LAWS OF KENYA
The Sale of GoodS acT
Chapter 31
Revised Edition 2009 (2003)
Published by the National Council for Law Reporting
with the Authority of the Attorney General
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
2
CHAPTER 31
THE SALE OF GOODS ACT
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
part I—prelImInary
Section
1—Short title.
2—Interpretation.
part II—FormatIon oF the ContraCt
Contract of Sale
3—Sale and agreement to sell.
4—Capacity to buy and sell.
Formalities of the contract
5—Contract of sale, how made.
6—Contract of sale for ten pounds or more to be in writing.
Subject Matter of Contract
7—Existing or future goods.
8—Sale of perished goods.
9—Goods perished after agreement to sell.
The Price
10—Ascertainment of price.
11—Agreement to sell at valuation.
Conditions and Warranties
12—Stipulations as to time.
13—When condition to be treated as warranty.
14—Condition and warranties implied in contracts of sale.
15—Conditions implied by description.
16—No implied warranty as to tness, except in certain cases.
Sale by Sample
17—Sale by sample.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 3
part III – eFFeCts oF the ContraCt
Section
Transfer of Property as between Seller and Buyer
18—Property in unascertained goods.
19—Property in specic or ascertained goods passes when
intended to pass.
20—Rules for ascertaining intention as to time when property
passes.
21—Reservation by seller of right of disposal.
22—Risk prima facie passes with property.
Transfer of Title
23—Sale by person not the owner.
24—Sale under voidable title.
25—Revesting of property in stolen goods on conviction of
offender.
26—Resale of goods in certain cases.
27—Effect of writs of execution.
part IV—perFormanCe oF the ContraCt
28—Duties of seller and buyer.
29—Payment and delivery concurrent conditions.
30—Rules as to delivery.
31—Delivery of wrong quantity or description.
32—Delivery by instalments.
33—Delivery to carrier as buyer’s agent.
34—Risk where goods delivered elsewhere than at place of sale.
35—Buyer’s right of examining the goods.
36—Acceptance.
37—Buyer is not bound to return rejected goods.
38—Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of
goods.
part V—rIghts oF UnpaId seller agaInst the goods
39—Unpaid seller dened.
40—Rights of unpaid seller.
Unpaid Seller’s Lien
41—Seller’s lien.
42—Lien after part delivery.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
4
Section
43—Termination of lien.
Stoppage in Transitu
44—Right of stoppage in transitu
45—Duration of transit.
46—Mode of stoppage in transitu
Resale by Buyer or Seller
47—Effect of subsale or pledge by buyer.
48—Effect on sale of exercise of lien or stoppage in transitu.
part VI—aCtIons For BreaCh oF the ContraCt
Remedies of the Seller
49—Action for price.
50—Action for non-acceptance.
Remedies of the Buyer
51—Action for non-delivery.
52—Right to specic performance.
53—Remedy for breach of warranty.
54—Interest and special damages.
part VII—sUpplementary
55—Variation, etc., of implied rights.
56—Reasonable time.
57—Rights, etc., enforceable by action.
58—Auction sales.
59—Savings.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 5
CHAPTER 31
THE SALE OF GOODS ACT
Commencement: 1st October, 1931
An Act of Parliament to regulate the sale of goods
part I—prelImInary
1. This Act may be cited as the Sale of Goods Act.
2. (1) In this Act, except where the context otherwise requires—
“action” includes counterclaim and set-off;
“buyer” means a person who buys or agrees to buy goods;
“contract of sale” includes an agreement to sell as well as a sale;
“delivery” means voluntary transfer of possession from one
person to another;
“document of title to goods” includes a bill of lading, dock
warrant, warehouse-keeper’s certicate or warrant or order for the
delivery of goods, and any other document used in the ordinary
course of business as proof of the possession or control of goods, or
authorizing or purporting to authorize, either by endorsement or by
delivery, the possessor of the document to transfer or receive goods
thereby represented;
“fault” means wrongful act or default;
“future goods” means goods to be manufactured or acquired by
the seller after the making of the contract of sale;
“goods” includes all chattels personal other than things in action
and money, and all emblements, industrial growing crops and things
attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to be severed
before sale or under the contract of sale;
“plaintiff” includes a defendant counterclaiming;
“property” means the general property in goods, and not merely
Cap 290 (1948),
19 of 1964.
Short title.
Interpretation.
