Translating YHWH 49
and that he stands in direct relationship with people and nature, while Elohim indicates the transcendent
nature of God.
It will be helpful here to think of the way in which we look at names in everyday life. When our first son
was born, my wife and I named him Samuel, for the same reason that Hannah called her son by that name:
we were thankful that God had heard our prayer. Yet when I think about my son I seldom think about the
actual meaning of his name. I think of who he is, what he means to me, or what he is doing. Other people
will know him in a more restricted way, for example, as Samuel who used to sell cheese in the supermarket
or as Samuel their classmate. Thus, depending on our perspective, or in the case of literature depending on
the context, we make a descriptive definition of a person. This is not to say that the meaning of the name is
not important, but only in certain contexts will the meaning be in focus and need to be represented in the
text.
The name YHWH is never treated as a common noun and so we do not find phrases such as ‘our YHWH’ or
‘the YHWH of Israel’. YHWH most often occurs by itself, but is also often identified by a descriptive
phrase, as in ‘YHWH, the God of Israel’. On the other hand, 'elohim frequently functions as a common
noun in phrases such as ‘our God’ or ‘the God of Israel’. In a number of Old Testament books (e.g.,
Leviticus, Joshua, Joel, and Amos) the word 'elohim does not occur by itself at all, but only in a descriptive
phrase of some sort. In other books, though it occurs by itself occasionally, the large majority of its
occurrences are in a descriptive phrase. The Book of Genesis stands out in its use of 'elohim: Of the 226
occurrences of 'elohim in Genesis only 57 occur in a descriptive phrase. Where other books have ‘YHWH
said’ Genesis has ‘'elohim said’. In fact, ‘YHWH said’ occurs 291 times
1
in the Old Testament, while
‘'elohim said’ occurs only 38 times, 31 of which are in Genesis and Exodus, before God declares his name
to Moses. That leaves seven occurrences of ‘'elohim said’ subsequent to Exod. 3:14, where we would have
expected ‘YHWH said’ (Exod. 13:17, Num. 22:12, 1 Kings 3:5 and 11, 1 Chron. 28:3, 2 Chron. 1:11, and
Jonah 4:9). For the most part, YHWH was used when God is seen in reference to his people, and 'elohim
was used when God is seen in relation to the surrounding nations.
For the people of Israel in the Old Testament, YHWH was their God. This is the primary meaning of the
term YHWH. When we look at the phrases in which YHWH is described, such as ‘YHWH the God of Israel’
and ‘YHWH your God’, we find that more than 11 percent (786) of the 6,959 occurrences of YHWH are
modified by such descriptive phrases. In these descriptive phrases ‘God’ is the nuclear or central
meaningful component, while the other, more peripheral elements of meaning serve to relate YHWH and
‘God’ in a meaningful way.
Based on Exod. 3:15 we could define YHWH as follows: YHWH is the name of the God of Israel. Although
from phrases such as YHWH Seba'ot and ‘YHWH the God of heaven’ we know that YHWH is more than
the God of the people of Israel, in the context of Israel among the nations he is primarily seen as the God of
Israel.
2
2.2 Six options for translating YHWH
2.2.1 Option 1: Translate the meaning of YHWH
While the meaning of the name YHWH is something like ‘he is’, this meaning is not in focus in most of its
occurrences. It is in focus only in Exod. 3:14–15 and possibly in Hosea 1:9. It seems, then, that to translate
it with this meaning (e.g., as ‘The Eternal One’) would be to direct the focus away from its real
1
‘YHWH said’ occurs 290 times. Additionally, in 1 Chron. 11:2, it occurs with a modifying phrase, ‘YHWH your God
said’.
2
The phrase ‘YHWH the God of heaven’ occurs five times only, two of the occurrences being in identical passages
where Cyrus charges the people of his empire to support the building of the temple in Jerusalem (2 Chron. 36:23 and
Ezra 1:2). Of the others, two are in the passage where Abraham charges his servant to find a wife for Isaac (Gen. 24:3
and 7), and the fifth is in the passage where Jonah reveals to the sailors that he worships “the Lord, the God of heaven,
who made the sea and the land” (Jonah 1:9). All of these instances were written or spoken in a pagan context. A simple
reference to YHWH as the God of the Hebrews would not have had the required impact.