries covered by

sections 5158 or 8355, the host employer shall:

(A) Inform the contractor that the workplace contains permit spaces and that permit

space entry is allowed only through compliance with a permit space program meeting

the requirements of this section, section 5158 or section 8355, depending on which

section applies to the contractor;

(B) Apprise the contractor of the elements, including the hazards identified and the host

employer's experience with the space, that make the space in question a permit space;

(C) Apprise the contractor of any precautions or procedures that the host employer has

implemented for the protection of employees in or near permit spaces where

contractor personnel will be working;

(D) Coordinate entry operations with the contractor, when both host employer

personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near permit spaces, as

required by subsection (d)(11); and

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(E) Debrief the contractor at the conclusion of the entry operations regarding the permit

spaced program followed and regarding any hazards confronted or created in permit

spaces during entry operations.

(9) In addition to complying with the permit space requirements that apply to all employers,

each contractor who is retained to perform permit space entry operations shall:

(A) Obtain any available information regarding permit space hazards and entry

operations from the host employer;

(B) Coordinate entry operations with the host employer, when both host employer

personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near permit spaces, as

required by subsection (d)(11); and

(C) Inform the host employer of the permit space program that the contractor will

follow and of any hazards confronted or created in permit spaces, either through a

debriefing or during the entry operation.

(d) Permit-required confined space program (permit space program). Under the permit required

confined space program required by subsection (c)(4), the employer shall:

(1) Implement the measures necessary to prevent unauthorized entry;

(2) Identify and evaluate the hazards of permit spaces before employees enter them;

(3) Develop and implement the means, procedures, and practices necessary for safe permit

space entry operations, including, but not limited to, the following:

(A) Specifying acceptable entry conditions;

(B) Isolating the permit space;

(C) Purging, inerting, flushing, or ventilating the permit space as necessary to eliminate

or control atmospheric hazards;

(D) Providing pedestrian, vehicle, or other barriers as necessary to protect entrants from

external hazards; and

(E) Verifying that conditions in the permit space are acceptable for entry throughout the

duration of an authorized entry.

(4) Provide the following equipment (specified in subsections (A) through (I), below) at no cost

to employees, maintain that equipment properly, and ensure that employees use that

equipment properly:

(A) Testing and monitoring equipment needed to comply with subsection (d)(5);

(B) Ventilating equipment needed to obtain acceptable entry conditions;

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(C) Communications equipment necessary for compliance with subsections (h)(3) and

(i)(5);

(D) Personal protective equipment insofar as feasible engineering and work practice

controls do not adequately protect employees;

(E) Lighting equipment needed to enable employees to see well enough to work safely

and to exit the space quickly in an emergency;

(F) Barriers and shields as required by subsection (d)(3)(D);

(G) Equipment, such as ladders, needed for safe ingress and egress by authorized

entrants;

(H) Rescue and emergency equipment needed to comply with subsection (d)(9), except

to the extent that the equipment is provided by rescue services; and

(I) Any other equipment necessary for safe entry into and rescue from permit spaces.

(5) Evaluate permit space conditions as follows when entry operations are conducted:

(A) Test conditions in the permit space to determine if acceptable entry conditions exist

before entry is authorized to begin, except that, if isolation of the space is infeasible

because the space is large or is part of a continuous system (such as a sewer), pre-entry

testing shall be performed to the extent feasible before entry is authorized and, if entry

is authorized, entry conditions shall be continuously monitored in the areas where

authorized entrants are working;

(B) Test or monitor the permit space as necessary to determine if acceptable entry

conditions are being maintained during the course of entry operations, and

(C) When testing for atmospheric hazards, test first for oxygen, then for combustible

gases and vapors, and then for toxic gases and vapors.

(D) Provide each authorized entrant or that employee's authorized representative an

opportunity to observe the pre-entry and any subsequent testing or monitoring of

permit spaces;

(E) Reevaluate the permit space in the presence of any authorized entrant or that

employee's authorized representative who requests that the employer conduct such

reevaluation because the entrant or representative has reason to believe that the

evaluation of that space may not have been adequate;

(F) Immediately provide each authorized entrant or that employee's authorized

representative with the results of any testing conducted in accord with subsection (d).

NOTE: Atmospheric testing conducted in accordance with Appendix B would be

considered as satisfying the requirements of this subsection. For permit space

operations in sewers, atmospheric testing conducted in accordance with

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Appendix B, as supplemented by Appendix E, would be considered as satisfying

the requirements of this subsection,

(6) Provide at least one attendant outside the permit space into which entry is authorized for

the duration of entry operations;

NOTE: Attendants may be assigned to monitor more than one permit space provided

the duties described in subsection (i) can be effectively performed for each permit space

that is monitored. Likewise, attendants may be stationed at any location outside the

permit space to be monitored as long as the duties described in subsection (i) can be

effectively performed for each permit space that is monitored.

(7) If multiple spaces are to be monitored by a single attendant, include in the permit program

the means and procedures to enable the attendant to respond to an emergency affecting one or

more of the permit spaces being monitored without distraction from the attendant‘s

responsibilities under subsection (i);

(8) Designate the persons who are to have active roles (as, for example, authorized entrants,

attendants, entry supervisors, or persons who test or monitor the atmosphere in a permit

space) in entry operations, identify the duties of each such employee, and provide each such

employee with the training required by subsection (g);

(9) Develop and implement procedures for rescuing entrants from permit spaces, for providing

necessary emergency services to rescued employees, for summoning additional rescue and

emergency services, and for preventing unauthorized personnel from attempting a rescue;

(10) Develop and implement a system for the preparation, issuance, use, and cancellation of

entry permits as required by this section;

(11) Develop and implement procedures to coordinate entry operations when employees of

more than one employer are working simultaneously as authorized entrants in a permit space,

so that employees of one employer do not endanger the employees of any other employer. If

the requirements of sections 5158 or 8355 apply to one or more of the other employers, then

the procedures shall also ensure coordination with those employers, so as not to endanger any

exposed employees;

(12) Develop and implement procedures (such as closing off a permit space and canceling the

permit) necessary for concluding the entry after entry operations have been completed;

(13) Review entry operations when the employer has reason to believe that the measures taken

under the permit space program may not protect employees and revise the program to correct

deficiencies found to exist before subsequent entries are authorized; and

NOTE: Examples of circumstances requiring the review of the permit space program are:

any unauthorized entry of a permit space, the detection of a permit space hazard not

covered by the permit, the detection of a condition prohibited by the permit, the

occurrence of an injury or near-miss during entry, a change in the use or configuration

of a permit space, and employee complaints about the effectiveness of the program.