19 of 1964, Sch.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
6
a special property;
“quality of goods” includes their state or condition;
“sale” includes a bargain and sale as well as a sale and delivery;
“seller” means a person who sells or agrees to sell goods;
“specic goods” means goods identied and agreed upon at the
time a contract of sale is made;
“warranty” means an agreement with reference to goods which
are the subject of a contract of sale, but collateral to the main purpose
of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages,
but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated.
(2) A thing is deemed to be done in good faith within the meaning
of this Act when it is in fact done honestly, whether it be done negligently
or not.
(3) A person is deemed to be insolvent within the meaning of this
Act who either has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary course of
business or cannot pay his debts as they become due, whether he has
committed an act of bankruptcy or not.
(4) Goods are in a deliverable state within the meaning of this Act
when they are in such a state that the buyer would under the contract
be bound to take delivery of them.
part II—FormatIon oF the ContraCt
Contract of Sale
3. (1) A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller
transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a
money consideration, called the price.
(2) There may be a contract of sale between one part owner and
another.
(3) A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional.
(4) Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods is
transferred from the seller to the buyer the contract is called a sale;
but, where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at
a future time or subject to some condition thereafter to be fullled, the
Sale and agreement
to sell.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 7
contract is called an agreement to sell.
(5) An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or
the conditions are fullled subject to which the property in the goods
is to be transferred.
4. (1) Capacity to buy and sell is regulated by the general law
concerning capacity to contract, and to transfer and acquire property:
Provided that, where necessaries are sold and delivered to an
infant or minor, or to a person who by reason of mental incapacity
or drunkenness is incompetent to contract, he must pay a reasonable
price therefor.
(2) Necessaries in this section mean goods suitable to the
condition in life of the infant or minor or other person, and to his actual
requirements at the time of the sale and delivery.
Formalities of the contract
5. Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any Act in that
behalf, a contract of sale may be made in writing (either with or without
seal) or by word of mouth, or partly in writing and partly by word of
mouth, or may be implied from the conduct of the parties:
Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the law relating
to corporations.
6. (1) A contract for the sale of any goods of the value of two
hundred shillings or upwards shall not be enforceable by action unless
the buyer accepts part of the goods so sold, and actually receives them,
or gives something in earnest to bind the contract or in part payment,
or unless some note or memorandum in writing of the contract is made
and signed by the party to be charged or his agent in that behalf.
(2) The provisions of this section apply to every such contract,
notwithstanding that the goods may be intended to be delivered at some
future time, or may not at the time of the contract be actually made,
procured or provided, or t or ready for delivery, or some act may be
requisite for the making or completing thereof, or rendering them t
for delivery.
(3) There is an acceptance of goods within the meaning of this
section when the buyer does any act in relation to the goods which
recognizes a pre-existing contract of sale whether there be an acceptance
in performance of the contract or not.
Capacity to buy and
sell.
Contract of sale, how
made.
Contract of sale for
ten pounds or more
to be in writing.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
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Subject Matter of Contract
7. (1) The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may
be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or goods
to be manufactured or acquired by the seller after the making of the
contract of sale.
(2) There may be a contract for the sale of goods the acquisition
of which by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may
not happen.
(3) Where by a contract of sale the seller purports to effect a
present sale of future goods, the contract operates as an agreement to
sell the goods.
8. Where there is a contract for the sale of specic goods, and
the goods without the knowledge of the seller have perished at the time
when the contract is made, the contract is void.
9. Where there is an agreement to sell specic goods, and
subsequently the goods, without any fault on the part of the seller
or buyer, perish before the risk passes to the buyer, the agreement is
thereby avoided.
The Price
10. (1) The price in a contract of sale may be xed by the
contract, or may be left to be xed in a manner thereby agreed, or may
be determined by the course of dealing between the parties.
(2) Where the price is not determined in accordance with the
foregoing provisions, the buyer must pay a reasonable price; and what is
a reasonable price is a question of fact dependent on the circumstances
of each particular case.
11. (1) Where there is an agreement to sell goods on the terms
that the price is to be xed by the valuation of a third party, and the third
party cannot or does not make a valuation, the agreement is avoided:
Provided that if the goods or any part thereof have been delivered
to and appropriated by the buyer he must pay a reasonable price therefor.
(2) Where the third party is prevented from making the valuation
by the fault of the seller or buyer, the party not at fault may maintain
an action for damages against the party at fault.
Existing or future
goods.
Sale of perished
goods.
Goods perished after
agreement to sell.
Ascertainment of
price.
Agreement to sell at
valuation.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 9
Conditions and Warranties
12. (1) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the
contract, stipulations as to time of payment are not deemed to be of the
essence of a contract of sale.
