Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Bioanalytical Method

Validation

Guidance for Industry

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Food and Drug Administration

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)

Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)

May 2018

Biopharmaceutics

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Bioanalytical Method

Validation

Guidance for Industry

Additional copies are available from:

Office of Communications,

Division of Drug Information

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

Food and Drug Administration

10001 New Hampshire Ave., Hillandale Bldg., 4

Floor

Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002

Phone: 855-543-3784 or 301-796-3400; Fax: 301-431-6353

Email: druginfo@fda.hhs.gov

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm

and/or

Policy and Regulations Staff, HFV-6

Center for Veterinary Medicine

Food and Drug Administration

7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD 20855

http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/default.htm

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Food and Drug Administration

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)

Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)

May 2018

Biopharmaceutics

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05/24/18

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1

II. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 2

III. BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION ................. 4

A. Guiding Principles ........................................................................................................ 4

B. Bioanalytical Parameters of CCs and LBAs .................................................................... 5

1. Reference Standards and Critical Reagents ........................................................................ 5

2. Calibration Curve........................................................................................................... 6

3. Quality Control Samples.................................................................................................. 7

4. Selectivity and Specificity................................................................................................. 7

5. Sensitivity...................................................................................................................... 8

6. Accuracy, Precision, and Recovery ................................................................................... 8

7. Stability ........................................................................................................................ 9

8. Dilution Effects .............................................................................................................10

9. Partial and Cross Validations..........................................................................................11

C. Validated Methods: Expectations of In-Study Analysis and Reporting ............................12

IV. INCURRED SAMPLE REANALYSIS .................................................................... 14

V. ADDITIONAL ISSUES............................................................................................ 15

A. Endogenous Compounds ..............................................................................................15

B. Biomarkers .................................................................................................................15

C. Diagnostic Kits ............................................................................................................16

D. Bridging Data From Multiple Bioanalytical Technologies ...............................................17

E. Dried Blood Spots ........................................................................................................18

VI. DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................... 18

A. Summary Information..................................................................................................

B. Documentation for Method Validation and Bioanalytical Reports ...................................19

VII. APPENDIX............................................................................................................... 20

Table 1. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and

In-Study Conduct. ...............................................................................................................20

Table 2. Documentation and Reporting ................................................................................28

Table 3.

Example of an Overall Summary Table for a Method Validation Report* or a Clinical

Study Report.......................................................................................................................33

Table 4. Example of Summary Analytical Runs for a Bioanalytical Study Report....................36

VIII. GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................. 37

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Bioanalytical Method Validation

Guidance for Industry

This guidance represents the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) on

this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You

can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations.

To discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA office responsible for this guidance as listed on the

title page.

I. INTRODUCTION

This guidance helps sponsors of investigational new drug applications (INDs) or applicants of

new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), biologic license

applications (BLAs), and supplements validate bioanalytical methods used in human clinical

pharmacology, bioavailability (BA), and bioequivalence (BE) studies that require

pharmacokinetic, toxicokinetic, or biomarker concentration evaluation.

This guidance can also

inform the development of bioanalytical methods used for nonclinical studies that require

toxicokinetic or biomarker concentration data. For studies related to the veterinary drug

approval process such as investigational new animal drug applications (INADs), new animal

drug applications (NADAs), and abbreviated new animal drug applications (ANADAs), this

guidance may apply to blood and urine BA, BE, and pharmacokinetic studies.

The information in this guidance applies to bioanalytical procedures such as chromatographic

assays (CCs) and ligand binding assays (LBAs) that quantitatively determine the levels of drugs,

their metabolites, therapeutic proteins, and biomarkers in biologica l matrices such as blood,

serum, plasma, urine, and tissue such as skin.

This final guidance incorporates public comments to the revised draft published in 2013 and

provides recommendations for the development, validation, and in-study use of bioanalytical

methods. The recommendations can be modified with justification, depending on the specific

type of bioanalytical method. This guidance reflects advances in science and technology related

to validating bioanalytical methods.

In general, FDA’s guidance documents do not establish legally enforceable responsibilities.

Instead, guidances describe the Agency’s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only

This guidance has been prepared by the Office of Clinical Pharmacology in the Center for Drug Evaluation and

Research and the Center for Veterinary Medicine at the Food and Drug Administration.

This guidance applies to both sponsors and applicants. The use of the word sponsor applies to both sponsors and

applicants and hence, INDs, NDAs, BLAs, and ANDAs.

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as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited. The use of

the word should in Agency guidances means that something is suggested or recommended, but

not required.

II. BACKGROUND

The 2001 guidance for industry on Bioanalytical Method Validation was originally based on the

deliberations of two workshops described in publications entitled:

• Analytical Methods Validation: Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and Pharmacokinetic

Studies

• Bioanalytical Methods Validation: A Revisit With a Decade of Progress

Additional workshops, summarized in the following publications, have informed subsequent

revisions (e.g., the 2013 draft guidance for industry entitled Bioanalytical Method Validation

• Quantitative Bioanalytical Methods Validation and Implementation: Best Practices for

Chromatographic and Ligand Binding Assays

• The AAPS/FDA Workshop on Incurred Sample Reanalysis

• The AAPS Workshop on Crystal City V — Quantitative Bioanalytical Method Validation

and Implementation: 2013 Revised FDA Guidance

Shah, VP, KK Midha, S Dighe, IJ McGilveray, JP Skelly, A Yacobi, T Layloff, CT Viswanathan, CE Cook, RD

McDowell, KA Pittman, S Spector, 1992, Analytical Methods Validation: Bioavailability, Bioequivalence, and

Pharmacokinetic Studies, Pharm Res, 9:588-592.

Shah, VP, KK Midha, JW Findlay, HM Hill, JD Hulse, IJ McGilveray, G McKay, KJ Miller, RN Patnaik, ML

Powell, A Tonelli, CT Vis wanathan, A Yacobi, 2000, Bioanalytical Methods Validation: A Revisit With a Decade

of Progress, Pharm Res, 17:1551-1557.

When final, this guidance will represent the FDA’s current thinking on this topic. For the most recent version of a

guidance, check the FDA Drugs guidance Web page at

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm

Viswanathan, CT, B Surendra, B Booth, AJ DeStefano, MJ Rose, J Sailstad, VP Shah, JP Skelly, PG Swann, R

Weiner, 2007, Quantitative Bioanalytical Methods Validation and Implementation: Best Practices for

Chromatographic and Ligand Binding Assays, Pharm Res, 24:1962-1973.

Fast, DM, M Kelley, CT Viswanathan, J O’Shaughnessy, SP King, A Chaudhary, R Weiner, AJ DeStefano, D

Tang, 2009, Workshop Report and Follow-Up — AAPS Workshop on Current Topics in GLP Bioanalysis: Assay

Reproducibility for Incurred Samples — Implications of Crystal City Recommendations, AAPS J, 11:238-241.

Booth, B, ME Arnold, B DeSilva, L Amaravadi, S Dudal, E Fluhler, B Gorovits, SH Haidar, J Kadavil, S Lowes,

R Nicholson, M Rock, M Skelly, L Stevenson, S Subramaniam, R Weiner, E Woolf, 2015, Workshop Report:

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Validated analytical methods for the quantitative evaluation of analytes (i.e., drugs, including

biologic products, and their metabolites) and biomarkers in a given biological matrix (e.g. blood,

plasma, serum, or urine) are critical for the successful conduct of nonclinical, biopharmaceutics,

and clinical pharmacology studies. These validated methods provide critical data to support the

safety and effectiveness of drugs and biologic products. Validating the analytical method

ensures that the data are reliable by addressing certain key questions, including:

• Does the method measure the intended analyte? For example, does anything interfere

with the measurement, and is the method specific or selective for the analyte?

• What is the variability associated with these measurements? For example, what are the

accuracy and precision

of the method?

• What is the range in measurements that provide reliable data? For example, what is the

sensitivity of the method (e.g., what is the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of the

method, and what is the upper limit of quantitation the method (ULOQ)?)

• How do sample collection, handling, and storage affect the reliability of the data from the

bioanalytical method? For example, what steps need to be followed while collecting

samples? Do the samples need to be frozen during shipping? What temperatures are

required to store the samples, and how long can the samples be stored?

When changes are made to a validated method, the sponsor should conduct additional validation

(i.e., partial or cross validation).

The fit-for-purpose (FFP) concept states that the level of validation should be appropriate for the

intended purpose of the study. The key questions listed above should be evaluated relative to the

stage of drug development. Pivotal studies submitted in an NDA, BLA, or ANDA that require

regulatory decision making for approval, safety or labeling, such as BE or pharmacokinetic

studies, should include bioanalytical methods that are fully validated. Exploratory methods that

would not be used to support regulatory decision making (e.g., candidate selection) may not

require such stringent validation. This FFP concept applies to drugs, their metabolites, and

biomarkers.

The analytical laboratory conducting toxicology studies for regulatory submissions should

adhere to 21 CFR 58, Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs).