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(14) Review the permit space program, using the canceled permits retained under subsection

(e)(6) within 1 year after each entry and revise the program as necessary, to ensure that

employees participating in entry operations are protected from permit space hazards.

NOTE: Employers may perform a single annual review covering all entries performed

during a 12-month period. If no entry is performed during a 12-month period, no review

is necessary.

Appendix C presents examples of permit space programs that are considered to comply with the

requirements of subsection (d).

(e) Permit system.

(1) Before entry is authorized, the employer shall document the completion of measures

required by subsection (d)(3) by preparing an entry permit.

NOTE: Appendix D presents examples of permits whose elements are considered to

comply with the requirements of this section.

(2) Before entry begins, the entry supervisor identified on the permit shall sign the entry permit

to authorize entry.

(3) The completed permit shall be made available at the time of entry to all authorized entrants

or their authorized representatives, by posting it at the entry portal or by any other equally

effective means, so that the entrants can confirm that pre-entry preparations have been

completed.

(4) The duration of the permit may not exceed the time required to complete the assigned task

of job identified on the permit in accordance with subsection (f)(2).

(5) The entry supervisor shall terminate entry and cancel the entry permit when:

(A) The entry operations covered by the entry permit have been completed; or

(B) A condition that is not allowed under the entry permit arises in or near the permit

space.

(6) The employer shall retain each canceled entry permit for at least 1 year to facilitate the

review of the permit space program required by subsection (d)(14). Any problems encountered

during an entry operation shall be noted on the pertinent permit so that appropriate revisions

to the permit space program can be made.

(f) Entry permit. The entry permit that documents compliance with this section and authorizes entry to a

permit space shall identify:

(1) The permit space to be entered;

(2) The purpose of the entry;

(3) The date and the authorized duration of the entry permit;

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(4) The authorized entrants within the permit space, by name or by such other means (for

example, through the use of rosters or tracking systems) as will enable the attendant to

determine quickly and accurately, for the duration of the permit, which authorized entrants are

inside the permit space;

NOTE: This requirement may be met by inserting a reference on the entry permit as to

the means used, such as roster or tracking systems, to keep track of the authorized entrants

within the permit space.

(5) The personnel, by name, currently serving as attendants;

(6) The individual, by name, currently serving as entry supervisor, with a space for the signature

or initials of the entry supervisor who originally authorized entry;

(7) The hazards of the permit space to be entered;

(8) The measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit space

hazards before entry;

NOTE: Those measures can include the lockout or tagging of equipment and procedures

for purging, inerting, ventilating, and flushing permit spaces.

(9) The acceptable entry conditions;

(10) The results of initial and periodic tests performed under subsection (d)(5) accompanied by

the names or initials of the testers and by an indication of when the tests were performed;

(11) The rescue and emergency services that can be provided on-site and additional service that

can be summoned and the means such as the equipment to use and the numbers to call) for

summoning those services;

(12) The communication procedures used by authorized entrants and attendants to maintain

contact during the entry;

(13) Equipment, such as personal protective equipment, testing equipment, communications

equipment, alarm systems, and rescue equipment, to be provided for compliance with this

section;

(14) Any other information whose inclusion is necessary, given the circumstances of the

particular confined space, in order to ensure employee safety, and

(15) Any additional permits, such as for hot work, that have been issued to authorize work in the

permit space.

(g) Training.

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(1) The employer shall provide training so that all employees whose work is regulated by this

section acquire the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of

the duties assigned under this section.

(2) Training shall be provided to each affected employee:

(A) Before the employee is first assigned duties under this section;

(B) Before there is a change in assigned duties;

(C) Whenever there is a change in permit space operations that presents a hazard about

which an employee has not previously been trained;

(D) Whenever the employer has reason to believe either that there are deviations from

the permit space entry procedures required by subsection (d)(3) or that there are

inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of these procedures.

(3) The training shall establish employee proficiency in the duties required by this section and

shall introduce new or revised procedures, as necessary, for compliance with this section.

(4) The employer shall certify that the training required by subsections (g)(1) through (g)(3) has

been accomplished. The certification shall contain each employee's name, the signatures or

initials of the trainers, and the dates of training. The certification shall be available for inspection

by employees and their authorized representatives.

(h) Duties of authorized entrants. The employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:

(1) Know the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode, signs

or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;

(2) Properly use equipment as required by subsection (d)(4);

(3) Communicate with the attendant as necessary to enable the attendant to monitor entrant

status and to enable the attendant to alert entrants of the need to evacuate the space as

required by subsection (i)(6);

(4) Alert the attendant whenever:

(A) The entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous

situation, or

(B) The entrant detects a prohibited condition; and

(5) Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible whenever:

(A) An order to evacuate is given by the attendant or the entry supervisor,

(B) The entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous

situation,

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(C) The entrant detects a prohibited condition, or

(D) An evacuation alarm is activated.