(2) Whether any other stipulation as to time is of the essence of
the contract or not depends on the terms of the contract.
(3) In a contract of sale, “month” means prima facie calendar
month.
13. (1) Where a contract of sale is subject to any condition to be
fullled by the seller, the buyer may waive the condition, or may elect
to treat the breach of condition as a breach of warranty and not as a
ground for treating the contract as repudiated.
(2) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition
the breach of which may give rise to a right to treat the contract as
repudiated, or a warranty the breach of which may give rise to a claim
for damages but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract
as repudiated, depends in each case on the construction of the contract;
and a stipulation may be a condition, though called a warranty in the
contract.
(3) Where a contract of sale is not severable and the buyer has
accepted the goods or part thereof, or where the contract is for specic
goods the property in which has passed to the buyer, the breach of any
conditions to be fullled by the seller can only be treated as a breach
of warranty and not as a ground for rejecting the goods and treating the
contract as repudiated, unless there be a term of the contract, express
or implied, to that effect.
(4) Nothing in this section shall affect the case of any condition
or warranty, fullment of which is excused by law by reason of
impossibility or otherwise.
14. In a contract of sale, unless the circumstances of the contract
are such as to show a different intention, there is—
(a) an implied condition on the part of the seller that in the case
of a sale he has a right to sell the goods, and that in the case
of an agreement to sell he will have a right to sell the goods
at the time when the property is to pass;
(b) an implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy
quiet possession of the goods;
Stipulations as to
time.
When condition to be
treated as warranty.
Condition and
warranties implied in
contracts of sale.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
10
(c) an implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any
charge or encumbrance in favour of any third party, not
declared or known to the buyer before or at the time when
the contract is made.
15. Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description,
there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the
description; and, if the sale is by sample as well as by description, it is
not sufcient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the sample if
the goods do not also correspond with the description.
16. Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any Act in that
behalf, there is no implied warranty or condition as to the quality or
tness for any particular purpose of goods supplied under a contract of
sale, except as follows—
(a) where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known
to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are
required, so as to show that the buyer relies on the seller’s
skill or judgment, and the goods are of a description which
it is in the course of the seller’s business to supply (whether
he be the manufacturer or not), there is an implied condition
that the goods shall be reasonably t for that purpose:
Provided that in the case of a contract for the sale of a
specied article under its patent or other trade name, there
is no implied condition as to its tness for any particular
purpose;
(b) where goods are bought by description from a seller
who deals in goods of that description (whether he be the
manufacture or not), there is an implied condition that the
goods shall be of merchantable quality:
Provided that if the buyer has examined the goods, there
shall be no implied condition as regards defects which that
examination ought to have revealed;
(c) an implied warranty or condition as to quality or tness for
a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade;
(d) an express warranty or condition does not negative a
warranty or condition implied by this Act unless inconsistent
therewith.
Conditions implied
by description.
No implied warranty
as to tness, except
in certain cases.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 11
Sale by Sample
17. (1) A contract of sale is a contract for sale by sample where
there is a term in the contract, express or implied, to that effect.
(2) In the case of a contract for sale by sample there is—
(a) an implied condition that the bulk shall correspond with the
sample in quality;
(b) an implied condition that the buyer shall have a reasonable
opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample;
(c) an implied condition that the goods shall be free from any
defect rendering them unmerchantable which would not be
apparent on reasonable examination of sample.
part III—eFFeCts oF the ContraCt
Transfer of Property as between Seller and Buyer
18. Where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained goods,
no property in the goods is transferred to the buyer unless and until the
goods are ascertained.
19. (1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specic or
ascertained goods, the property in them is transferred to the buyer at
such time as the parties to the contract intend it to be transferred.
(2) For the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties,
regard shall be had to the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties
and the circumstances of the case.
20. Unless a different intention appears, the following rules apply
for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time at which the
property in the goods is to pass to the buyer—
(a) where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of
specic goods, in a deliverable state, the property in the
goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made, and
it is immaterial whether the time of payment or the time of
delivery or both be postponed;
(b) where there is a contract for the sale of specic goods and the
seller is bound to do something to the goods for the purpose
of putting them into a deliverable state, the property does not
pass until that thing be done, and the buyer has notice thereof;
Sale by sample.
Property in
unascertained goods.
Property in specic
or ascertained goods
passes when intended
to pass.