The bioanalytical method for human

BA, BE, and pharmacokinetic studies must meet the criteria specified in 21 CFR 320

Bioequivalence and Bioavailability Requirements (i.e., 21 CFR 320.29).

Crys tal City V — Quantitative Bioanalytical Method Validation and Implementation: The 2013 Revised FDA

Guidance, AAPS J, 17:277-288.

For the Center for Veterinary Medicine, all BE studies are subject to Good Laboratory Practices.

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The following sections discuss the development, validation, and in-study use of bioanalytica l

methods and how best to document validation methods and results. Refer to the Glossary for the

definitions of assay parameters and analytical terms used in this guidance.

III. BIOANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION

A. Guiding Principles

The purpose of bioanalytical method development is to define the design, operating conditions,

limitations, and suitability of the method for its intended purpose and to ensure that the method is

optimized for validation.

Before the development of a bioanalytical method, the sponsor should understand the analyte of

interest (e.g., determine the physicochemical properties of the drug, in vitro and in vivo

metabolism, and protein binding) and consider aspects of any prior analytical methods that may

be applicable.

The elements and acceptance criteria of method development and validation are summarized in

Table 1. Table 2 describes how the sponsor should document the development and validation of

the bioanalytical assay and where it should be stored or submitted.

Method development involves optimizing the procedures and conditions involved with extracting

and detecting the analyte. Method development includes the optimization of the following

bioanalytical parameters (which are discussed in greater detail in section III.B) to ensure that the

method is suitable for validation:

• Reference standards

• Critical reagents

• Calibration curve

• Quality control samples (QCs)

• Selectivity and specificity

• Sensitivity

• Accuracy

• Precision

• Recovery

• Stability of the analyte in the matrix

Bioanalytical method development does not require extensive record keeping or notation.

However, the sponsor should record the changes to procedures as well as any issues and their

resolutions during development of the bioanalytical method to provide a rationale for any

changes during the development of the method.

Bioanalytical method validation proves that the optimized method is suited to the analysis of the

study samples. The sponsor should:

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• Conduct a full validation of any new bioanalytical method for the analysis of a new drug

entity, its metabolite(s), or biomarkers.

• Conduct a full validation for any revisions to an existing validated method that adds a

metabolite or an additional analyte.

• Establish a detailed, written description (e.g., protocol, study plan, and/or standard

operating procedure (SOP)) for the bioanalytical method before initiating validation. The

description should identify procedures that control critical parameters in the method (e.g.,

environmental, matrix, procedural variables) from the time of collection of the samples to

the time of analysis to minimize their effects on the measurement of the analyte in the

matrix.

• Document and report (in the method validation report) all experiments used to make

claims or draw conclusions about the validity of the method.

• Validate the measurement of each analyte in the biological matrix. The specific

recommendations and acceptance criteria for each bioanalytical parameter are listed in

Table 1.

B. Bioanalytical Parameters of CCs and LBAs

The bioanalytical parameters applicable to CCs and LBAs are discussed below. Issues unique to

either CCs or LBAs are specifically identified.

1. Reference Standards and Critical Reagents

The sponsor should appropriately characterize and document (e.g. determine the identity, purity,

and stability) all reference standards and critical reagents, such as antibodies, labeled analytes,

and matrices and store them under defined conditions.

a. Reference standards

The purity of reference standards used to prepare calibrators and QCs can affect the study data.

Therefore, the sponsor should use authenticated analytical reference standards with known

identities and purities to prepare solutions of known concentrations. The reference standard

should be identical to the analyte; however, when this scenario is not possible, the sponsor can

use an established chemical form (e.g., free base, free acid, or salt) of known purity.

The sponsor should provide the certificates of analyses (CoA), including the source, lot number,

and expiration date (with the exception of United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards) for

commercially available reference standards. For internally or externally generated reference

standards that do not have a CoA, the sponsor should provide evidence of the standard’s identity

and purity in addition to the source and the lot number. When using expired reference standards,

the sponsor should provide an updated CoA or re-establish the identity and purity of the

standard. If the reference standard expires, the sponsor should not make stock solutions with this

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lot of standard unless the standard’s purity is re-established. For internal standards (ISs), the

sponsor does not have to provide a CoA or evidence of purity if it demonstrates that the IS is

suitable for the specific use (e.g., lack of interference with an analyte).

b. Critical reagents

The sponsor should appropriately characterize and document (i.e., determine the identity, purity

and stability) the critical reagents, including – but not limited to – any reference standards,

antibodies, labeled analytes, and matrices.

Assay validation is important when there are changes to the critical reagents, such as lot-to-lot

changes or switches to another reagent. For example, if there are changes to the labeled analytes,

detector reagents, or antibodies, the sponsor should:

• Evaluate binding and re-optimize assays

• Verify performance with a standard curve and QCs

• Evaluate cross-reactivities

2. Calibration Curve

During method development, the sponsor should choose the quantitation range of the assay and

the concentrations of the calibration standards on the basis of the concentration range expected in

a particular study. For LBAs, in addition to the calibration standards, anchor points outside the

range of quantification can facilitate the fitting of the curve.

Anchor points should not be used as

part of the acceptance criteria for the run. For most LBAs, calibration (standard) curves are

inherently nonlinear, and in general, more calibration standards are needed to define the fit over

the calibration curve range for LBAs than for CCs. In addition, the response-error relationship

for LBA standard curves is a variable function of the mean response (i.e., heteroscadisticity).

The sponsor should use the simplest model that adequately describes the concentration-response

relationship, as well as an appropriate weighting scheme and regression equation. For LBAs, the

concentration-response relationship is most often fitted to a four- or five-parameter logistic

model, although other models can be assessed.

When the method is validated, the calibration curve should be continuous and reproducible. The

sponsor should prepare the calibration standards in the same biological matrix as the samples in

the intended study. Study samples may contain more than one analyte. The sponsor should

generate a calibration curve for each analyte in the sample. When surrogate matrices are

necessary, the sponsor should justify and validate the calibration curves.

The requirements for the calibration curve, including the LLOQ, ULOQ, as well as the

acceptance criteria are listed in Table 1.

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3. Quality Control Samples

Quality controls are used to assess the precision and accuracy of an assay and the stability of the

samples. Sponsors should prepare QCs in the same matrix as the study samples to be assayed

with the validated method. Freshly prepared QCs are recommended for precision and accuracy

analyses during method development, as stability data are generally not available at this time.

During method validation, QCs evaluate the performance of a method and the stability of an

analyte. Performance QCs are included in validation runs to determine the precision and

accuracy of the method (see section III.B). Stability QCs evaluate the stability of an analyte

under various stress conditions (Refer to section III.B for the selection of QC concentrations).

The sponsor should prepare any calibration standards and QCs from separate stock solutions.

However, if the sponsor can demonstrate the precision and accuracy in one validation run using

calibrators and QCs prepared from separate stock solutions, then the sponsor can use calibrators

and QCs prepared from the same stock solution in subsequent runs. The sponsor should make up

calibrators and QCs in lots of blank matrix that is free of interference or matrix effects.

4. Selectivity and Specificity

During method development, the sponsor should verify that the substance being measured is the

intended analyte to minimize or avoid interference. Selectivity of the method is routinely

demonstrated by analyzing blank samples of the appropriate biological matrix (e.g., plasma)

from multiple sources. Depending on the intended use of the assay, the impact of hemolyzed

samples, lipemic samples, or samples from special populations can be included in the selectivity

assessment. When using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods, the

sponsor or applicant should determine the effects of the matrix on ion suppression, ion

enhancement, or extraction efficiency.

Internal standards should be assessed to avoid

interference with the analyte. Potential interfering substances in a biological matrix include

endogenous matrix components such as metabolites, decomposition products – and from the

actual study – concomitant medications and other xenobiotics.

If a stabilizer or enzyme inhibitor

is used during sample collection, the sponsor should evaluate the potential for interference on the

quantitation of the analyte. Sponsors should make a scientific judgment about the need to assess

these (and any other) potential interferences during method development.

During validation, the sponsor should confirm that the assay is free of potential interfering

substances including endogenous matrix components, metabolites, anticipated concomitant

medications, etc. If the study sample contains more than one analyte and the analytes are

intended to be quantified by different methods, the sponsor should test each method for

interference from the other analyte.

The sponsor should analyze blank samples of the appropriate biological matrix (e.g. plasma)

from at least six (for CCs) or ten (for LBAs) individual sources. The sponsor should ensure that

there are no matrix effects throughout the application of the method. Refer to Table 1 for

details of selectivity and specificity requirements and acceptance criteria.