(i) Duties of attendants. The employer shall ensure that each attendant:

(1) Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode, signs

or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;

(2) Is aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized entrants;

(3) Continuously maintains an accurate count of authorized entrants in the permit space and

ensures that the means used to identify authorized entrants under subsection (f)(4) accurately

identifies who is in the permit space;

(4) Remains outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another

attendant;

NOTE: When the employer's permit entry program allows attendant entry for rescue,

attendants may enter a permit space to attempt a rescue if they have been trained and

equipped for rescue operations as required by subsection (k)(1) and if they have been

relieved as required by subsection (i)(4).

(5) Communicates with authorized entrants as necessary to monitor entrant status and to alert

entrants of the need to evacuate the space under subsection (i)(6);

(6) Monitors activities inside and outside the space to determine if it is safe for entrants to

remain in the space and orders the authorized entrants to evacuate the permit space

immediately under any of the following conditions;

(A) If the attendant detects a prohibited condition;

(B) If the attendant detects the behavioral effects of hazards exposure in an authorized

entrant;

(C) If the attendant detects a situation outside the space that could endanger the

authorized entrants; or

(D) If the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all the duties required under

subsection (i);

(7) Initiate on-site rescue procedures and, if necessary, summon additional rescue and other

emergency services as soon as the attendant determines that authorized entrants may need

assistance to escape from permit space hazards;

(8) Takes the following actions when unauthorized persons approach or enter a permit space

while entry is underway:

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(A) Warn the unauthorized persons that they must stay away from the permit space;

(B) Advise the unauthorized persons that they must exit immediately if they have

entered the permit space; and

(C) Inform the authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if unauthorized persons

have entered the permit space;

(9) Performs non-entry rescues or other rescue services as part of the employer's on-site rescue

procedure; and

(10) Performs no duties that might interfere with the attendant's primary duty to monitor and

protect the authorized entrants.

(j) Duties of entry supervisors. The employer shall ensure that each entry supervisor:

(1) Knows the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode, signs

or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;

(2) Verifies, by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit, that all

tests specified by the permit have been conducted and that all procedures and equipment

specified by the permit are in place before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to begin;

(3) Terminates the entry and cancels the permit as required by subsection (e)(5);

(4) Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for summoning additional

services are operable;

(5) Removes unauthorized individuals who enter or who attempt to enter the permit space

during entry operations; and

(6) Determines, whenever responsibility for a permit space entry operation is transferred and at

intervals dictated by the hazards and operations performed within the space, that entry

operations remain consistent with terms of the entry permit and that acceptable entry

conditions are maintained.

(k) Rescue and emergency services. The employer shall ensure that at least one standby person at the

site is trained and immediately available to perform rescue and emergency services.

(1) The following requirements apply to employers who have employees enter permit spaces to

perform rescue services.

(A) The employer shall ensure that each member of the rescue service is provided with,

and is trained to use properly, the personal protective equipment and rescue equipment

necessary for making rescues from permit spaces.

(B) Each member of the rescue service shall be trained to perform the assigned rescue

duties. Each member of the rescue service shall also receive the training required of

authorized entrants under subsections (g) and (h).

16

(C) Each member of the rescue service shall practice making permit space rescues at

least once every 12 months, by means of simulated rescue operations in which they

remove dummies, manikins, or actual persons from the actual permit spaces or from

representative permit spaces. Representative permit spaces shall, with respect to

opening size, configuration, and accessibility, simulate the types of permit spaces from

which rescue is to be performed.

(D) Each member of the rescue service shall be trained in basic first-aid and in

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). At least one member of the rescue service holding

current certification in first aid and in CPR shall be available.

(2) When an employer (host employer) arranges to have persons other than the host employer's

employees perform permit space rescue, the host employer shall:

(A) Inform the rescue service of the hazards they may confront when called on to

perform rescue at the host employer's facility, and

(B) Provide the rescue service with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may

be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and

practice rescue operations.

(3) To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval systems or methods shall be used whenever an

authorized entrant enters a permit space, unless the retrieval equipment would increase the

overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant. Retrieval systems shall

meet the following requirements.

(A) Each authorized entrant shall use a chest or full body harness, with a retrieval line

attached at a suitable point so that when rescued, the entrant presents the smallest

possible profile (for example at the center of the entrant's back near shoulder level, or

above the entrant's head). Wristlets may be used in lieu of the chest of full body harness

if the employer can demonstrate that the use of a chest or full body harness is infeasible

or creates a greater hazard and that the use of wristlets is the safest and most effective

alternative.

(B) The other end of the retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical device or fixed

point outside the permit space in such a manner that rescue can begin as soon as the

rescuer becomes aware that rescue is necessary. A mechanical device shall be available

to retrieve personnel from vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep.

(4) If an injured entrant is exposed to a substance for which a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or other

similar written information is required to be kept at the worksite, that SDS or written

information shall be made available to the medical facility treating the exposed entrant.

(l) Employee participation.

(1) Employers shall consult with affected employees and their authorized representatives on the

development and implementation of all aspects of the permit space program required by

subsection (c).

17

(2) Employers shall make available to affected employees and their authorized representatives

all information required to be developed by this section.