Rules for ascertaining
intention as to time
when property
passes.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
12
(c) where there is a contract for the sale of specic goods in a
deliverable state, but the seller is bound to weigh, measure,
test or do some other act or thing with reference to the goods
for the purpose of ascertaining the price, the property does
not pass until that act or thing be done, and the buyer has
notice thereof;
(d) when goods are delivered to the buyer on approval or “on
sale or return” or other similar terms, the property therein
passes to the buyer—
(i) when he signies his approval or acceptance to the seller
or does any other act adopting the transaction;
(ii) if he does not signify his approval or acceptance to
the seller but retains the goods without giving notice of
rejection, then, if a time has been xed for the return of
the goods, on the expiration of that time, or, if no time
has been xed, on the expiration of a reasonable time;
(e) (i) where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained or
future goods by description, and goods of that description,
and in a deliverable state, are unconditionally appropriated to
the contract, either by the seller with the assent of the buyer
or by the buyer with the assent of the seller, the property in
the goods thereupon passes to the buyer; and assent may be
express or implied, and may be given either before or after
the appropriation is made;
(ii) where, in pursuance of the contract, the seller delivers the
goods to the buyer or to a carrier or other bailee or custodier
(whether named by the buyer or not) for the purpose of
transmission to the buyer, and does not reserve the right of
disposal, he is deemed to have unconditionally appropriated
the goods to the contract.
21. (1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specic goods,
or where goods are subsequently appropriated to the contract, the seller
may, by the terms of the contract or appropriation, reserve the right of
disposal of the goods until certain conditions are fullled; and in that
case, notwithstanding the delivery of the goods to a buyer, or to a carrier
or other bailee or custodier for the purpose of transmission to the buyer,
the property in the goods does not pass to the buyer until the conditions
imposed by the seller are fullled.
(2) Where goods are shipped, and by the bill of lading the goods
Reservation by seller
of right of disposal.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 13
are deliverable to the order of the seller or his agent, the seller is prima
facie deemed to reserve the right of disposal.
(3) Where the seller of goods draws on the buyer for the price, and
transmits the bill of exchange and bill of lading to the buyer together to
secure acceptance or payment of the bill of exchange, the buyer is bound
to return the bill of lading if he does not honour the bill of exchange,
and if he wrongfully retains the bill of lading the property in the goods
does not pass to him.
22. Unless otherwise agreed, the goods remain at the seller’s
risk until the property therein is transferred to the buyer, but when the
property therein is transferred to the buyer the goods are at the buyer’s
risk whether delivery has been made or not:
Provided that—
(i) where delivery has been delayed through the fault of either
buyer or seller the goods are at the risk of the party at
fault as regards any loss which might not have occurred
but for that fault;
(ii) nothing in this section shall affect the duties or liabilities
of either seller or buyer as a bailee or custodier of the
goods of the other party.
Transfer of Title
23. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, where goods are sold
by a person who is not the owner thereof, and who does not sell them
under the authority or with the consent of the owner, the buyer acquires
no better title to the goods than the seller had, unless the owner of the
goods is by his conduct precluded from denying the seller’s authority
to sell.
(2) Nothing in this Act shall affect—
(a) the provisions of any enactment enabling the apparent
owner of goods to dispose of them as if he were the true
owner thereof;
(b) the validity of any contract of sale under any special common
law or statutory power of sale or under the order of a court
of competent jurisdiction.
24. When the seller of goods has a voidable title thereto, but his
Risk prima facie
passes with property.
Sale by person not
the owner.
Sale under voidable
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
14
title has not been avoided at the time of the sale, the buyer acquires a
good title to the goods, provided he buys them in good faith and without
notice of the seller’s defect of title.
25. (1) Where goods have been stolen and the offender is
prosecuted to conviction, the property in the goods so stolen revests
in the person who was the owner of the goods, or his personal
representative, notwithstanding any intermediate dealing with them,
whether by sale or otherwise.
(2) Notwithstanding any enactment to the contrary, where goods
have been obtained by fraud or other wrongful means not amounting to
theft, the property in the goods shall not revest in the person who was
the owner of the goods or his personal representative, by reason only
of the conviction of the offender.
26. (1) Where a person having sold goods continues or is in
possession of the goods, or of the documents of title to the goods, the
delivery or transfer by that person, or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of
the goods or documents of title, under any sale, pledge or other
disposition thereof, to any person receiving them in good faith and
without notice of the previous sale shall have the same effect as if the
person making the delivery or transfer were expressly authorized by
the owner of the goods to make it.
(2) Where a person having bought or agreed to buy goods
obtains, with the consent of the seller, possession of the goods or the
documents of title to the goods, the delivery or transfer by that person,
or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of the goods or documents of
title, under any sale, pledge or other disposition thereof, to any person
receiving them in good faith and without notice of any lien or other
right of the original seller in respect of the goods shall have the same
effect as if the person making the delivery or transfer were a mercantile
agent in possession of the goods or documents of title with the consent
of the owner.