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For LBAs, it is important to investigate any interference originating from structurally or

physiologically similar analytes (i.e., exogenous interference) or matrix effects (i.e., endogenous

interference). Investigating exogenous interference involves determining the cross-reactivity of

molecules that could potentially interfere with the binding interaction, including molecules

structurally related to the drug, any metabolites, concomitant medications (and their significant

metabolites), or endogenous matrix components. The sponsor should evaluate each factor

individually and in combination with the analyte of interest to determine its ability to cause

interference. Matrix effects evaluation involves comparing calibration curves in multiple sources

of the biological matrix against a calibration curve in the matrix for parallelism (serial dilution of

incurred samples) and nonspecific binding. The sponsor should eliminate or minimize any

significant interference. If such attempts are unsuccessful, the sponsor could consider the

development of an orthogonal method to eliminate or minimize the interference.

Carryover between samples can occur in analytical methods. The sponsor should eliminate any

carryover during method development. If carryover cannot be eliminated, the sponsor should

assess the impact of any carryover during method validation on the accuracy of the study sample

concentrations.

5. Sensitivity

The LLOQ defines the method sensitivity and should be determined during method

development. The method should be developed and validated such that it will be able to meet

the requirements necessary for the intended study samples. The LLOQ evaluation can be done

separately or as part of the precision and accuracy assessment for the calibration range. The

specific recommendations to validate sensitivity are listed in Table 1.

6. Accuracy, Precision, and Recovery

Evaluating the accuracy and precision across the quantitation range during method development

is essential to determine whether the method is ready for validation and involves analyzing

replicate QCs at multiple concentrations across the assay range. Specifically, the sponsor should

evaluate the performance at the LLOQ, low, mid and high QCs (and the ULOQ for LBAs) to

determine if the method is suitable to analyze study samples.

Method validation experiments for estimating accuracy and precision should include a minimum

of three (for CCs) and six (for LBAs) independent runs (i.e., accuracy and precision (A & P)

runs; see Table 1) conducted over several days. Each A & P run should include a calibration

curve and multiple QC concentrations that are analyzed in replicates. The sponsor should

determine the accuracy and precision of the method based on the performance of the QC in the A

& P runs. The specific validation requirements for accuracy and precision and A & P runs are

listed in Table 1. The sponsor should use freshly prepared calibrators and QCs in all A & P runs.

Use of freshly prepared QCs in all A & P runs is preferred; however, if this is not possible, the

sponsor should use freshly prepared QCs in one or more A & P runs.

The sponsor should optimize the recovery of the analyte to ensure that the extraction is efficient

and reproducible. Recovery need not be 100 percent, but the extent of the recovery of an analyte

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and of the ISs should be consistent and reproducible. The sponsor should perform recovery

experiments by comparing the analytical results of extracted samples with corresponding extracts

of blanks spiked with the analyte post-extraction (i.e., to represent 100 percent recovery).

Recovery evaluation is not necessary for LBAs unless sample extraction is involved. Recovery

experiments should be performed as described in Table 1.

7. Stability

During method development, the sponsor should determine the chemical stability of the analyte

in a given matrix, including the effects of sample collection, handling, and storage of the analyte.

The sponsor should assess autosampler, benchtop, processed or extracted samples, freeze-thaw,

stock solution, and long-term stability of the analyte. The sponsor should assess the stability in

the same matrix as that intended for in-study samples; however, when the matrix is rare, the

sponsor can explore the use of suitable surrogate matrices.

For drugs administered as fixed combinations, or part of a specific drug regimen, the stability of

the analyte should be assessed in the presence of the other drug. The sponsor should also

consider the stability of the analyte in the presence of other co-medications that are known to be

regularly administered to patients for the indication of the drug under development.

Depending on the analyte as well as the sample collection and assay conditions, evaluating the

stability of the analyte in whole blood during method development can be useful. For example, a

drug can be unstable in whole blood or adsorb to cellular components during collection.

During validation, stability evaluations should cover the expected sample conditions before

receipt at the analytical site (e.g., at the clinical site, during shipment,

and at all other secondary

sites) as well as during receipt and analysis at the analytical site. Validation of drug stability in a

biological fluid is a function of the storage conditions, the physicochemical properties of the

drug, the matrix, and the container system. The stability of an analyte in a particular matrix and

container system is relevant only to that matrix and container system and should not be

extrapolated to other matrices and container systems.

If the storage conditions changed or the sample analysis occurred outside of the validated storage

condition , the stability should be re-established under these new conditions. Stability testing of

the analyte in whole blood should be revalidated if necessary (e.g., if the analytes are unstable

during blood collection). The specific recommendations and acceptance criteria for stability are

listed in Table 1.

Matrix-related stability experiments should compare stability QCs against freshly prepared

calibration curves and freshly prepared QCs. Although the use of freshly prepared calibrators

and QCs is the preferred approach, in some cases, (e.g., for macromolecules), it may be

necessary to freeze them overnight. In such cases, the sponsor should provide valid justification

and demonstrate the freeze-thaw stability.

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All stability determinations (see list below) should use a set of samples prepared from a freshly

made stock solution of the analyte in the appropriate analyte-free, interference-free biological

matrix.

• Autosampler stability: The sponsor should demonstrate the stability of extracts in the

autosampler only if the autosampler storage conditions are different or not covered by

extract (processed sample) stability.

• Bench-top stability: The sponsor should determine the stability of samples under the

laboratory handling conditions that are expected for the study samples (e.g., the stability

of samples maintained at room temperature or stored in an ice bucket).

• Extract (or processed sample) stability: The sponsor should assess the stability of

processed samples, including the residence time in the autosampler against freshly

prepared calibrators.

• Freeze-thaw stability: The sponsor should assess the stability of the sample after a

minimum of three freeze-thaw cycles. QC samples should be thawed and analyzed

according to the same procedures as the study samples. QC samples should be frozen for

at least 12 hours between cycles. Freeze-thaw stability QCs should be compared to

freshly prepared calibration curves and QCs.

• Long-term stability: The sponsor should determine the long-term stability of the sample

over a period of time equal to or exceeding the time between the date of first sample

collection and the date of last sample analysis. The storage temperatures studied should

be the same as those used to store study samples. Long-term stability QCs should be

compared to freshly prepared calibration curves and QCs. Determination of stability at

minus 20ºC would cover stability at colder temperatures.

• Stock solution stability: Stock solutions should not be made from reference materials

that are about to expire unless the purity of the analyte in the stock solutions is re-

established. When the stock solution exists in a different state (e.g., solution versus solid)

or in a different buffer composition (which is generally the case for macromolecules)

from the certified reference standard, the sponsor should generate stability data on stock

solutions to justify the duration of stock solution storage stability.

8. Dilution Effects

If the method measures diluted samples, the integrity of the dilution should be monitored during

validation by diluting QC samples above the ULOQ with like matrix to bring to within

quantitation range, and the accuracy and precision of these diluted QCs should be demonstrated.

Dilutions used during the validation should mimic the expected dilutions in the study. The

prozone effect should be demonstrated in LBAs. Refer to the specific recommendations and

acceptance criteria in Table 1.

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9. Partial and Cross Validations

The following section defines other types of methods validation.

a. Partial validation

Partial validations evaluate modifications of already validated bioanalytical methods. Partial

validation can range from as little as one intra-assay accuracy and precision determination to a

nearly full validation. Raw data on partial validations should be retained at the analytical site for

inspection when requested. Typical bioanalytical method modifications or changes that fall into

this category include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Bioanalytical method transfers between laboratories

• Changes in analytical methodology (e.g., a change in detection systems)

• Changes in sample processing procedures

• Changes in sample volume (e.g., the smaller volume of pediatric samples)

• Changes in instruments and/or software platforms

• Extensions of the assay range

• Changes in the anticoagulant (but not changes in the counter-ion) in harvesting biological

fluids (e.g., heparin to EDTA)

• Changes in the matrix within species (e.g., switching from human plasma to human

blood) or changes to the species within the matrix (e.g., switching from rat plasma to

mouse plasma)

• Changes to the matrices (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid)

• Demonstrating the selectivity of an analyte in the presence of concomitant medications

• Changes in LBA critical reagents (e.g., lot-to-lot changes, changes in reagents)

b. Cross validation

Cross validation is a comparison of validation parameters of two or more bioanalytical methods

or techniques that are used to generate data within the same study or across different studies.

Also, cross validation is necessary when sample analyses within a single study are conducted at

more than one site or more than one laboratory. In such cases, cross validation with shared

matrix QCs and nonpooled subject samples should be conducted at each site or laboratory to

establish interlaboratory reliability. Pooled incurred samples can be used when insufficient

volume exists. An SOP or validation plan should define the criteria a priori.

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C. Validated Methods: Expectations of In-Study Analysis and Reporting

This section describes the expectations for the use of a validated bioanalytical method for routine

drug analysis. The specific recommendations and acceptance criteria are listed in Table 1.

• If system suitability is assessed, a specific SOP should be used. System suitability,

including apparatus conditioning and instrument performance, should be determined

using samples that are independent of the current study calibrators, QCs, and study

samples. Records of system suitability should be maintained and available for audits.

• Calibration curves and QCs should be included in all analytical runs (see Table 1 for

details). The QCs should cover the expected study sample concentration range.