(m) Appendices. Appendices A through E serve to provide information and non-mandatory guidelines to

assist employers and employees in complying with the appropriate requirements of this section.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

18

Appendix A

_____________________________

| |

| Does the workplace contain |

| Confined Spaces as defined NO ----------------------

| by Section 5157(b)? | |

| | |

|___________ YES _____________| |

| |

____________ V ______________ |

| | _________ V ______

| Does the workplace contain | | |

| Permit-required Confined | | Consult other |

| Spaces as defined by NO --------- > applicable |

| Section 5157(b)? | | OSHA standards. |

| | | |

|___________ YES _____________| |_____ STOP _______|

|

________ V ___________

| |

| Inform employees as |

| required by |

| Section 5157(c)(2). |

| | _____________________________

|______________________| | |

| | Prevent employees entry as |

________ V ___________ | required by Section 5157 |

| | | (c)(3). Do task from |

| Will permit NO -- > outside of space. |

| spaces be entered? | |_____________________________|

| |

|_______ YES __________|

|

________ V _______ ________________________________

| | | |

| Will contractors | | Task will be done by |

-- > enter? YES --- > contractors' employees. Inform |

| |________ NO ______| | Section 5157(c)(8)(i), (ii) |

| | | and (iii). Contractor obtains |

| | | information required by |

| | | Section 5157(c)(9)(i), (ii) |

| | | and (iii) from host. |

| | |________________________________|

| | |

| | ___________ V ___________________

| | | |

| | | Both contractors and host |

| | | employees will enter the space? NO >

| | | | |

| | |_______ YES _____________________| |

| | | |

| ___________ V _______ ____________ V _______________________ |

19

| | | | | |

| | | |______________________________________| |

| |____ YES ________NO _| |

| | | ______________________________ |

| | | | | |

| | -----> Prevent unauthorized entry. STOP |

| | |______________________________| |

| | |

| |<---------------------------------------------------------

| |

| _____ V ________________ _________________________________

| | | | |

| | or potential hazards? NO--> space. 5157 does not apply. |

| |______ YES _____________| |_________________________________|

| |

| | _________________________

| _______ V_____________ | |

| | Can the hazards be YES----> reclassify space to |

| | eliminated? | | non-permit required STOP(1)

| |_______ NO ___________| | Section 5157(c)(7). |

| | |_________________________|

| |

| ________ V ___________________

| | | __________________

| | in a condition safe to YES---> Space may be |

| | enter by continuous forced | | entered under STOP(1)

| | air ventilation only? | | 5157(c)(5). |

| | | |__________________|

| |_______ NO ___________________|

| |

| ________ V ______________

| | |

| | Prepare for entry via |

| | permit procedures. |

| |_________________________|

| |

| | ____________________

| ________ V ________________ | |

| | Verify acceptable entry NO--> until conditions |

| | if needed, rescuers/means | |____________________|

| | to summon available, |

| | entrants properly |

| | equipped, etc.) |

| | |

| |_______ YES _______________|

| |

20

| ________ V ___________________ ______________________________

| | | | |

| | signature. Acceptable entry NO---> condition). Entrants |

| |________ YES _________________| | program to correct/prevent |

| | | prohibited condition. |

| | | Occurrence of emergency |

| _________ V ___________________ | (usually) is proof of |

| |_______________________________| | (May require new program.) |

| | | |

| | |____ CONTINUE ________________|

| _________ V _____________________ |

| | | |

| | Audit permit program and permit | |

| | based on evaluation of entry by | |

| | entrants, attendants, testers | |

| | and preparers, etc. | |

| |_________________________________| |

| |

|______________________________________________|

(1) Spaces may have to be evacuated and re-evaluated if hazards arise during

entry.

NOTE: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

21

Appendix B

Atmospheric testing is required for two distinct purposes:

evaluation of the hazards of the permit space and verification that acceptable entry conditions for entry

into that space exist.

(1) Evaluation testing. The atmosphere of a confined space should be analyzed using equipment of

sufficient sensitivity and specificity to identify and evaluate any hazardous atmospheres that may exist

or arise, so that appropriate permit entry procedures can be developed and acceptable entry conditions

stipulated for that space. Evaluation and interpretation of these data, and development of the entry

procedure, should be done by, or reviewed by, a technically qualified professional (e.g., Cal/OSHA

consultation service, or certified industrial hygienist, registered safety engineer, certified safety

professional, certified marine chemist, etc.) based on evaluation of all serious hazards.

(2) Verification testing. The atmosphere of a permit space which may contain a hazardous atmosphere

should be tested for residues of all contaminants identified by evaluation testing using permit specified

equipment to determine that residual concentrations at the time of testing and entry are within the

range of acceptable entry conditions. Results of testing (i.e., actual concentration, etc.) should be

recorded on the permit in the space provided adjacent to the stipulated acceptable entry condition.

(3) Duration of testing. Measurement of values for each atmospheric parameter should be made for at

least the minimum response time of the test instrument specified by the manufacturer.

(4) Testing stratified atmospheres. When monitoring for entries involving a descent into atmospheres

that may be stratified, the atmospheric envelope should be tested a distance of approximately 4 feet

(1.22 m) in the direction of travel and to each side. If a sampling probe is used, the entrant's rate of

progress should be slowed to accommodate the sampling speed and detector response.

(5) Order of testing. A test for oxygen is performed first because most combustible gas meters are

oxygen dependent and will not provide reliable readings in an oxygen deficient atmosphere.

Combustible gases are tested for next because the threat of fire or explosion is both more immediate

and more life threatening, in most cases, than exposure to toxic gases and vapors. If tests for toxic gases

and vapors are necessary, they are performed last.

NOTE: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

22

Appendix C

Example 1.

Workplace. Sewer entry.

Potential hazards. The employees could be exposed to the following:

Engulfment.

Presence of toxic gases. Equal to or more than 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide as measured as an 8-

hour time weighted average. If the presence of other toxic contaminants is suspected, specific

monitoring programs will be developed.

Presence of explosive flammable gases. Equal to or greater than 10% of the lower flammable

limit (LFL).

Oxygen Deficiency. A concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere equal to or less than 19.5% by

volume.

A. ENTRY WITHOUT PERMIT/ATTENDANT

Certification. Confined spaces may be entered without the need for a written permit or

attendant provided that the space can be maintained in a safe condition for entry by

mechanical ventilation alone as provided in Section 5157(c)(5). All spaces shall be

considered permit-required confined spaces until the pre-entry procedures

demonstrate otherwise. Any employee required or permitted to pre-check or enter an

enclosed/confined space shall have successfully completed, as a minimum, the training

as required by the following sections of these procedures. A written copy of operating

and rescue procedures as required by these procedures shall be at the work site for the

duration of the job. The Confined Space Pre-Entry Check List must be completed by the

LEAD WORKER before entry into a confined space. This list verifies completion of items

listed below. This check list shall be kept at the job site for duration of the job. If

circumstances dictate an interruption in the work, the permit space must be re-

evaluated and a new check list must be completed.