(3) In this section, “mercantile agent” means a mercantile agent
having, in the customary course of his business as agent, authority either
to sell goods, or to consign goods for the purposes of sale, or to buy
goods, or to raise money on the security of goods.
27. (1) A writ of eri facias or other writ of execution against
goods shall bind the property in the goods of the execution debtor as
from the time when the writ is delivered to the sheriff to be executed;
and, for the better record of that time, the sheriff shall, without fee,
upon the receipt of the writ endorse upon the back thereof the hour,
day, month and year when he received it:
title.
Revesting of property
in stolen goods
on conviction of
offender.
Resale of goods in
certain cases.
Effect of writs of
execution.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 15
Provided that no such writ shall prejudice the title to goods
acquired by any person in good faith and for valuable consideration,
unless that person had at the time when he acquired his title notice that
the writ or any other writ by virtue of which the goods of the execution
debtor might be seized or attached had been delivered to and remained
unexecuted in the hands of the sheriff.
(2) In this section, “sheriff” includes any ofcer charged with the
enforcement of a writ of execution.
part IV—perFormanCe oF the ContraCt
28. It is the duty of the seller to deliver the goods, and of the
buyer to accept and pay for them, in accordance with the terms of the
contract of sale.
29. Unless otherwise agreed, delivery of the goods and payment
of the price are concurrent conditions, that is to say, the seller must
be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in
exchange for the price, and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay
the price in exchange for possession of the goods.
30. (1) Whether it is for the buyer to take possession of the goods
or for the seller to send them to the buyer is a question depending in each
case on the contract, express or implied, between the parties; and apart
from any such contract, express or implied, the place of delivery is the
seller’s place of business, if he has one, and if not, his residence:
Provided that if the contract is for the sale of specic goods which,
to the knowledge of the parties when the contract is made, are in some
other place, then that place is the place of delivery.
(2) Where under the contract of sale the seller is bound to send
the goods to the buyer, but no time for sending them is xed, the seller
is bound to send them within a reasonable time.
(3) Where the goods at the time of sale are in the possession of
a third person, there is no delivery by seller to buyer unless and until
the third person acknowledges to the buyer that he holds the goods on
his behalf:
Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the operation of
the issue or transfer of any document of title to goods.
(4) Demand or tender of delivery may be treated as ineffectual
unless made at a reasonable hour; and what is a reasonable hour is a
Duties of seller and
buyer.
Payment and
delivery concurrent
conditions.
Rules as to delivery.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
16
question of fact.
(5) Unless otherwise agreed, the expenses of and incidental to
putting the goods into a deliverable state must be borne by the seller.
31. (1) Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of
goods less than he contracted to sell, the buyer may reject them, but if
the buyer accepts the goods so delivered he must pay for them at the
contract rate.
(2) Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods larger
than he contracted to sell, the buyer may accept the goods included in
the contract and reject the rest, or he may reject the whole; and if the
buyer accepts the whole of the goods so delivered he must pay for them
at the contract rate.
(3) Where the seller delivers to the buyer the goods he contracted
to sell mixed with goods of a different description not included in the
contract, the buyer may accept the goods which are in accordance with
the contract and reject the rest, or he may reject the whole.
(4) The provisions of this section are subject to any usage of trade,
special agreement or course of dealing between the parties.
32. (1) Unless otherwise agreed, the buyer of goods is not bound
to accept delivery thereof by instalments.
(2) Where there is a contract for the sale of goods to be delivered
by stated installments and to be separately paid for, and the seller
makes defective deliveries in respect of one or more installments, or
the buyer neglects or refuses to take delivery of or pay for one or more
installments, it is a question in each case, depending on the terms of
the contract and the circumstances of the case, whether the breach of
contract is a repudiation of the whole contract or whether it is a severable
breach giving rise to a claim for compensation but not to a right to treat
the whole contract as repudiated.
33. (1) Where, in pursuance of a contract of sale, the seller is
authorized or required to send the goods to the buyer, delivery of the
goods to the carrier, whether named by the buyer or not, for the purpose
of transmission to the buyer is prima facie deemed to be a delivery of
the goods to the buyer.
(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the buyer, the seller must
make such contract with the carrier on behalf of the buyer as may
be reasonable having regard to the nature of the goods and the other
circumstances of the case; and if the seller omits so to do, and the goods
Delivery of
wrong quantity or
description.