• Typically, the same curve fitting, weighting, and goodness-of-fit determined during

validation should be used for the calibration curve within the study. Changes in the

response-function relationship between the validation and study sample analyses indicate

potential problems. A SOP should be developed a priori to address such issues.

• Total QCs should number at least five percent of the total samples analyzed, or be at least

six in number (low-, mid-, and high-QCs, in duplicate), whichever is greater (see Table 1

for details). Duplicate low-, mid-, and high-QCs should be used on all distinct processing

batches within a run.

• If the study sample concentrations are clustered in a narrow range of the standard curve,

additional QCs should be added to cover the sample range. If the additional QC

concentrations are not bracketed by QCs validated before the study, the accuracy and

precision of the additional QCs should be demonstrated before continuing with the

analysis. If the partial validation is acceptable, samples that have already been analyzed

do not require re-analysis.

• The QCs should be interspersed with study samples during processing and analysis.

• In each analytical run, the lack of analyte interference at the LLOQ should be confirmed

(see Table 1 for Selectivity and Sensitivity).

• The analytical run fails if the calibration and/or QC acceptance criteria are not met (see

Table 1).

• QC results (including outliers) from analytical runs that meet the acceptance criteria

should be included in the estimation of accuracy and precision during the study’s sample

analysis. The QC results from all analytical runs (passed and failed) should be reported,

but QCs results from failed runs need not be included as part of the estimation of

accuracy and precision.

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• If the bioanalytical method necessitates separation of the overall analytical run into

distinct processing batches (e.g., groups of samples processed at distinctly different times

or by different analysts), each distinct batch should process duplicate QCs at all levels

(e.g., low, middle, high) along with the study samples. Examples might include when the

number of samples exceeds the capacity of a 96-well plate or when a solid phase

extraction manifold cannot accommodate all samples. See Table 1 for what constitutes

an acceptable run based on QC acceptance criteria. A distinct batch or batches in an

analytical run may be rejected when it fails to meet QC acceptance criteria, but the

remaining batches may pass provided that the analytical run meets the overall QC

acceptance criteria.

• Study samples with concentrations listed below the LLOQ should be reported as below

the LLOQ (BQL). Study samples with concentrations above the ULOQ should be diluted

and re-analyzed, or the standard curve should be extended and revalidated.

• Study sample dilutions should use the same matrix (e.g., human plasma to human

plasma).

• Assays of all study samples of an analyte in a biological matrix should be completed

within the time period for which stability data are available. If sample handling

conditions are changed or exceed validated stability data, then the stability of the sample

should be established at the new conditions.

• For CCs, the IS response should be monitored for variability. An SOP should be

developed a priori to address issues with IS variability.

• Drift should be monitored and its impact on the accuracy of the estimated unknown

sample concentrations, if any, should be addressed (e.g., the impact of drift on the

accuracy of interspersed QCs).

• All study samples from a subject should be analyzed in a single run, especially for studies

designed with repeated measures from individual subjects (e.g., crossover or sequential

design required for BE studies). If other approaches are taken, the sponsor or applicant

should justify the approach and take steps to minimize the variability between periods.

• Carryover, if any, should be monitored, and its impact on the quantitation of study

samples should be addressed.

• Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) should be performed (See section IV, Table 1 and Table

2).

• An SOP or guideline describing the reasons for a repeat analysis should be established a

priori. Repeat analysis is acceptable only for assignable causes (e.g., the samples are

above the ULOQ, there are sample processing errors, there is an equipment failure, the

chromatography is poor). The SOP should include the acceptance criteria for re-analysis,

and the sponsor or applicant should report final values. The specific recommendations

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are described in Table 1 and Table 2. The rationale, approach, and all data for the repeat

analysis and reporting should be clearly documented.

• For study samples involving multiple analytes, a valid result for one analyte should not

be rejected because of another analyte failing the acceptance criteria.

• If a unique or disproportionately high concentration of a metabolite is discovered in

human studies, a fully validated assay may need to be developed for the metabolite,

depending upon its activity (refer to the FDA guidance for industry entitled Safety

Testing of Drug Metabolites

• An SOP or guideline for sample data reintegration for CCs should be established a priori.

This SOP or guideline should define the criteria for re-integration and how the re-

integration will be performed. The rationale for the re-integration should be clearly

described and documented. Audit trails should be maintained. Original and re-integrated

data should be documented and reported.

IV. INCURRED SAMPLE REANALYSIS

ISR is a necessary component of bioanalytical method validation and verifies the reliability of

the reported study sample analyte concentrations. ISR is conducted by repeating the analysis of

a subset of subject or patient samples from a given study in separate runs, preferably during the

study, to critically support the precision and accuracy measurements established with the QCs.

The original and repeat analyses should be conducted using the same bioanalytical method

procedures. If a bulk frozen calibration curve was used for the original analysis, then it is

acceptable to use a frozen curve for the ISR evaluation. The calibration curve, QCs, and study

samples for the ISR evaluation should be extracted or processed separately from those used in

the original runs. Incurred samples should not be pooled. ISR should be conducted in all studies

submitted in an NDA, BLA, or ANDA that provide pivotal data for the approval or labeling of

the product, regardless of the matrix. For instance, ISR is expected for all in vivo human BE

studies in ANDAs, or all pivotal pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and biomarker studies in

NDAs or BLAs. For nonclinical safety studies, the performing laboratory should conduct ISR at

least once for each method and species. Table 1 lists the sample requirements and acceptance

criteria for ISR. Written SOPs should be established for the conduct of ISR and to guide an

investigation in the event of ISR failure to resolve the lack of reproducibility. All aspects of ISR

evaluations should be documented to allow reconstruction of the study, as well as guide any

investigations (see Table 2).

The percentage difference of the results between the original study and the repeat study is

determined with the following equation:

This guidance is available on the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/default.htm under Guidances (Drugs).

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(Repeat – Original) * 100

Mean

V. ADDITIONAL ISSUES

A. Endogenous Compounds

For analytes that are also endogenous compounds, the accuracy of the measurement of the

analytes poses a challenge when the assay cannot distinguish between the therapeutic agent and

the endogenous counterpart. In such situations, the following approaches are recommended to

validate and monitor assay performance. Other approaches, if justified by scientific principles,

can also be considered.

• The biological matrix used to prepare calibration standards should be the same as the

study samples and free of the endogenous analyte. To address the suitability of using an

analyte-free biological matrix, the matrix should be demonstrated to have: (1) no

measurable endogenous analyte; and (2) no matrix effect or interference when compared

to the biological matrix. The use of alternate matrices (e.g., buffers, dialyzed serum) for

the preparation of calibration standards should be justified. The QCs should be prepared

by spiking known quantities of the analyte in the same biological matrix as the study

samples. The endogenous concentrations of the analyte in the biological matrix should

be evaluated before QC preparation (e.g., by replicate analysis). The concentrations for

the QCs should account for the endogenous concentrations in the biological matrix (i.e.,

additive) and be representative of the expected study concentrations.

• Parallelism should be evaluated for assays for endogenous compounds.

B. Biomarkers

The recommendations in this guidance only pertain to the validation of assays to measure in vivo

biomarker concentrations in biological matrices such as blood or urine. Considerable effort also

goes into defining the biological function of biomarkers, and confusion may arise regarding

terminology (e.g. biomarker method validation vs biomarker qualification).

Biomarkers are increasingly used to assess the effects of new drugs and therapeutic biological

products in patient populations. Because of the important roles biomarkers can play in

evaluating the safety, activity, or effectiveness of a new medical product, it is critical to ensure

the integrity of the data generated by assays used to measure them. Biomarkers can be used for a

wide variety of purposes during drug development; therefore, a FFP approach should be used

when determining the appropriate extent of method validation. When biomarker data will be

used to support a regulatory decision making, such as the pivotal determination of safety and/or

effectiveness or to support dosing instructions in product labeling, the assay should be fully

validated.

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For assays intended to support early drug development (e.g., candidate selection, go-no-go

decisions, proof-of-concept), the sponsor should incorporate the extent of method validation they

deem appropriate.

Method validation for biomarker assays should address the same questions as method validation

for drug assays. The accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, parallelism, range,

reproducibility, and stability of a biomarker assay are important characteristics that define the

method. The approach used for drug assays should be the starting point for validation of

biomarker assays, although the FDA realizes that some characteristics may not apply or that

different considerations may need to be addressed.

C. Diagnostic Kits

Diagnostic kits are sometimes co-developed with new drug or therapeutic biological products as

analytical methods that are used during the development of new drugs and therapeutic biologics.

The recommendations in this section of the guidance do not apply to commercial diagnostic kits

intended for point-of-care patient diagnosis (e.g., companion diagnostic kits), which are

addressed in the following CDRH guidance documents:

• Principles for Codevelopment of an In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Device with a

Therapeutic Product

• In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Devices

However, when commercial diagnostic kits are repurposed as analytical methods to measure the

concentrations of drugs, therapeutic biologics, or biomarkers in development, the FDA has the

following recommendations:

• LBA kits with various detection platforms are sometimes used to determine analyte

concentrations in pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic studies when the reported results

must exhibit sufficient precision and accuracy. Because such kits are generally

developed for use as clinical diagnostic tools, their suitability for use in such studies

should be demonstrated.