Controls of atmospheric and engulfment hazards.

Pumps and Lines. All pumps and lines which may reasonably cause contaminants to flow

into the space shall be disconnected, blinded and locked out, or effectively isolated by

other means to prevent development of dangerous air contamination or engulfment.

Not all laterals to sewers or storm drains require blocking. However, where experience

or knowledge of industrial use indicates there is a reasonable potential for

contamination of air or engulfment into a occupied sewer, then all affected laterals shall

be blocked. If blocking and/or isolation requires entry into the space the provisions for

entry into a permit-required confined space must be implemented.

Surveillance. The surrounding area shall be surveyed to avoid hazards such as drifting

vapors from the tanks, piping, or sewers.

23

Testing. The atmosphere within the space will be tested to determine whether

dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency exists. Detector tubes, alarm

only type gas monitors and explosion meters are examples of equipment that may be

used to test permit space atmospheres. Testing shall be performed by the LEAD

WORKER who has successfully completed the Gas detector training for the monitors he

will use. The minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen deficiency, LFL, and

hydrogen sulfide concentration. A written record of the pre-entry test results shall be

made and kept at the work site for the duration of the job. The supervisor will certify in

writing, based upon the results of the pre-entry testing, that all hazards have been

eliminated. Affected employees shall be able to review the testing results. The most

hazardous conditions shall govern when work is being performed in two adjoining,

connecting spaces.

Entry Procedures. If there are no non-atmospheric hazards present and if the pre-entry

tests show there is no dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency within the

space and there is no reason to believe that any is likely to develop, entry into and work

within may proceed. Continuous testing of the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity of

the workers within the space shall be accomplished. The workers will immediately leave

the permit space when any of the gas monitor alarm set points are reached as defined.

Workers will not return to the area until a SUPERVISOR who has completed the gas

detector training has used a direct reading gas detector to evaluate the situation and

has determined that it is safe to enter.

Rescue. Arrangements for rescue services are not required where there is no attendant.

See the rescue portion of section B., below, for instructions regarding rescue planning

where an entry permit is required.

B. ENTRY PERMIT REQUIRED

Permits. Confined Space Entry Permit. All spaces shall be considered permit-required

confined spaces until the pre-entry procedures demonstrate otherwise. Any employee

required or permitted to pre-check or enter a permit-required confined space shall have

successfully completed, as a minimum, the training as required by the following sections

of these procedures. A written copy of operating and rescue procedures as required by

these procedures shall be at the work site for the duration of the job. The Confined

Space Entry Permit must be completed before approval can be given to enter a permit-

required confined space. This permit verifies completion of items listed below. This

permit shall be kept at the job site for the duration of the job. If circumstances cause an

interruption in the work or a change in the alarm conditions for which entry was

approved, a new Confined Space Entry Permit must be completed.

Control of atmospheric and engulfment hazards.

Surveillance. The surrounding area shall be surveyed to avoid hazards such as drifting

vapors from tanks, piping or sewers.

Testing. The confined space atmosphere shall be tested to determine whether

dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency exists. A direct reading gas

monitor shall be used. Testing shall be performed by the SUPERVISOR who has

24

successfully completed the gas detector training for the monitor he will use. The

minimum parameters to be monitored are oxygen deficiency, LFL and hydrogen sulfide

concentration. A written record of the pre-entry test results shall be made and kept at

the work site for the duration of the job. Affected employees shall be able to review the

testing results. The most hazardous conditions shall govern when work is being

performed in two adjoining, connected spaces.

Space Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation systems, where applicable, shall be set at

100% outside air. Where possible, open additional manholes to increase air circulation.

Use portable blowers to augment natural circulation if needed. After a suitable

ventilating period, repeat the testing. Entry may not begin until the testing has

demonstrated that the hazardous atmosphere has been eliminated.

Entry Procedures. The following procedure shall be observed under any of the following

conditions:

1.) Testing demonstrates the existence of dangerous or deficient conditions and

additional ventilation cannot reduce concentrations to safe levels;

2.) The atmosphere tests as safe but unsafe conditions can reasonably be

expected to develop;

3.) It is not feasible to provide for ready exit from spaces equipped with

automatic fire suppression systems and it is not practical or safe to deactivate

such systems; or

4.) An emergency exists and it is not feasible to wait for pre-entry procedures to

take effect.

All personnel must be trained. A self contained breathing apparatus shall be worn by

any person entering the space. At least one worker shall stand by the outside of the

space ready to give assistance in case of emergency. The standby worker shall have a

self contained breathing apparatus available for immediate use. There shall be at least

one additional worker within sight or call of the standby worker. Continuous powered

communications shall be maintained between the worker within the confined space and

standby personnel.

If at any time there is any questionable action or non-movement by the worker inside, a

verbal check will be made. If there is no response, the worker will be moved

immediately. Exception: If the worker is disabled due to falling or impact, he/she shall

not be removed from the confined space unless there is immediate danger to his/her

life. Local fire department rescue personnel shall be notified immediately. The standby

worker may only enter the confined space in case of an emergency (wearing the self

contained breathing apparatus) and only after being relieved by another worker. Safety

belt or harness with attached lifeline shall be used by all workers entering the space

with the free end of the line secured outside the entry opening. The standby worker

shall attempt to remove a disabled worker via his lifeline before entering the space.

When practical, these spaces shall be entered through side openings--those within 3 1/2

feet (1.07 m) of the bottom. When entry must be through a top opening, the safety belt

25

shall be of the harness type that suspends a person upright and a hoisting device or

similar apparatus shall be available for lifting workers out of the space.

