7
33. The Commissioner is particularly concerned about a number of additional sanctions which
automatically apply to physical persons dismissed by decree or through the procedures established
in decrees. These include a life-long ban from working in the public sector (which includes the
practice of law) and private security companies, annulment of passports, eviction from staff housing
and the annulment of rental agreements between these persons and public or semi-public bodies.
The Commissioner also has grave concerns about the method of publishing a list of names
annexed to decrees, which are laws in essence. It is beyond doubt that these persons will have to
bear the stigma of having been assessed as having links with a terrorist organisation by the Turkish
government itself, heavily compromising their potential of finding employment elsewhere.
34. These elements reinforce the view that, despite the executive or administrative nature of the
dismissal decisions, the sanctions imposed can display a criminal character, blurring the distinction
between administrative and criminal proceedings. The upholding of the principles of presumption of
innocence, legal certainty, no punishment without law, individuality of crimes and punishments and
due process are therefore of particular relevance. This is an additional reason for the
Commissioner to urge the authorities to stop applying these procedures and swiftly revert to
ordinary procedures.
Civil society and the private sector
35. Under the ECHR and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the state does certainly
not enjoy the same margin of appreciation applying to civil servants when it comes to legal bodies
and private entities. Therefore, the Commissioner considers that applying the same logic described
above in these cases is far more problematic from a human rights point of view and raises
questions of proportionality per se.
36. Even within this sector, many objective differences exist, including the rights these entities must
enjoy. While it can be argued that a private school or hospital is subject to some degree of
governmental regulation, for example, this reasoning does in no way apply to a newspaper, for
which freedom of expression, protected under Article 10 ECHR, must be a significant consideration.
By contrast, the right to private property (Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the ECHR) would be at stake
in both these cases. Likewise, the dissolution of an association or foundation, without a court order,
constitutes one of the most serious interferences imaginable with the right to freedom of association
(Article 11 ECHR).
37. The Commissioner understands the authorities’ reasoning that private entities may provide logistical
and financial support to terrorist activities. However, this risk could in all likelihood also have been
eliminated in most cases by freezing their assets or suspending their activities, pending a final
judicial decision, based on material evidence and individual reasoning. The Commissioner is not
convinced that dissolution of private entities enumerated in long lists, in an entirely irrevocable
fashion involving the takeover of their assets by the Treasury, was the most proportionate measure
in order to strike a proper balance between the objective risks considered and the applicable human
rights, including the rights to a fair trial, to property, to freedom of association, to freedom of
expression and to an effective remedy. In any event, administrative measures are wholly
inappropriate for these purposes in the Commissioner’s view.
38. For these reasons, the Commissioner calls on the Turkish authorities to stop applying the
same sweeping measures, which use opaque criteria and would, at least in principle, allow
for stereotypical and non-individualised reasoning and which derogate from the most basic
principles of due process, indiscriminately to all these sectors, groups, individuals and
private entities. There is an urgent need for a far more nuanced approach, taking into
account the specific circumstance not only of each group, but also of each entity and
individual, in order to ensure that the measures and sanctions are proportionate to those
circumstances. A good indicator of such proportionality would be the consideration given to
using ordinary procedures and safeguards to the widest extent possible in each case.
39. The Commissioner considers it particularly urgent to put an immediate stop to the closure,
on the basis of a simple administrative decision or an executive order, of legal persons,
such as newspapers, TV stations, associations, private companies, etc., and to the transfer
of their assets to the Treasury. He considers that simplified rules allowing the transfer of