Delivery by
instalments.
Delivery to carrier as
buyer’s agent.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 17
are lost or damaged in course of transit, the buyer may decline to treat
the delivery to the carrier as a delivery to himself, or may hold the seller
responsible in damages.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are sent by the seller
to the buyer by a route involving sea transit, under circumstances in
which it is usual to insure, the seller must give such notice to the buyer
as may enable him to insure them during their sea transit, and, if the
seller fails to do so, the goods shall be deemed to be at his risk during
sea transit.
34. Where the seller of goods agrees to deliver them at his own
risk at a place other than that where they are when sold, the buyer must
nevertheless, unless otherwise agreed, take any risk of deterioration in
the goods necessarily incident to the course of transit.
35. (1) Where goods are delivered to the buyer which he has not
previously examined, he is not deemed to have accepted them unless
and until he has had a reasonable opportunity of examining them for
the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the
contract.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, when the seller tenders delivery
of goods to the buyer, he is bound, on request, to afford the buyer
a reasonable opportunity of examining the goods for the purpose of
ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract.
36. The buyer is deemed to have accepted the goods when he
intimates to the seller that he has accepted them or when the goods have
been delivered to him, and he does any act in relation to them which is
inconsistent with the ownership of the seller, or when, after the lapse of
a reasonable time, he retains the goods without intimating to the seller
that he has rejected them.
37. Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are delivered to the
buyer, and he refuses to accept them, having the right so to do, he is
not bound to return them to the seller, but it is sufcient if he intimates
to the seller that he refuses to accept them.
38. When the seller is ready and willing to deliver the goods,
and requests the buyer to take delivery, and the buyer does not within
a reasonable time after the request take delivery of the goods, he is
liable to the seller for any loss occasioned by his neglect or refusal to
take delivery, and also for a reasonable charge for the care and custody
of the goods:
Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of the
Risk where goods
delivered elsewhere
than at place of sale.
Buyer’s right of
examining the goods.
Acceptance.
Buyer is not bound to
return rejected goods.
Liability of buyer for
neglecting or refusing
delivery of goods.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
18
seller where the neglect or refusal of the buyer to take delivery amounts
to a repudiation of the contract.
part V—rIghts oF UnpaId seller agaInst the goods
39. (1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an unpaid seller within
the meaning of this Act—
(a) when the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered;
(b) when a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has
been received as conditional payment, and the condition on
which it was received has not been fullled by reason of the
dishonour of the instrument or otherwise.
(2) In this Part, “seller” includes any person who is in the position
of a seller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill of
lading has been endorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid,
or is directly responsible for, the price.
40. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, and of any Act in that
behalf, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed
to the buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as such, has by implication of
law—
(a) a lien on the goods or right to retain them for the price while
he is in possession of them;
(b) in case of the insolvency of the buyer, a right of stopping
the goods in transitu after he has parted with the possession
of them;
(c) a right of resale as limited by this Act.
(2) Where the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the
unpaid seller has, in addition to his other remedies, a right of withholding
delivery similar to and coextensive with his rights of lien and stoppage
in transitu where the property has passed to the buyer.
Unpaid Seller’s Lien
41. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the unpaid seller
of goods who is in possession of them is entitled to retain possession
of them until payment or tender of the price in the following cases—
(a) where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as
to credit;
Unpaid seller
dened.
Rights of unpaid
seller.
Seller’s lien.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 19
(b) where the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of
credit has expired;
(c) where the buyer becomes insolvent.
(2) The seller may exercise his right of lien notwithstanding that
he is in possession of the goods as agent or bailee or custodier for the
buyer.
42. Where an unpaid seller has made part delivery of the goods,
he may exercise his right of lien or retention on the remainder unless
the part delivery has been made under such circumstances as to show
an agreement to waive the lien or right of retention.
43. (1) The unpaid seller of goods loses his lien or right of
retention thereon—
(a) when he delivers the goods to a carrier or other bailee or
custodier for the purpose of transmission to the buyer without
reserving the right of disposal of the goods;
(b) when the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession
of the goods;
(c) by waiver thereof.
(2) The unpaid seller of goods, having a lien or right of retention
thereon, does not lose his lien or right of retention by reason only that
he has obtained judgment or decree for the price of the goods.
Stoppage in Transitu
44. Subject to the provisions of this Act, when the buyer of goods
becomes insolvent, the unpaid seller who has parted with the possession
of the goods has the right of stopping them in transitu, that is to say,
he may resume possession of the goods as long as they are in course of
transit, and may retain them until payment or tender of the price.