In any situation where their use may endanger the worker, use of a hoisting device or

safety belt and attached lifeline may be discontinued.

When dangerous air contamination is attributable to flammable and/or explosive

substances, lighting and electrical equipment shall be Class 1, Division 1 rated per

National Electrical Code and no ignition sources shall be introduced into the area.

Continuous gas monitoring shall be performed during all confined space operations. If

alarm conditions change adversely, entry personnel shall exit the confined space and a

new confined space permit issued.

Rescue. Call the fire department services for rescue. Where immediate hazards to

injured personnel are present, workers at the site shall implement emergency

procedures to fit the situation.

Example 2.

Workplace. Meat and poultry rendering plants.

Cookers and dryers are either batch or continuous in their operation. Multiple batch cookers are

operated in parallel. When one unit of a multiple set is shut down for repairs, means are

available to isolate that unit from the others which remain in operation.

Cookers and dryers are horizontal, cylindrical vessels equipped with a center, rotating shaft and

agitator paddles or discs. If the inner shell is jacketed, it is usually heated with steam at

pressures up to 150 psig (1034.25 kPa). The rotating shaft assembly of the continuous cooker or

dryer is also steam heated.

Potential Hazards. The recognized hazards associated with cookers and dryers are the risk that

employees could be:

1. Stuck or caught by rotating agitator;

2. Engulfed in raw material or hot, recycled fat;

3. Burned by steam from leaks into the cooker/dryer steam jacket or the condenser duct

system if steam valves are not properly closed and locked out;

4. Burned by contact with hot metal surfaces, such as the agitator shaft assembly, or

inner shell of the cooker/dryer;

5. Heat stress caused by warm atmosphere inside cooker/dryer;

6. Slipping and falling on grease in the cooker/dryer;

7. Electrically shocked by faulty equipment taken into the cooker/dryer;

8. Burned or overcome by fire or products of combustion; or

26

9. Overcome by fumes generated by welding or cutting done on grease covered

surfaces.

Permits. The supervisor in this case is always present at the cooker/dryer or other permit entry

confined space when entry is made. The supervisor must follow the pre-entry isolation

procedures described in the entry permit in preparing for entry, and ensure that the protective

clothing, ventilating equipment and any other equipment required by the permit are at the

entry site.

Control of hazards.

Mechanical. Lock out main power switch to agitator motor at main power panel. Affix tag to the

lock to inform others that a permit entry confined space entry is in progress.

Engulfment. Close all valves in the raw material blow line. Secure each valve in its closed

position using chain and lock. Attach a tag to the valve and chain warning that a permit entry

confined space entry is in progress. The same procedure shall be used for securing the fat

recycle valve.

Burns and heat stress. Close steam supply valves to jacket and secure with chains and tags.

Insert solid blank at flange in cooker vent line to condenser manifold duct system. Vent

cooker/dryer by opening access door at discharge end and top center door to allow natural

ventilation throughout the entry. If faster cooling is needed, use a portable ventilation fan to

increase ventilation. Cooling water may be circulated through the jacket to reduce both outer

and inner surface temperatures of cooker/dryers faster. Check air and inner surface

temperatures in cooker/dryer to assure they are within acceptable limits before entering, or use

proper protective clothing.

Fire and fume hazards. Careful site preparation, such as cleaning the area within 4 inches (10.16

cm) of all welding or torch cutting operations, and proper ventilation are the preferred controls.

All welding and cutting operations shall be done in accordance with the requirements of

California Code of Regulations, Title 8, welding standards. Proper ventilation may be achieved by

local exhaust ventilation, or the use of portable ventilation fans, or a combination of the two

practices.

Electrical shock. Electrical equipment used in cooker/dryers shall be in serviceable condition.

Slips and falls. Remove residual grease before entering cooker/dryer.

Attendant. The supervisor shall be the attendant for employees entering cooker/dryers.

Permit. The permit shall specify how isolation shall be done and any other preparations needed

before making entry. This is especially important in parallel arrangements of cooker/dryers so

that the entire operation need not be shut down to allow safe entry into one unit.

Rescue. When necessary, the attendant shall call the fire department as previously arranged.

Example 3.

Workplace. Workplaces where tank cars, trucks, and trailers, dry bulk tanks and trailers, railroad

tank cars, and similar portable tanks are fabricated or serviced.

27

A. During fabrication. These tanks and dry-bulk carriers are entered repeatedly throughout the

fabrication process. These products are not configured identically, but the manufacturing

processes by which they are made are very similar.

Sources of hazards. In addition to the mechanical hazards arising from the risks that an

entrant would be injured due to contact with components of the tank or the tools being

used, there is also the risk that a worker could be injured by breathing fumes from

welding materials or mists or vapors from materials used to coat the tank interior. In

addition, many of these vapors and mists are flammable, so the failure to properly

ventilate a tank could lead to a fire or explosion.

Control of hazards.

Welding. Local exhaust ventilation shall be used to remove welding fumes once the tank

or carrier is completed to the point that workers may enter and exit only through a

manhole. (Follow the requirements of California Code of Regulations, Title 8, welding

standards at all times.) Welding gas tanks may never be brought into a tank or carrier

that is a permit entry confined space.

Application of interior coatings/linings. Atmospheric hazards shall be controlled by

forced air ventilation sufficient to keep the atmospheric concentration of flammable

materials below 10% of the lower flammable limit (LFL) (or lower explosive limit (LEL),

whichever term is used locally). The appropriate respirators are provided and shall be

used in addition to providing forced ventilation if the forced ventilation does not

maintain acceptable respiratory conditions.

Permits. Because of the repetitive nature of the entries in these operations, an "Area

Entry Permit" will be issued for a 1 month period to cover those production areas where

tanks are fabricated to the point that entry and exit are made using manholes.