• Diagnostic kit validation data provided by the manufacturer may not ensure that the kit

method is reliable for drug development purposes. In such situations, the performance of

diagnostic kits should be assessed in the facility conducting the sample analysis.

Validation considerations for kit assays include, but are not limited to, the following

examples:

When final, this guidance will represent the FDA’s current thinking on this topic. For the most recent version of a

guidance, check the FDA Drugs guidance Web page at

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/default.htm

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- Site-specific validation should be performed. The specificity, accuracy,

precision, and stability of the assay should be demonstrated under actual

conditions of use. Modifications from kit processing instructions should be

completely validated.

- Kits that use sparse calibration standards (e.g., one- or two-point calibration

curves) should include in-house validation experiments to establish the

calibration curve with a sufficient number of standards across the calibration

range as specified in Table 1.

- Actual QC concentrations should be known. Concentrations of QCs

expressed as ranges are not sufficient for quantitative applications. In such

cases, QCs with known concentrations should be prepared and used,

independent of the kit-supplied QCs.

- Standards and QCs should be prepared in the same matrix as the subject

samples. Kits with standards and QCs prepared in a matrix different from the

subject samples should be justified, and appropriate cross-validation

experiments should be performed. Refer to section V.A of this guidance for

additional discussion.

- If the analyte source (i.e., reference standard) in the kit differs from that of the

subject samples (e.g., the sample is a protein isoform of the reference

standard), testing should evaluate differences in assay performance of the kit

reagents.

- If multiple kit lots are used within a study, lot-to-lot variability and

comparability should be addressed for any critical reagents.

- Individual batches using multiple assay plates (e.g., 96-well ELISA plates)

should include sufficient replicate QCs on each plate to monitor the accuracy

of the assay. Acceptance criteria should be established for the individual

plates and the overall analytical run (refer to Table 1 and section III.B).

D. Bridging Data From Multiple Bioanalytical Technologies

The FDA encourages the development and use of new bioanalytical technologies. However, the

use of two different bioanalytical technologies for the development of a drug may generate data

for the same product that could be difficult to interpret. This outcome can occur when one

platform generates drug concentrations that differ from another platform. Therefore, when a new

platform is used in the development of a drug, the data it produces should be bridged to that of

the other method. This is best accomplished by assessing the output of both methods with a set

of incurred samples (a minimum of 20 samples). In cases where one method produces data with

a constant bias relative to the other, concentrations can be mathematically transformed by that

factor to allow for appropriate study interpretation. Sponsors are encouraged to seek feedback

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from the appropriate FDA review division early in drug development. The use of two methods

for BE studies in ANDAs is discouraged.

E. Dried Blood Spots

Dried blood spot (DBS) technology has been under development for several years. The benefits

of DBS include reduced blood sample volumes collected for drug analysis as well as ease of

collection, storage, and transportation. Additional validation of this sampling approach is

essential before using DBS in regulatory studies. This validation should address, at a minimum,

the effects of the following issues: storage and handling temperatures, homogeneity of sample

spotting, hematocrit, stability, carryover, and reproducibility, including ISR. Correlative studies

with traditional sampling should be conducted during drug development. Sponsors are

encouraged to seek feedback from the appropriate FDA review division early in drug

development.

VI. DOCUMENTATION

General and specific SOPs and good record keeping are essential to a properly validated

analytical method. The data generated for bioanalytical method development and/or validation

should be documented and available for data audit and inspection. Documentation at the

analytical site and for submission to the FDA is described in Table 2.

All relevant documentation necessary for reconstructing the study as it was conducted and

reported should be maintained in a secure environment. Relevant documentation includes, but is

not limited to, source data, protocols and reports, records supporting procedural, operational, and

environmental concerns, and correspondence records between all involved parties.

Regardless of the documentation format (i.e., paper or electronic), records should be

contemporaneous with the event, and subsequent alterations should not obscure the original data.

The basis for changing or reprocessing data should be documented with sufficient detail, and the

original record should be maintained.

A. Summary Information

Summary information should include the following items:

• Α summary of assay methods used for each study protocol should be included. Each

summary should provide the protocol number, the protocol title, the assay type, the assay

method identification code, the bioanalytical report code, and the effective date of the

method.

• For each analyte, a summary table of all the relevant method validation reports should be

provided, including partial validation and cross validation reports. The table should

include the assay method identification code, the type of assay, the reason for the new

method or additional validation (e.g., to lower the limit of quantification), and the dates

of final reports. Changes made to the method should be clearly identified.

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• A summary table cross-referencing multiple identification codes should be provided

when an assay has different codes for the assay method, the validation reports, and the

bioanalytical reports.

B. Documentation for Method Validation and Bioanalytical Reports

Refer to Table 2 for the FDA’s recommended documentation for method validation and

bioanalytical reports.

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VII. APPENDIX

Table 1. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct (refer to

sections III.A and III.B for additional information).

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs)

Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Calibration

Curve

Elements:

• A blank (no analyte, no IS), a

zero calibrator

(blank plus IS), and at least six, non-zero

calibrator levels covering the quantitation

range, including LLOQ in every run.

• All blanks and calibrators should be in the

same matrix as the study samples.

• The concentration-response relationship

should be fit with the simples t regression

model.

Acceptance Criteria:

• Non-zero calibrators should be ± 15% of

nominal (theoretical) concentrations, except

at LLOQ where the calibrator should be ±

20% of the nominal concentrations in each

validation run.

• 75% and a minimum of six non-zero

calibrator levels should meet the above

criteria in each validation run.

Elements:

• A blank and at leas t six, non-zero

calibrator levels covering the quantitation

range, including LLOQ per validation

run.

• Calibration curves are usually run in

duplicate.

• Additional calibrators may be used as

anchor points.

• All blanks and calibrators should be in the

same matrix as the study samples.

• The concentration-response relationship is

usually fit with a four- or five-parameter

logis tic model. Other models may be

acceptable with justification.

Acceptance Criteria:

• Non-zero calibrators should be ± 20% of

nominal (theoretical) concentrations,

except at LLOQ and ULOQ where the

calibrator should be

± 25% of the nominal

concentrations in each validation run.

• 75% and a minimum of six non-zero

calibrator levels should meet the above

criteria in each validation run.

•

Anchor points should not be included in

the curve fit.

Elements:

• A blank, a zero, and at least six, (in duplicate

for LBAs) non-zero calibrator levels covering

the expected range, including LLOQ per

analytical run.

• All blanks and calibrators should be in the same

matrix as the study samples.

• The in-study analysis should use the same

regression model as used in validation.

Acceptance Criteria:

• CC: Non-zero calibrators should be ± 15%,

xcept at LLOQ where the calibrator should be

± 20%

of nominal concentrations in each run.

• LBA: Non-zero calibrators should be ± 20%,

except at LLOQ and ULOQ where the

calibrator should be ± 25% of nominal

concentrations in each run.

• CC and LBA: 75% and a minimu m of s ix

non-zero calibrator levels should meet the

above criteria in each run.

Only data points that fail to meet acceptance criteria may be excluded. Exclusion should not change the model used.

Continued

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs)

Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Quality

Controls

(QC)

Elements:

• For A & P Runs: Four QCs, including

LLOQ, low (L: defined as three times the

LLOQ), mid (M: defined as mid-range), and

high (H: defined as high-range) from at least

five replicates in at least three runs

• For Other Validation Runs: L, M, and H

QCs in duplicates

Acceptance Criteria:

• Refer to A & P Runs, Other Validation

Runs, and Stability Evaluations.

Elements:

• For A& P Runs: Five QCs, including

LLOQ, L, M, H, and ULOQ from at least

three replicates in at least six runs

• For Other Validation Runs: L, M, and

H QCs in duplicates

Acceptance Criteria:

• Refer to A & P Runs, Other Validation

Runs, and Stability Evaluations.

Elements:

• ≥ three QC levels (L, M & H) and ≥ two

replicates per QC level in each analytical run.

•

Total QCs should be 5% of unknown samples

or ≥ six, whichever number is greater.

• If the analytical runs consist of dis tinct

processing batches, the QC acceptance criteria

should be applied for the whole run and for

each distinct batch within the runs.

Acceptance Criteria:

• CC: ≥ 67% of QCs should be ± 15% of the

ominal, and ≥ 50% of QCs per level should be

± 15% of their nominal.

• LBA: ≥ 67% of QCs should be ± 20% of the

nominal, and ≥ 50% of QCs per level should be

± 20% of their nominal.

Continued

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs)

Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Selectivity

Elements:

• Analyze blank samples of the appropriate

biological matrix from at least six

individual

sources.

Acceptance Criteria:

• Blank and zero calibrators should be free of

interference at the retention times of the

analyte(s) and the IS.

• Spiked samples should be ± 20% LLOQ.