45. (1) Goods are deemed to be in course of transit from the time
when they are delivered to a carrier by land, air or water, or other bailee
or custodier for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, until the buyer
or his agent in that behalf takes delivery of them from the carrier or
other bailee or custodier.
(2) If the buyer or his agent in that behalf obtains delivery of the
goods before their arrival at the appointed destination, the transit is at
Lien after part
delivery.
Termination of lien.
Right of stoppage in
transitu.
Duration of transit.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
20
an end.
(3) If, after the arrival of the goods at the appointed destination,
the carrier or other bailee or custodier acknowledges to the buyer, or his
agent, that he holds the goods on his behalf and continues in possession
of them as bailee or custodier for the buyer, or his agent, the transit is
at an end, and it is immaterial that a further destination for the goods
may have been indicated by the buyer.
(4) If the goods are rejected by the buyer, and the carrier or other
bailee or custodier continues in possession of them, the transit is not
deemed to be at an end, even if the seller has refused to receive them
back.
(5) When the goods are delivered to a ship chartered by the buyer,
it is a question, depending on the circumstances of the particular case,
whether they are in the possession of the master as a carrier, or as agent
to the buyer.
(6) Where the carrier or other bailee or custodier wrongfully
refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer, or his agent in that behalf, the
transit is deemed to be at an end.
(7) Where part delivery of the goods has been made to the
buyer, or his agent in that behalf, the remainder of the goods may be
stopped in transitu, unless the part delivery has been made under such
circumstances as to show an agreement to give up possession of the
whole of the goods.
46. (1) The unpaid seller may exercise his right of stoppage in
transitu either by taking actual possession of the goods, or by giving
notice of his claim to the carrier or other bailee or custodier in whose
possession the goods are; and the notice may be given either to the person
in actual possession of the goods or to his principal; and in the latter
case the notice, to be effectual, must be given at such time and under
such circumstances that the principal, by the exercise of reasonable
diligence, may communicate it to his servant or agent in time to prevent
a delivery to the buyer.
(2) When notice of stoppage in transitu is given by the seller to
the carrier, or other bailee or custodier in possession of the goods, he
must redeliver the goods to, or according to the directions of, the seller;
and the expenses of redelivery must be borne by the seller.
Resale by Buyer or Seller
47. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the unpaid seller’s right
Mode of stoppage in
transitu.
Effect of subsale or
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 21
of lien or retention or stoppage in transitu is not affected by any sale or
other disposition of the goods which the buyer may have made, unless
the seller has assented thereto:
Provided that where a document of title to goods has been lawfully
transferred to any person as buyer or owner of the goods, and that person
transfers the document to a person who takes the document in good faith
and for valuable consideration, then, if the last-mentioned transfer was
by way of sale, the unpaid seller’s right of lien or retention or stoppage
in transitu is defeated, and, if the last-mentioned transfer was by way
of pledge or other disposition for value, the unpaid seller’s right of lien
or retention or stoppage in transitu can only be exercised subject to the
rights of the transferee.
48. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a contract of sale
is not rescinded by the mere exercise by an unpaid seller of his right of
lien or retention or stoppage in transitu.
(2) Where an unpaid seller who has exercised his right of lien or
retention or stoppage in transitu resells the goods, the buyer acquires
a good title thereto as against the original buyer.
(3) Where the goods are of a perishable nature, or where the unpaid
seller gives notice to the buyer of his intention to resell, and the buyer
does not within a reasonable time pay or tender the price, the unpaid
seller may resell the goods and recover from the original buyer damages
for any loss occasioned by his breach of contract.
(4) Where the seller expressly reserves a right of resale in case the
buyer should make default, and, on the buyer making default, resells
the goods, the original contract of sale is thereby rescinded, but without
prejudice to any claim the seller may have for damages.
part VI–aCtIons For BreaCh oF the ContraCt
Remedies of the Seller
49. (1) Where, under a contract of sale, the property in the
goods has passed to the buyer, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or
refuses to pay for the goods according to the terms of the contract, the
seller may maintain an action against him for the price of the goods.
(2) Where, under a contract of sale, the price is payable on a day
certain irrespective of delivery, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or
refuses to pay the price, the seller may maintain an action for the price,
although the property in the goods has not passed and the goods have
not been appropriated to the contract.
pledge by buyer.
Effect on sale of
exercise of lien or
stoppage in transitu.
Action for price.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
22
50. (1) Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to accept
and pay for the goods, the seller may maintain an action against him
for damages for non-acceptance.
(2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and
naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the buyer’s
breach of contract.