Authorization. Only the area supervisor may authorize an employee to enter a tank

within the permit area. The area supervisor must determine that conditions in the tank

trailer, dry bulk trailer or truck, etc. meet permit requirements before authorizing entry.

Attendant. The area supervisor shall designate an employee to maintain communication

by employer specified means with employees working in tanks to ensure their safety.

The attendant may not enter any permit entry confined space to rescue an entrant or

for any other reason, unless authorized by the rescue procedure, and even then, only

after calling the rescue team and being relieved by as attendant by another worker.

Communications and observation. Communications between attendant and entrant(s)

shall be maintained throughout entry. Methods of communication that may be specified

by the permit include voice, voice powered radio, tapping or rapping codes on tank

walls, signaling tugs on a rope, and the attendant's observation that work activities such

as chipping, grinding, welding, spraying, etc., which require deliberate operator control

continue normally. These activities often generate so much noise that the necessary

hearing protection makes communication by voice difficult.

Rescue procedures. Acceptable rescue procedures include entry by a team of employee-

rescuers, use of public emergency services, and procedures for breaching the tank. The

28

area permit specifies which procedures are available, but the area supervisor makes the

final decision based on circumstances. (Certain injuries may make it necessary to breach

the tank to remove a person rather than risk additional injury by removal through an

existing manhole. However, the supervisor must ensure that no breaching procedure

used for rescue would violate terms of the entry permit. For instance, if the tank must

be breached by cutting with a torch, the tank surfaces to be cut must be free of volatile

or combustible coatings within 4 inches (10.16 cm) of the cutting line and the

atmosphere within the tank must be below the LFL.

Retrieval line and harnesses. The retrieval lines and harnesses generally required under

this standard are usually impractical for use in tanks because the internal configuration

of the tanks and their interior baffles and other structures would prevent rescuers from

hauling out injured entrants. However, unless the rescue procedure calls for breaching

the tank for rescue, the rescue team shall be trained in the use of retrieval lines and

harnesses for removing injured employees through manholes.

B. Repair or service of "used" tanks and bulk trailers.

Sources of hazards. In addition to facing the potential hazards encountered in

fabrication or manufacturing, tanks or trailers which have been in service may contain

residues of dangerous materials, whether left over from the transportation of hazardous

cargoes or generated by chemical or bacterial action on residues of non-hazardous

cargoes.

Control of atmospheric hazards. A "used" tank shall be brought into areas where tank

entry is authorized only after the tank has been emptied, cleansed (without employee

entry) of any residues, and purged of any potential atmospheric hazards.

Welding. In addition to tank cleaning for control of atmospheric hazards, coating and

surface materials shall be removed 4 inches (10.16 cm) or more from any surface area

where welding or other torch work will be done and care taken that the atmosphere

within the tank remains well below the LFL. (Follow the requirements of California Code

of Regulations, Title 8, welding standards, at all times.)

Permits. An entry permit valid for up to 1 year shall be issued prior to authorization of

entry into used tank trailers, dry bulk trailers or trucks. In addition to the pre-entry

cleaning requirement, this permit shall require the employee safeguards specified for

new tank fabrication or construction permit areas.

Authorization. Only the area supervisor may authorize an employee to enter a tank

trailer, dry bulk trailer or truck within the permit area. The area supervisor must

determine that the entry permit requirements have been met before authorizing entry.

NOTE: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

29

Appendix D-1. Confined Space Entry Permit

Confined Space Entry Permit

Date and Time Issued: _______________ Date and Time Expires: ________

Job site/Space I.D.: ________________ Job Supervisor:________________

Equipment to be worked on: __________ Work to be performed: _________

Stand-by personnel: __________________ ________________ _____________

1. Atmospheric Checks: Time ________

Oxygen ________%

Explosive ________% L.F.L.

Toxic ________PPM

2. Tester's signature: _____________________________

3. Source isolation (No Entry): N/A Yes No

Pumps or lines blinded, ( ) ( ) ( )

disconnected, or blocked ( ) ( ) ( )

4. Ventilation Modification: N/A Yes No

Mechanical ( ) ( ) ( )

Natural Ventilation only ( ) ( ) ( )

5. Atmospheric check after

isolation and Ventilation:

Oxygen __________% > 19.5 %

Explosive _______% L.F.L < 10 %

Toxic ___________PPM < 10 PPM H(2)S

Time ____________

Testers signature: _____________________________

6. Communication procedures: _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

7. Rescue procedures: ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

8. Entry, standby, and back up persons: Yes No

Successfully completed required training?

Is it current? ( ) ( )

9. Equipment: N/A Yes No

Direct reading gas monitor -

tested ( ) ( ) ( )

Safety harnesses and lifelines

for entry and standby persons ( ) ( ) ( )

Hoisting equipment ( ) ( ) ( )

Powered communications ( ) ( ) ( )

SCBA's for entry and standby

persons ( ) ( ) ( )

Protective Clothing ( ) ( ) ( )

All electric equipment listed

Class I, Division I, Group D

and Non-sparking tools ( ) ( ) ( )

30

10. Periodic atmospheric tests:

Oxygen ____% Time ____ Oxygen ____% Time ____

Explosive ____% Time ____ Explosive ____% Time ____

Toxic ____% Time ____ Toxic ____% Time ____

We have reviewed the work authorized by this permit and the

information contained here-in. Written instructions and safety

procedures have been received and are understood. Entry cannot be

approved if any squares are marked in the "No" column. This permit is

not valid unless all appropriate items are completed.

Permit Prepared By: (Supervisor)________________________

Approved By: (Unit Supervisor)_______________________________________

Reviewed By (Cs Operations Personnel) :

________________________________________ __________________________

(printed name) (signature)

This permit to be kept at job site. Return job site copy to Safety

Office following job completion.