• The IS response in the blank should not

exceed 5% of the average IS responses of

the calibrators and QCs.

Elements:

• Investigate parallelism (for endogenous

products).

• Conduct an analysis of blank samples in

the

matrix from ≥ 10 individual sources

Acceptance Criteria:

• Fo r ≥ 80% of sources, unspiked mat rix

should be BQL, and spiked samples

should be ± 25% at LLOQ, and ± 20% at

H QC.

CC Acceptance Criteria:

• In each analytical run, the blank and zero

calibrators should be free of interference at the

retention times of the analyte and the internal

standard

• In each analytical run, the internal standard

response in the blank should not exceed 5% of

average internal standard response of the

calibrators and QCs.

LBA Acceptance Criteria:

•

The blank should be free of interference for the

analyte.

• Parallelism should be conducted if not done

during validation.

Specificity

Elements:

•

The method specificity should be assessed

for interference by cross-

reacting molecules,

concomitant medications, bio-transformed

species, etc.

Acceptance Criteria:

• See Selectivity above.

Elements:

• The method specificity should be assessed

for interference by cross-reacting

molecules, concomitant medications, bio-

transformed species, etc.

• Potential interfering materials should be

added to calibration curves in buffer.

Acceptance Criteria:

• QCs should meet ± 20%, or 25% at the

LLOQ and ULOQ.

Elements:

• Check as needed.

Continued

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs)

Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Carryover

Elements:

• The impact of carryover on the accuracy of

the study sample concentrations should be

assessed.

Acceptance Criteria:

• Carryover should not exceed 20% of

LLOQ.

• Not applicable

Elements:

•

Carryover, if any, should be monitored, and its

impact on the quantitation of study samples

should be addressed.

Acceptance Criteria:

• Carryover should not exceed 20% of LLOQ.

Sensitivity

Elements:

• The lowest nonzero standard on the

calibration curve defines the sensitivity

(LLOQ).

Acceptance Criteria:

• The analyte response at the LLOQ should

be ≥ five times the analyte response of the

zero calibrator.

• The accuracy should be ± 20% of nominal

concentration (from ≥ five replicates in at

least three runs).

•

The precision should be ± 20% CV (from ≥

five replicates in at least three runs).

Elements:

• The lowest nonzero standard on the

calibration curve defines the sensitivity

(LLOQ).

Acceptance Criteria:

• The accuracy should be ± 25% of the

nominal concentration (from ≥ three

replicates in at least six runs).

•

The precision should be ± 25% CV (from

≥ three replicates in at least six runs).

• The total error should be ≤ 40%.

Acceptance Criteria:

In each analytical run:

•

The analyte response at the LLOQ should be ≥

five times the analyte response of the zero

calibrator (CC).

• The A & P for CC should be ±

20% of nominal

concentration.

• The A & P for LBA should be ± 25% of

nominal concentration.

• If the

above criteria are not met, the next higher

calibrator can be selected as the new LLOQ or

the next lower point if the ULOQ fails

(provided the resulting calibration curve meets

acceptance criteria) and does not change the

calibration model.

Continued

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs) Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Accuracy

and

Precision

(A & P)

Elements:

• A & P should be es tablished with at least

three independent A & P runs, four QC

levels per run (LLOQ, L, M, H QC), and ≥

five replicates per QC level.

A & P Run Acceptance Criteria:

• The run should meet the calibration curve

acceptance criteria and include the LLOQ

calibrator.

• This run has no QC acceptance criteria.

Accuracy: Within-run and between runs:

• ± 15% of nominal concentrations; except

± 20% at LLOQ.

Precision: Within-run and between runs:

• ± 15% CV, except

± 20% CV at LLOQ

Total Error:

• Not applicable

Elements:

• A & P should be es tablished with at least

six independent A & P runs, five QC

levels per run (LLOQ, L, M, H, ULOQ

QC), and ≥ three replicates per QC level.

A & P Run Acceptance Criteria:

• The run should meet the calibration

acceptance criteria and include the LLOQ

calibrator.

• This run has no QC acceptance criteria.

Accuracy: Within-run and between runs:

• ± 20% of nominal concentrations; except

±25% at LLOQ, ULOQ

Precision: Within-run and between runs:

• ± 20% CV, except

± 25% at LLOQ, ULOQ

Total Error:

• QCs should be ±30%, except at LLOQ,

ULOQ ±40%

Elements:

• Not applicable

Accuracy: Between runs:

• CC: ± 15% of nominal concentrations

• LBA: ± 20% of nominal concentrations

Precision: Between runs:

• CC: ± 15% CV

• LBA: ±20% CV

Total Error:

• Not applicable

Continued

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs) Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Other

Validation

Runs

Elements:

• ≥ three QC levels (L, M, H) in at least

duplicates in each run.

Run Acceptance Criteria:

• Meet the calibration acceptance criteria

• ≥ 67% of QCs should be ± 15% of the

nominal (theoretical) values, ≥ 50% of QCs

per level should be ± 15% of their nominal

concentrations

Elements:

• ≥ three QC levels (L, M, H) in at least

duplicates in each run

Run Acceptance Criteria:

• Meet the calibration acceptance criteria

• ≥ 67% of QCs should be ± 20% of the

nominal (theoretical) values, and ≥ 50%

of QCs per level should be ± 20% of their

nominal concentrations

• Not applicable

Recovery

Elements:

• Extracted samples at L, M, and H QC

concentrations versus extracts of blanks

spiked with the analyte post extraction (at

L, M, and H)

Elements:

• Need to be demonstrated only if

extraction is involved

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs) Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Stability

Elements:

• For auto-sampler, bench-top, extract,

freeze-thaw, stock solution and long-term

stability, perform at least three replicates at

L and H QC concentrations.

Acceptance Criteria:

• The accuracy (% nominal) at each level

should be ± 15%.

Elements:

• For auto-sampler, bench-top, extract,

freeze-thaw, s tock solution/reagent and

long-term s tability, perform at least three

replicates at L and H QC concentrations.

Acceptance Criteria:

• The accuracy (% nominal) at each level

should be ± 20%.

Elements:

• Update stability parameters (e.g., long-term)

as needed.

Dilution

Elements:

• QCs for planned dilutions, 5 replicates per

dilution factor:

o Accuracy: ± 15% of nominal

concentrations

o Precision: ± 15% CV

Elements:

• QCs for planned dilutions

• Demonstrate dilution linearity

• Demonstrate lack of prozone effect, i.e.,

increasing analyte concentration results in

no change or decreased signals compared

to the preceding concentration

• 5 replicates per dilution factor:

o Accuracy: ± 20% of nominal

concentrations

o Precision: ± 20% CV

Elements:

• Dilution QC (if not a validated pre-study)

Acceptance Criteria:

• Same as described under ‘QCs’ above

Continued

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Table 1 continued. Recommendations and Acceptance Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation and In-Study Conduct

Parameters

Validation Recommendations

In-Study Analysis Recommendations

Chromatographic Assays (CCs) Ligand Binding Assays (LBAs)

Incurred

Sample

Reanalysis

(ISR)

• Not applicable

Elements:

• Sample size:

o 10% reanalysis of the first 1000 samples,

and

5% reanalysis of the remaining samples

• Sample selection:

o Around C

max

and in the elimination

phase

Acceptance Criteria:

• CC: 67% should be ± 20% of the mean

• LBA: 67% should be ± 30% of the mean

Repeat

Analysis

• No re-analys is of individual calibrators and

QCs is permitted.

• No re-analysis of individual calibrators

and QCs is permitted.

• Re-analysis should be based on reasons

described in a pre-exis ting SOP

• No re-analysis of calibrators and QCs

• At least the same number of replicates for

repeats as originally tested

• No confirmatory repeats for BE studies

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Table 2. Documentation and Reporting (refer to sections III.B and VI for additional information)

Items

Documentation at the Analytical Site Validation Report* Analytical Study Report*

System

Suitability

• Dates, times, QCs or samples used for suitability testing

• Not applicable

Synopsis

• Not applicable

• Synopsis of method development

(e.g., evolution of methods with

multiple revisions, unique aspects)

• Not applicable

• Overall summary information

Reference

Standards

and

Critical

Reagents

• Certificate of analysis (CoA) or purity,

stability/expiration data, batch number, and

manufacturer

• Log records of receipt, use, and storage.