(3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question,
the measure of damages is prima facie to be ascertained by the difference
between the contract price and the market or current price at the time or
times when the goods ought to have been accepted, or, if no time was
xed for acceptance, then at the time of the refusal to accept.
Remedies of the Buyer
51. (1) Where the seller wrongfully neglects or refuses to deliver
the goods to the buyer, the buyer may maintain an action against the
seller for damages for non-delivery.
(2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and
naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the seller’s
breach of contract.
(3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question
the measure of damages is prima facie to be ascertained by the difference
between the contract price and the market or current price of the goods
at the time or times when they ought to have been delivered, or, if no
time was xed, then at the time of the refusal to deliver.
52. (1) In any action for breach of contract to deliver specic
or ascertained goods the court may, if it thinks t, on the application
of the plaintiff, by its judgment or decree direct that the contract shall
be performed specically, without giving the defendant the option of
retaining the goods on payment of damages.
(2) The judgment or decree may be unconditional, or upon such
terms and conditions as to damages, payment of the price, and otherwise,
as to the court may seem just, and the application by the plaintiff may
be made at any time before judgment or decree.
53. (1) Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, or where
the buyer elects, or is compelled, to treat any breach of a condition on
the part of the seller as a breach of warranty, the buyer is not by reason
only of the breach of warranty entitled to reject the goods; but he may—
Action for
non-acceptance.
Action for
non-delivery.
Right to specic
performance.
Remedy for breach of
warranty.
Rev. 2009] Sale of Goods CAP. 31 23
(a) set up against the seller the breach of warranty in diminution
or extinction of the price; or
(b) maintain an action against the seller for damages for the
breach of warranty.
(2) The measure of damages for breach of warranty is the
estimated loss directly and naturally resulting, in the ordinary course
of events, from the breach of warranty.
(3) In the case of breach of warranty of quality, the loss is prima
facie the difference between the value of the goods at the time of delivery
to the buyer and the value they would have had if they had answered
to the warranty.
(4) The fact that the buyer has set up the breach of warranty
in diminution or extinction of the price does not prevent him from
maintaining an action for the same breach of warranty if he has suffered
further damage.
54. Nothing in this Act shall affect the right of the buyer or the
seller to recover interest or special damages in any case where by law
interest or special damages may be recoverable, or to recover money
paid where the consideration for the payment of it has failed.
part VII—sUpplementary
55. Where any right, duty or liability would arise under a contract
of sale by implication of law, it may be negatived or varied by express
agreement or by the course of dealing between the parties, or by usage,
if the usage be such as to bind both parties to the contract.
56. Where, by this Act, any reference is made to a reasonable time,
the question what is reasonable time is a question of fact.
57. Where any right, duty or liability is declared by this Act, it
may, unless otherwise provided by this Act, be enforced by action.
58. (1) In the case of sale by auction—
(a) where goods are put up for sale by auction in lots, each
lot is prima facie deemed to be the subject of a separate
contract of sale;
(b) a sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer announces
its completion by the fall of the hammer, or in other
Interest and special
damages.
Variation, etc., of
implied rights.
Reasonable time.
Rights, etc.,
enforceable by
action.
Auction sales.
CAP. 31 Sale of Goods [Rev. 2009
24
customary manner; and until the announcement is made any
bidder may retract his bid;
(c) where a sale by auction is not notied to be subject to a right
to bid on behalf of the seller, it shall not be lawful for the
seller to bid himself or to employ any person to bid at the
sale, or for the auctioneer knowingly to take any bid from
the seller or any such person; and any sale contravening this
rule may be treated as fraudulent by the buyer;
(d) a sale by auction may be notied to be subject to a reserved
or upset price, and a right to bid may also be reserved
expressly by or on behalf of the seller.
(2) Where a right to bid is expressly reserved, but not otherwise,
the seller, or any one person on his behalf, may bid at the auction.
59. (1) The rules in bankruptcy relating to contracts of sale shall
continue to apply thereto, notwithstanding anything contained in this
Act.
(2) The rules of the common law, including the law merchant,
save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of
this Act, and in particular the rules relating to the law of principal and
agent, and the effect of fraud, misrepresentation, duress or coercion,
mistake or other invalidating cause, shall continue to apply to contracts
for the sale of goods.
(3) Nothing in this Act shall affect the enactments relating to bills
of sale or any other enactment relating to the sale of goods.
(4) The provisions of this Act relating to contracts of sale do
not apply to any transaction in the form of a contract of sale which
is intended to operate by way of mortgage, pledge, charge or other
security.
Savings.