Copies: White Original (Safety Office)

Yellow (Unit Supervisor)

Hard(Job site)

31

Appendix D-2. Entry Permit

ENTRY PERMIT

PERMIT VALID FOR 8 HOURS ONLY. ALL COPIES OF PERMIT WILL REMAIN AT

JOB SITE UNTIL JOB IS COMPLETED

DATE: - - SITE LOCATION and DESCRIPTION ____________________________

PURPOSE OF ENTRY ____________________________________________________

SUPERVISOR(S) in charge of crews Type of Crew Phone #

_____________________________________________________________________

COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES ____________________________________________

RESCUE PROCEDURES (PHONE NUMBERS AT BOTTOM) _________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

* BOLD DENOTES MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS TO BE COMPLETED AND REVIEWED

PRIOR TO ENTRY*

REQUIREMENTS COMPLETED DATE TIME

Lock Out/De-energize/Try-out ____ ____

Line(s) Broken-Capped-Blanked ____ ____

Purge-Flush and Vent ____ ____

Ventilation ____ ____

Secure Area (Post and Flag) ____ ____

Breathing Apparatus ____ ____

Resuscitator - Inhalator ____ ____

Standby Safety Personnel ____ ____

Full Body Harness w/"D" ring ____ ____

Emergency Escape Retrieval Equip ____ ____

Lifelines ____ ____

Fire Extinguishers ____ ____

Lighting (Explosive Proof) ____ ____

Protective Clothing ____ ____

Respirator(s) (Air Purifying) ____ ____

Burning and Welding Permit ____ ____

Note: Items that do not apply enter N/A in the blank.

**RECORD CONTINUOUS MONITORING RESULTS EVERY 2 HOURS

CONTINUOUS MONITORING** Permissible _____________________________

TEST(S) TO BE TAKEN Entry Level

PERCENT OF OXYGEN 19.5% to 23.5% ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT Under 10% ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

CARBON MONOXIDE +35 PPM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Aromatic Hydrocarbon + 1 PPM * 5 PPM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Hydrogen Cyanide (Skin) * 4 PPM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Hydrogen Sulfide +10 PPM *15 PPM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Sulfur Dioxide + 2 PPM * 5 PPM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Ammonia *35 PPM ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

* Short-term exposure limit: Employee can work in the area up to 15

minutes.

32

+ 8 hr. Time Weighted Avg.: Employee can work in area 8 hrs (longer

with appropriate respiratory protection).

REMARKS:_____________________________________________________________

GAS TESTER NAME INSTRUMENT(S) MODEL SERIAL &/OR

& CHECK # USED &/OR TYPE UNIT #

________________ _______________ ___________ ____________

SAFETY STANDBY PERSON IS REQUIRED FOR ALL CONFINED SPACE WORK

SAFETY STANDBY CHECK # CONFINED CONFINED

PERSON(S) SPACE CHECK # SPACE CHECK #

ENTRANT(S) ENTRANT(S)

______________ ______ __________ _______ __________ ______

SUPERVISOR AUTHORIZING - ALL CONDITIONS SATISFIED____________________

DEPARTMENT/PHONE ___________________________

AMBULANCE 2800 FIRE 2900 Safety 4901 Gas Coordinator 4529/5387

NOTE: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.

33

Appendix E-Sewer System Entry.

Sewer entry differs in three vital respects from other permit entries; first, there rarely exists any way to

completely isolate the space (a section of a continuous system) to be entered; second, because isolation

is not complete, the atmosphere may suddenly and unpredictably become lethally hazardous (toxic,

flammable or explosive) from causes beyond the control of the entrant or employer, and third,

experienced sewer workers are especially knowledgeable in entry and work in their permit spaces

because of their frequent entries. Unlike other employments where permit space entry is a rare and

exceptional event, sewer workers' usual work environment is a permit space.

(1) Adherence to procedure. The employer should designate as entrants only employees who

are thoroughly trained in the employer's sewer entry procedures and who demonstrate that

they follow these entry procedures exactly as prescribed when preforming sewer entries.

(2) Atmospheric monitoring. Entrants should be trained in the use of, and be equipped with,

atmospheric monitoring equipment which sounds an audible alarm, in addition to its visual

readout, whenever one of the following conditions is encountered: oxygen concentration less

than 19.5 percent; flammable gas or vapor at 10 percent or more of the lower flammable limit

(LFL); or hydrogen sulfide or carbon monoxide at or above their permissible exposure limit (PEL)

(10 ppm or 25 ppm, respectively ,measured as an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA)).

Atmospheric monitoring equipment needs to be calibrated according to the manufacturer's

instructions. Substance specific devices should be used whenever actual contaminants have

been identified. The instrument should be carried and used by the entrant in sewer line work to

monitor the atmosphere in the entrant's environment, and in advance of the entrants' direction

of movement, to warn the entrant of any deterioration in atmospheric conditions. Where

several entrants are working together in the same immediate location, one instrument, used by

the lead entrant, is acceptable.

(3) Surge flow and flooding. Sewer crews should develop and maintain liaison, to the extent

possible, with the local weather bureau and fire and emergency services in their area so that

sewer work may be delayed or interrupted and entrants withdrawn whenever sewer lines might

be suddenly flooded by rain or fire suppression activities, or whenever flammable or other

hazardous materials are released into sewers during emergencies by industrial or transportation

accidents.

(4) Special Equipment. Entry into large bore sewers may require the use of special equipment.

Such equipment might include such items as atmosphere monitoring devices with automatic

audible alarms, escape self-contained breathing apparatus (ESCBA) with at least 10 minute air

supply (or other NIOSH approved self-rescuer), and waterproof flashlights, and may also include

boats and rafts, radios and rope stand-offs for pulling around bends and corners as needed.

Note: Authority cited: Section 142.3, Labor Code. Reference: Section 142.3, Labor Code.