• If expired, recertified CoA, or retest of purity &

identity with retest dates

• Internal standard CoA, purity or demonstration of

suitability

• Batch/lot number, purity, and

expiration (see appendix VII, Table

• If expired, purity and stability at the

time of use and retest dates

• Batch/Lot number, purity, and

expiration (see appendix VII,

Table 4)

• If expired, purity and stability at

the time of use and retest dates

Stock Solutions

• Log records of preparation, and use

• Storage location and condition

• Brief description of preparation

• Preparation dates

• Stock s olution stability

• Storage conditions

• Brief description of preparation

• Preparation dates

• Stock s olution stability

• Storage conditions

Blank Matrix

• Records of matrix descriptions, receipt dates, and

storage

• Records of interference checks

•

Matrix effect results

• Des cription, lot number, receipt

dates

• Description of interference check

•

Matrix effect results

• Des cription, lot number, receipt

dates

• Description of interference check

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

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Table 2 continued: Documentation and Reporting

Items

Documentation at the Analytical Site Validation Report* Analytical Study Report*

Calibrators

and QCs

• Records of preparation

• Record of storage (e.g., in/out dates, temperatures)

• Brief description of preparation

• Preparation dates

• Storage conditions

• Brief description of preparation

• Preparation dates

• Storage conditions

SOPs

SOPs for all aspects of analysis, such as:

• Method/procedure (validation/analytical)

• Acceptance criteria (e.g., run, calibration curve, QCs)

• Instrumentation

• Re-analysis

• ISR

• Record of changes to SOP (change, date, reason, etc.)

• A detailed description of the assay

procedure

Not applicable

Sample

Tracking

• Study sample receipt, and condition on receipt

• Temperature during shipment

• Sample inventory and reasons for missing samples

• Location of storage

• Tracking logs of QC, calibrators, and study samples

• Freezer logs for QC, calibrators, and study samples

entry and exit

• Storage condition and location of

QCs and calibrators

• Dates of receipt of shipments and

contents

• Sample condition on receipt

• Analytical s ite s torage condition

and location

• Total duration of sample storage

• Any deviations from planned

storage conditions

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Table 2 continued: Documentation and Reporting

Items Documentation at the Analytical Site Validation Report* Analytical Study Report*

Analysis

• Documentation and data for system suitability checks

• Instrument use log, including d

ates of analysis for each

run

• Sample extraction logs, including documentation of

processing of calibrators, QCs, and study samples for

each run, including dates of extraction

•

Identity of QC & calibrator lots, and study samples in

each run

•

Documentation of instrument settings and maintenance

• 100% of run summary sheets of passed and failed runs,

including calibration curve, regression, weighting

function, analyte and IS response, response ratio,

integration type

• 100% e-chromatograms of original and re-integrations

from passed and fail runs

• Laboratory information management system (LIMS)

• Validation information, including documentation and

data for:

o Selectivity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy,

carryover, dilution, recovery, matrix effect

o Bench-top, freeze-thaw, long-term, and extract

stability

o Cross/partial validations, if applicable

• Table of all runs (including failed

runs), instrument ID, and analysis

dates

• Tables of calibrator concentration

and response functions results of all

runs with accuracy and precision.

• Tables of within- and between- run

QC results (from accuracy and

precision runs)

• Interference/matrix effect,

sensitivity, carryover, dilution,

recovery

• Bench-top, freeze-thaw, long-term,

extract, and stock solution stability

• Stability QC storage and handling

conditions (dates, duration,

temperature, etc.)

• Partial/cross-validation, if applicable

• Append separate report for

additional validation, if any

• Include total error for LBA methods

• Table of all runs, status (pass and

fail), reason for failure, instrument

ID, and analysis dates (see

appendix VII, Table 4).

• Table of calibrator concentration

& response function results of all

runs (pass and fail) with accuracy

and precision

• Table of QC results of all runs

(pass and fail) with accuracy and

precision results of the QC

samples and bet

ween run accuracy

and precision results from

successful runs

• Table of re-injected runs with

results from original and re-

injected runs and reason(s) for

reinjection

• QC graphs trend analysis

encouraged

•

Study concentration results table

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Table 2 continued: Documentation and Reporting

Items

Documentation at the Analytical Site Validation Report* Analytical Study Report*

Chromatograms

and

Reintegration

• Electronic audit trail: original and re-integration

• Reason for re-integration

• Mode of re-integration

• Representative chromatograms

(original and re-integration)

• Reason for re-integration

• Chromatograms from 20% of

serially selected subjects for BE

studies in ANDAs

• Randomly selected

chromatograms from 5% of

studies submitted in NDAs and

BLAs

• Original and re-integrated

chromatograms and initial and

repeat integration results for BE

studies

• Reason for re-integration

•

SOP for re-integration

Deviations from

Procedures

• Contemporaneous documentation of deviations/

unexpected events

• Investigation of unexpected events

• Impact assessment

• ISR failure investigations

• Description of deviations

• Impact on study results

•

Description and supporting data of

significant investigations

• Description of deviations

• Impact on study results

• Description and supporting data of

significant investigations

Repeat Analysis

• SOP for re-analysis (Refer to Analysis)

• 100% of repeat data

• Contemporaneous records of reason for repeats

• Not applicable

• Table of sample IDs, reason for

re-assay, original and re-assay

values, reason for reported values,

and run IDs and percent difference

between original and re-assay

values

• Re-analysis SOP

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

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Table 2 continued: Documentation and Reporting

Items

Documentation at the Analytical Site Validation Report* Analytical Study Report*

ISR

• SOP for ISR

• ISR data: Run IDs, run summary sheets,

chromatograms or other electronic instrument data

files

• Document ISR failure investigations, if any

• Not applicable

• SOP for ISR

• ISR data table (original,

reanalysis, percent difference,

percent passed)

• ISR failure investigations, if any

Communication

• Between involved parties (Sponsor, contract research

organizations (CROs), and consultants) related to

study/assay

• Not applicable

*The FDA expects the sponsor to maintain data at the analytical site to support summary data submitted in Validation and Analytical Study Reports.

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

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Table 3.

Example of an Overall Summary Table for a Method Validation Report* or a Clinical Study Report (this table

contains fictitious information, which serves illustrative purposes only)

Items

Results

Hyperlink

†

Comments

Methodology

LC/MS/MS

01-SOP-001

Method Validation

Report (MVR)

Number

MVR-001

Biological matrix

Human plasma

MVR-001

Anticoagulant (if

applicable)

EDTA

MVR-001

Calibration curve

range

XXX-YYY ng/mL

Summary tables

001MVR-01/CCTables

Report text

001MVR-01/CCText

Analyte of interest

Compound A

Internal standard

Compound A internal

standard

Inter-run accuracy

(for each QC

concentration)

Low QC (AA ng/mL): X%

Medium QC (e.g., BB

ng/mL): Y%

High QC (e.g. CC ng/mL):

Summary tables

001MVR-01/APTables

Report text

001MVR-01/APText

Inter-run precision

(for each QC

concentration)

Low QC (AA ng/mL): X%

Medium QC (BB

ng/mL): Y%

High QC (CC

ng/mL): Z%

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Table 3 continued. Example of an Overall Summary Table for a Method Validation

Report* or a Clinical Study Report

Items

Results

Hyperlink

†

Comments

Dilution integrity

(specify dilution

factors, QC

concentrations, and

matrices that were

evaluated)

Dilution QC: CC ng/mL

(dilution factor: X)

Accuracy: Y%

Precision: Z%

Summary tables

001MVR-01/DILTables

Report text

001MVR-01/DILText

Selectivity

< 20% of the lower limit of

quantification (LLOQ)

-list drugs tested

Summary tables

001MVR-01/SELTables

Report text

001MVR-01/SELText

Short-term or bench-

top temperature

stability

Demonstrated for X hours at

Y°C

Summary tables

001MVR-01/STSTables

Report text

001MVR-01/STSText

Long-term stability

Demonstrated for X days at

Y°C

Summary tables

001MVR-01/LTSTables

Report text

001MVR-01/LTSText

Freeze-thaw stability

Demonstrated for Y cycles at

Z°C

Summary tables

001MVR-01/FTSTables

Report text

001MVR-01/FTSText

Stock solution stability

Demonstrated for X weeks at

YºC

Summary tables

001MVR-01/SSSTables

Report text

001MVR-01/SSSText

Continued

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Table 3 continued. Example of an Overall Summary Table for a Method Validation

Report* or a Clinical Study Report

Items

Results

Hyperlink

†

Comments

Processed sample

stability

Demonstrated for Y hours at

ZºC

Summary tables

001MVR-01/PSSTables

Report text

001MVR-01/PSSText

ISR

> 67% of samples acceptable

Summary tables

001MVR-01/ISRTables

Report text

001MVR-01/ISRText

Recovery: extraction

efficiency

Summary tables

001MVR-01/EXTTables

Report text

001MVR-01/EXTText

Matrix effects

Summary tables

001MVR-01/MATTables

Report text

001MVR-01/MATText

Report Format examples are pertinent for applications to either CDER or CVM. Summary tables should be included in Module 2 of the eCTD.

*Failed method validation experiments should be listed, and data may be requested.

†For eCTD submissions, a hyperlink should be provided for the summary tables and report text.

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Table 4. Example of Summary Analytical Runs for a Bioanalytical Study Report* (this

table contains fictitious information, which serves illustrative purposes only)

Sponsors and applicants should provide a table summarizing both the failed and accepted runs

for each study.

Clinical Study XXYY-0032456

Analytical

run *

Batch

number

within

analytical

run

Dates of

analysis

Results

(Accepted

/Rejected)

Hyperlink

†

Comments

(e.g. information on runs

that failed)

001-100-01

Not

applicable

MM/DD/YY

Rejected

Summary tables for

calibration curve

standards and QCs

001BR-

01/01CALTables

001BR-

01/01QCTables

Report text

001BR-01/01CALText

001BR-01/01QCText

Raw Data

001BR-

01/01CALData

001BR-01/01QCData

001BR-01/01Failure

67% of the QCs passed;

however both QCs that

exceeded ±15%

were at the low QC

concentration. The follow-

up investigation concluded

that the LC/MS/MS

instrument required a

recalibration.

001-100-02

Not

applicable

MM/DD/YY

Accepted

Summary tables for

calibration curve

standards and QCs

001BR-

01/02CALTables

001BR-

01/02QCTables

Report text

001BR-01/02CALText

001BR-01/02QCText

Raw Data

001BR-

01/02CALData

001BR-01/02QCData

This is the reanalysis of the

samples from run 001-100-

*If multiple batches are analyzed within an analytical run, each batch should be separately evaluated to determine if

the batch meets acceptance criteria.

†For eCTD submissions, a hyperlink should be provided for the summary tables, report text, and raw data.

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

VIII. GLOSSARY

Accuracy: Accuracy is the degree of closeness of the determined value to the nominal or known

true value under prescribed conditions. Accuracy is also sometimes termed trueness.

Analyte: An analyte is the specific chemical moiety being measured; it can be an intact drug, a

biomolecule or its derivative, a metabolite, or a degradation product in a biologic matrix.

Analytical run: An analytical run is a complete set of analytical and study samples with an

appropriate number of standards and QCs for their validation. Several runs can be completed in

one day, or one run may take several days to complete.

Autosampler stability: Autosampler stability is the stability of the analyte in the processed

sample under the conditions in the autosampler.

Biological matrix: A biological matrix is discrete material of biological origin that can be

sampled and processed in a reproducible manner. Examples are blood, serum, plasma, urine,

feces, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, sputum, and various discrete tissues.

Batch: For purposes of this guidance, a batch is a number of unknown samples from one or

more patients in a study and QCs that are processed at one time.

Between run: Between run refers to the distinct period between or among several analytical or

validation runs.

Bench-top stability: Bench-top stability is the stability of an analyte in a matrix under

conditions of sample handling during sample processing.

Blank: A blank is a sample of a biological matrix to which no analytes have been added that is

used to assess the selectivity of the bioanalytical method.

Calibration curve: The calibration curve — also known as the standard curve — is the

relationship between the instrument response and the calibration standards within the intended

quantitation range.

Calibrators/Calibration standards: Calibrators, or calibration standards, refer to a biological

matrix to which a known amount of analyte has been added. Calibration standards are used to

construct calibration curves from which the concentrations of analytes in QC samples and in-

study samples are determined.

Carryover: Carryover is the appearance of an analyte in a sample from a preceding sample.

Critical reagents: Critical reagents are requisite components of an assay, which include

antibodies, labeled analytes, matrices, etc.

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05/24/18

Dilutional linearity: Dilutional linearity demonstrates the accurate measurement of

concentrations of spiked samples (i.e., QCs) exceeding the quantitation range when serially

diluted to within the quantitative assay range.

Extract: An extract is a sample treated to remove impurities or interfering substances (also

known as a processed sample).

Extract stability: Extract stability assesses the degradation of the processed sample relative to

the starting material.

Freeze-thaw stability: Freeze-thaw stability refers to the stability of the analyte in the matrix

upon freezing and thawing.

Freshly prepared: Freshly prepared refers to QC sample preparation (i.e., spiked) on the day of

the experiment; not frozen before use.

Full validation: Full validation refers to the establishment of all validation parameters that

apply to sample analysis for the bioanalytical method for each analyte.

Heteroscadisticity:

Heteroscadisticity occurs when the variance of a response is not constant

but changes with the response.

Hook effect: The hook effect occurs when increasing analyte concentrations result in no change

or decreased signals when compared to the preceding concentration.

Incurred samples: Incurred samples are study samples or samples from subjects or patients

who were dosed.

Incurred Sample Reanalysis (ISR): ISR is the repeated measurement of an analyte’s

concentration from study samples to demonstrate reproducibility.

Interference: Interference refers to the action of sample components, including structurally

similar analytes, metabolites, impurities, degradants, or matrix components that may impact

quantitation of the analyte of interest. Refer to Selectivity and Matrix effect for further

information.

Internal standard (IS): ISs are test compounds (e.g., structurally similar analogs, stable isotope

labeled compounds) added to both calibration standards and samples at known and constant

concentrations to facilitate quantification of the target analyte(s).

Long-term stability: Long-term stability assesses the degradation of an analyte in the matrix

relative to the starting material after periods of frozen storage.

Lower limit of quantification (LLOQ): The LLOQ is the lowest amount of an analyte that can

be quantitatively determined with acceptable precision and accuracy.

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Matrix effect: The matrix effect is a direct or indirect alteration or interference in response

because of the presence of unintended analytes (for analysis) or other interfering substances in

the sample.

Method: A method is a comprehensive description of all procedures used in the collection,

storage, and analysis of samples.

Non-zero calibrator: A non-zero calibrator is a calibrator to which the internal standard is

added.

Nominal concentration: The nominal concentration is the actual or intended concentration of

the calibrator or quality control samples.

Parallelism: Parallelism demonstrates that the serially diluted incurred sample response curve is

parallel to the calibration curve. Parallelism is a performance characteristic that can detect

potential matrix effects and interactions between critical reagents in an assay.

Precision: Precision is the closeness of agreement (i.e., degree of scatter) among a series of

measurements obtained from multiple sampling of the same homogenous sample under the

prescribed conditions.

Processed sample: A processed sample is the final extract (before instrumental analysis) of a

sample that has been subjected to various manipulations (e.g., extraction, dilution,

concentration).

Processing batch: A processing batch is a group of unknown samples from one or more study

subjects, calibrators, and a set of QCs that are subjected to the analytical methodology together.

Prozone: The prozone is an effect observed when increasing analyte concentrations result in

either no change or decreased detector response when compared to the preceding concentration.

(Also see the Hook effe ct)

Quality control sample (QC): A QC is a biologica l matrix with a known quantity of analyte

that is used to monitor the performance of a bioanalytical method and to assess the integrity and

validity of the results of study samples analyzed in an individual run.

Quantification range: The quantification range is the range of concentrations, including the

ULOQ and the LLOQ that can be reliably and reproducibly quantified with accuracy and

precision with a concentration-response relationship.

Recovery: Recovery refers to the extraction efficiency of an analytical process, reported as a

percentage of the known amount of an analyte carried through the sample extraction and

processing steps of the method.

Reintegration: Reintegration is a reanalysis of the chromatographic peak.

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Reference standard: A reference standard is a chemical substance of known purity and identity

which is used to prepare calibration standards and quality controls. Three types of reference

standards are usually used: (1) certified (e.g., USP compendial standards), (2) commercially-

supplied, and (3) custom-synthesized.

Reproducibility: Reproducibility is the precision between two laboratories. It also represents

the precision of the method under the same operating conditions over a short period of time.

Response function: Response function is the mathematical expression that describes the

relationship between known sample concentrations and the response of the instrument (Also

refer to Calibration curve).

Sample: A sample is a generic term encompassing controls, blanks, unknowns, and processed

samples.

Selectivity: Selectivity is the extent to which the method can determine a particular compound

in the analyzed matrices without interference from matrix components.

Sensitivity: Sensitivity is defined as the lowest analyte concentration in the matrix that can be

measured with acceptable accuracy and precision (i.e., LLOQ).

Specificity: Specificity is the ability of the method to assess, unequivocally, the analyte in the

presence of other components that are expected to be present (e.g., impurities, degradation

products, matrix components, etc.).

Spiked samples: A spiked sample is a general term that refers to calibrators (calibration

standards) and quality controls.

Stability: Stability is a measure of the intactness an analyte (lack of degradation) in a given

matrix under specific storage and use conditions relative to the starting material for given time

intervals.

Standard curve: Refer to Calibration curve.

Stock Solution: A stock solution refers to an analyte in a solvent or mixture of solvents at a

known concentration, which is used to prepare calibrators or QCs.

Study samples: Study samples refer to samples from subjects or patients enrolled in a study.

System suitability: System suitability is a determination of instrument performance (e.g.,

sensitivity and chromatographic retention) by analyzing a set of reference standards before the

analytical run.

Total error: Total error is the sum of the absolute value of the errors in accuracy (%) and

precision (%). Total error is reported as percent (%) error.

Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Bioanalytical Method Validation

05/24/18

Unknown: An unknown is a biological sample that is the subject of the analysis.

Upper limit of quantification (ULOQ): The ULOQ is the highest amount of an analyte in a

sample that can be quantitatively determined with precision and accuracy.

Within-run: Within-run refers to the time period during a single analytical or validation run.

Zero calibrator: A zero calibrator is a blank sample to which the internal standard is added.